BCD
绝热设计工程规定
BCD·PPCM.1-2001
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2．每版号中局部修改版次为1/A、2/A……，1/B、2/B……，1/C、2/C……。
本规定（BCD· PPCM.1-2001）自 2001 年 5 月实施
目 录
1.目的和适用范围 1
1.1目的 1
1.2适用范围 1
2.附件1：绝热设计工程规定 1
附件2：ENGINEERING SPECIFICATION FOR
THERMAL INSULATION DESIGN 1
1．目的和适用范围
1.1目的
为达到控制和保证管道绝热设计质量的目的及现场施工的有关
要求
对教师党员的评价套管和固井爆破片与爆破装置仓库管理基本要求三甲医院都需要复审吗
，根据国内及国际通行的规定和习惯作法，参照一些国际工程公司的有关规定，特制定本规定。
1.2 适用范围
本规定的附件1，适用于国内有关工程项目的绝热设计工程规定；
本规定的附件2，适用于国外有关工程项目的绝热设计工程规定。
2．附件
附件1：绝热设计工程规定
附件2：ENGINEERING SPECIFICATION FOR THERMAL INSULATION DESIGN
项目名称：
装置名称：
资质等级 : 甲级
证书编号 : 0100161
文件号
BCD·PPCM.1-2001
共20页
绝热设计工程规定
（L-101C）
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目 录
1. 总则 1
1.1 目的 1
1.2 范围 1
1.3 规范和
标准
excel标准偏差excel标准偏差函数exl标准差函数国标检验抽样标准表免费下载红头文件格式标准下载
1
1.4 单位 1
1.5 限定 1
2. 设计 1
2.1 绝热分类和设计原则 1
2.2 保温 3
2.3 人身防护 3
2.4 保冷 3
2.5 防结露 3
2.6 绝热厚度 3
3．材料 3
3.1 总则 3
3.2 保温及人身防护材料 4
3.3 保冷材料 8
3.4 防湿材料 10
3.5 保护层材料 10
3.6 紧固件材料 10
3.7 其它材料 12
4．保温范围 13
4.1 设备和管道 13
4.2 人孔和手孔 14
4.3 管壳式换热器 14
4.4 管道特殊件和通用件 14
5．其它 15
6．附录 （举例说明） 16
6.1 表1：保温经济厚度 16
6.2 表2：人身防护经济厚度 19
6.3 表3：保冷厚度 22
1. 总则
1.1 目的
本规定包括了在XXXX项目中，对于热和冷的介质保温层的设计和材料要求。
1.2 范围
本规定适用于P&I图和公用工程流程图中标注的设备和管道的绝热，不包括 仪表、电气和通风等专业的管线设备(如加热炉等)内部绝热设计。成套供货设备及自身管道系统则根据设备制造商的标准设计。
1.3 规范和标准
对温度为-196~850℃的保温(绝热)和人身防护，材料将满足买方的应用要求，常用规范和标准如下：
SH 3010 石油化工设备和管道隔热设计规范
GBJ 126 工业设备及管道绝热工程施工及验收规范
GB 8175 设备及管道保温设计导则
GB 4272 设备及管道保温技术通则
GB/T 15586 设备及管道保冷设计导则
GB 11790 设备及管道保冷技术通则
GB 50264 工业设备及管道绝热工程设计规范
1.4 单位
除非另外说明，对于提交的图和文件，米（m），度（℃）和公斤（kg）单位将在测量系统中应用。压力单位指定用SI制兆帕（MPa），管道元件的公称尺寸将用英制系列简写（″）或公制管系列。
1.5 限定
本规定涉及到材料的商品名称，用来描述材料要求的种类或质量，如有任何偏差，必须以书面形式提交中国寰球化学工程公司认可。
2. 设计
2.1 绝热分类和设计原则
2.1.1 在P&ID和UFD流程图及管线表中指出的绝热分类和符号如表2.1.1
表2.1.1 绝热分类和符号
种类
符号
类别说明
保温
H
一般保温
HO
充分保温（操作稳定）
TS
蒸汽伴热保温
TW
热水伴热保温
TO
热油其它介质伴热保温
JS
蒸汽夹套保温
JW
热水夹套保温
E
电伴热保温
W
防冻保温
保冷
C
一般保冷
CO
充分保冷
JC
冷介质夹套保冷
其它绝热保温
P
人身防护
M
双重保温
A
防冻露
注：如果需要，在项目要求下也可采用其它符号。
2.1.2 绝热厚度的计算、保温和人身防护，采用介质正常操作温度，保冷及防结露，采用最小操作流体温度。
2.1.3 保温厚度的计算，当无特殊工艺要求时，采用“经济厚度”法计算，人身防护保温厚度按“表面温度法”计算，但保温层外表面的温度不得大于60℃。
2.1.4 保冷层厚度的计算原则
(1) 为减少冷量损失 的保冷层，应采用“经济厚度法”计算厚度。
(2) 为防止外表面结露的保冷层应采用“表面温度法”计算厚度。
(3) 工艺上允许一定量冷损失的保冷层，应用“热平衡法”计算厚度。校核外表的温度应高于露点温度1~3℃。
2.1.5 对设备和管道的管口和其它突起部分（包括钢结构部件），绝热厚度一般将 根据上述同样方法决定。
2.2 保温
2.2.1 保温一般应用在操作温度在50~850℃的设备和管道上，要求有热损失的地方除外。当需要严格限定热损失量时，采用充分保温，即使操作温度低于50℃，也要考虑。
2.2.2 当设备和管道带有耐火材料或保温材料衬里时，不需要外部保温，金属温度必须被控制时除外。
2.3 人身防护
2.3.1 人身防护应用于操作温度在60℃及以上，下述
操作规程
操作规程下载怎么下载操作规程眼科护理技术滚筒筛操作规程中医护理技术操作规程
区域内不保温的设备和管道上，因操作人员作业时可能会偶然与这些区域接触。
（1）从地面或楼面2100mm高以内。
（2）超出平台或走道边缘750mm以内的距离。
2.3.2 当需要消耗热量时，护罩或挡板也可用来代替人身防护。
2.4 保冷
2.4.1 保冷应用于操作温度低于10℃的设备和管道上，需要吸热的设备和管道除外。
2.5 防结露
2.5.1 防结露应用于操作温度高于10℃，又低于环境温度时，且设备和管道湿气冷凝 表面将产生下述有害影响时。
（1） 表面冷凝，滴液对电气设施有危害时。
（2） 表面冷凝，滴液对某些设备有危害时。
（3） 表面冷凝使工作人员不舒服。
2.6 绝热厚度
2.6.1 对保温，人身防护和保冷额定的绝热厚度将根据GB50264-97《工业设备及管道绝热设计规范》计算。
2.6.2 当设计条件与表中不符时，绝热厚度将取决于
合同
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依据的特定条件。
2.6.3 保温和保冷的最小厚度是30mm。
2.6.4 塔的内部温度随高度而变化，绝热厚度也相应变化。
3. 材料
3.1 总则：材料一般应按照指定标准或相当的买方标准，考虑如下因素：
—— 材料应能耐介质温度。
—— 材料吸湿后应不变形。
—— 材料应不腐蚀设备和管道表面。
—— 材料应易于施工。
3.2 保温及人身防护材料
3.2.1 保温及人身防护材料的应用规定见表3.2.1
表3.2.1保温及人身防护材料
主保温层材料
导热系数方程`
(W/m℃)
密度
(kg/m3)
推荐使用
温度(℃)
使用范围
岩棉管壳
0.044+0.00026tcp
120 ～200
≤350
管子 ≤14″(DN350)
岩棉板
0.044+0.00023tcp
100～ 160
≤350
设备 ≥16"(DN400)
岩棉毡
0.044+0.00023tcp
80～ 120
≤350
设备 ≥16"(DN400)
管子 ≥16"(DN400)
硅酸铝管壳
0.056+0.00036tcp
120～ 200
351～600
管子14″(DN350)
硅酸铝毡
0.039+0.00036tcp
120～ 200
351～600
设备 ≥16"(DN400)
管子 ≥16"(DN400)
硅酸铝板
0.0056+0.0002tcp
120～200
351～600
设备 ≥16"(DN400)
硅酸铝纤维
0.0056+0.0002tcp
130
≥900
高温管道设备
硅酸钙制品
0.0062+0.00011tcp
170～240
≤550
设备、管子
tcp: 平均温度
注：与奥氏体不锈钢表面接触的绝热材料应符合GBJ126《工业设备及管道绝热工程施工及验收规范》要求。
3.2.2 保温及人身防护材料特性及用途见表3.2.2－1岩棉及矿渣棉制品；表3.2.2－2硅酸铝制品；表3.2.2－3硅酸钙制品。
表3.2.2－1 岩棉及矿渣棉制品
材料名称
推荐使用温度
℃
密度及公差
Kg/m3
导热系数
λ0（70℃）
及导热方程
W/(m·℃)
软化
温度
℃
憎水率
％
吸湿率
％
渣球含量
(φ>0.25)
％
有机物含量%
纤维直径μm
制造方法
用途
岩棉及矿渣棉管壳
≤350
120～
200
(±15％)
λ0=0.044~
0.048
900~ 1000
>98%
≤5%
≤12
≤5
<4～7
以精选的玄武岩为主要原料,经高温(1400~1500℃)成熔融状态通过离心机形成纤维,同时将粘结剂喷到纤维表面,再经烘干等工序制成
适用于管道的绝热 ≤14″(OD≤350)
λ=λ0+
0.00026 tCP
岩棉及矿渣棉板
≤350
100～
160
(±15％)
λ0=0.044~
0.048
900~ 1000
>98%
≤5%
≤12
≤4
<4～7
适用于各种曲率半径较大的罐体,锅炉,热交换器等设备的绝热≤16″~40″（OD≥400～1000）
λ=λ0+
0.00023 tCP
岩棉及矿渣棉毡
≤350
80～
120
(±15％)
λ0=0.044~
0.048
900~ 1000
>98%
≤5%
≤12
≤1.5
<4～7
适用于直径较大管道和设备及形状较为复杂的设备的绝热
（OD≥1200）
λ=λ0+
0.00023 tCP
岩棉及矿渣棉纤维
≤400
60～
120
(±15％)
λ0=0.044~
0.048
≥600
>98%
≤5%
≤12
<7
适用于形状较为复杂如阀门盒等以及膨胀缝的填充绝热
λ=λ0+
0.00023 tCP
表3.2.2－2 硅酸铝制品
材料名称
推荐使用温度
℃
密度及公差
Kg/m3
导热系数
λ0（70℃）
及导热方程
W/(m·℃)
加热线收缩％
含水量％
渣球含量
(φ>0.25)
％
制造方法
用途
硅酸铝管壳
≤600
100～
200
(±15％)
λ0=0.056
< 4
<0.5
< 5
由熔融状硅酸铝矿物制成的一种矿物棉制品。
适用于高温管道的绝热
OD≤14″（DN350）
λ=λ0+
0.00036 tCP
硅酸铝板
≤600
120～
200
(±15％)
λ0=0.056
< 4
<0.5
< 5
适用于温度较高的各种曲率半径较大的罐体,锅炉,热交换器等设备的绝热OD≥16″～40″
（DN400～1000）
λ=λ0+
0.00036 tCP
硅酸铝毡
≤600
120～
200
(±15％)
λ0=0.056
< 4
<0.5
< 5
适用于温度较高直径较大管道和设备及形状较为复杂的设备的绝热
（OD≥1200）
表3.2.2－3 硅酸钙制品
材料名称
推荐使用温度
℃
密度
Kg/m3
导热系数
λ0（70℃）
及导热方程
W/(m·℃)
抗压强度MPa
憎水率
％
含湿率
％
线收缩率％
制造方法
用途
硅酸钙管壳
（I型）
≤550
170～240
λ0=0.062
≥0.4～0.5
>98%
≤7.5
≤ 2
以经蒸压形成的硅酸钙为主要成分，并掺有增强纤维的绝热制品。
适用于管道的绝热(OD≤350)
λ=λ0+
0.00011 tCP
硅酸钙弧形板（I型）
≤550
170～240
λ0=0.062
≥0.4～0.5
>98%
≤7.5
≤ 2
适用于各种曲率半径较大的罐体,锅炉,热交换器等设备的绝热（OD≥400~1200）
λ=λ0+
0.00011 tCP
硅酸钙平板
（I型）
≤550
170～240
λ0=0.062
≥0.4～0.5
>98%
≤7.5
≤ 2
适用于直径较大管道和设备的绝热
（OD≥1200）
λ=λ0+
0.00011 tCP
3.3 保冷材料
常用保冷材料的应用见表3.3－1; 常用保冷材料的特性见表3.3－2。
表3.3－1 常用保冷材料的应用
主保冷层材料
导热系数方程
(W/m℃)
密度
(kg/m3)
推荐使用
温度
(℃)
使用范围
硬泡沫聚苯乙烯管壳
0.041+0.00093tcp平均温度20℃
15~30
-50~70
用于设备和管道
≤14"（DN350）
硬泡沫聚苯乙烯板
0.041+0.00093tcp平均温度20℃
15~30
-50~70
用于设备和管道
≥16"~40"（DN400~1000）
硬质闭孔型聚氨酯塑料管壳
≤0.0275
0.0275+0.00009tcp
平均温度25℃
30~60
-65~80
设备和管道≤14"（DN350）
硬质闭孔型聚氨酯塑料板
≤0.0275
0.0275+0.00009tcp
平均温度25℃
30~60
-65~80
设备和管道≥16"（DN400）
低容重闭孔型泡沫玻璃管壳
≤0.064
1. 064+0.00011
tcp
平均温度24℃
150~180
-200~400
设备和管道≤14"（DN350）
低容重闭孔型泡沫玻璃管壳
≤0.064
2. 064+0.00011
tcp
平均温度24℃
150~180
-200~400
设备和管道≥16"~40"（DN400~1000）
膨胀珍珠岩散料
常温≤0.052
100~250
-200~800
冷箱等设备保冷填充物
tcp: 平均温度；泡沫聚氨酯材料标准规定最高使用温度-180~100℃，但用于
-65℃以下的特级聚氨酯性能应与厂商协商。
表3.3－2 常用保冷材料特性
材料名称
推荐使用温度℃
容重Kg/m3
导热系数w/ m.℃
吸水率%
自熄性
尺寸变化率%
含水率%
抗压强度 Mpa
氧指数%
特 性
备 注
常温导热系数
导热系数方程式
硬质闭孔型聚苯乙烯泡沫塑料板
-50~ 70
15~30
常温
0.041
0.041+ 0.0093tcp
<0.08
Kg/m3
≤2~6
两秒
钟内熄灭
≤5
0.06~ 0.15
30
容重轻,导热系数低,耐振,抗压强度好,施工方便,保冷性能好。不耐有机溶剂溶蚀,与之接触即收缩变形,失去保冷效能,故不宜采用溶剂性的粘结剂和密封剂。
硬质闭孔型聚苯乙烯泡沫塑料管壳
-50~ 70
15~30
常温
0.041
0.041+ 0.0093tcp
2~6
≤5
0.06~0.15
30
硬质闭孔型聚氨酯泡沫塑料板
Ⅰ号用于球罐
-65~ 80
容重
30~60
0.0275
0.0275+ 0.009tcp
4
自熄
>0.1
30
容重轻，强度高，耐温好，吸水性小，导热系数低，不需防潮与防腐。可按要求的尺寸加工成板或管壳，也可用原料在现场喷涂，浇注发泡。
材料标准规定最高使用温度-180~100但用于-65℃以下的特级聚氨脂性能应与厂商协洽
Ⅱ号用于一般设备
容重
30~60
0.0275+ 0.009tcp
3
>0.15
30
硬质闭孔型聚氨酯泡沫塑料管壳
-65~ 80
30~60
0.0275
0.0275+ 0.009tcp
3~ 4
自熄
>0.15
30
低容重闭孔型泡沫玻璃板
-200~
+400
150~ 180
0.060~ 0.064
Tcp>24℃0.060+ 0.00022tcp
0.2
体积
0.5~ 0.7
容重轻,强度高,导热系数小,吸水率低,在潮湿环境下抗冻性好,不吸湿,耐腐蚀。
价格较贵
低容重闭孔型泡沫玻璃管壳
膨胀珍珠卷散料
-200~ 800
100~ 250
常温≤ 0.052
2~6
≥0..5
3.4 防结露材料
防结露材料的应用规定参照3.3条。
3.5 保护层材料
保护层材料的应用见表3.5。
表3.5 保护层材料的应用
材料
厚度(mm)
应用
镀锌薄钢板
0.4～0.5
管道≤14"(DN350)
0.5～0.7
塔、罐、换热器、阀门、法兰以及其它平壁设备等≥16"(DN400)
铝合金薄板
0.5～0.6
管道≤14"(DN350)
0.8～1.0
塔、罐、换热器、阀门、法兰以及其它平壁设备等≥16"(DN400)
注：1、需增加刚度的保护层可采用瓦楞（波纹）板形式。
2、一般不推荐采用非金属材料做保护层。
3、用户有特定要求时也可采用不锈钢保护层。
3.6 紧固件材料
绝热层紧固材料的规定和应用见表3.6－1；绝热保护层紧固材料的规定和应用见表3.6－2。
表3.6－1 绝热层紧固材料的规定和应用
材料
尺寸
mm(B.W.G)
应用
(a)镀锌铁丝
0.8 (21#)
管道4"(DN100)及以下
1.0~1.2 (18~19#)
管道5"~24"(DN125~DN600)以上
(b)镀锌钢带
0.5×12
也可用Φ1.6~Φ2.5镀锌铁丝
管道和设备26"(DN650)以上
0.5x20
管道和设备直径≥40"(DN1000)
(c) 不锈钢丝
参见(a)、(b)
当保冷材料二层或更多时，用于固定第一层。
(d)不锈钢带
0.4x13
0.5x19
根据（b）指出的管道及设备的直径范围应用。
注：1. B.W.G.伯明翰线规。
2、 当操作温度>370℃奥氏体不锈钢表面的保温材料及保温保护层为不锈钢 时，使用不锈钢丝和钢带。
表3.6－2 绝热保护层紧固材料的规定和应用
材料
尺寸 (mm)
应用
(a)自攻螺钉
St3.5 x 13
垂直管道、可拆式保温壳（仅用于保温、人身防护）
设备筒体、可拆式保温壳
(b)镀锌钢带
0.5×12
管道和设备≤26"-40"(DN650-1000mm)
0.5×20
管道和设备直径≥40"(DN1000mm)
(c) 不锈钢带
0.4 × 13
管道≤26"-40"(DN650-1000mm)
圆柱形设备直径小于40"(DN1000mm)
0.5 × 19
圆柱形设备直径≥940"(DN1000mm)
注：当操作温度>370℃奥氏体不锈钢表面的保温材料及保温保护层为不锈钢时，使用不锈钢丝和钢带。
3.7 其它材料
保温辅助材料规定见表3.7－1；保冷辅助材料规定见表3.7－2。
表3.7－1 保温辅助材料规定
使用目的
材料
应用地
(a)接缝充填材料
散装岩棉
充填保温伸缩缝及保温材料空隙
(b)防水填缝
泡沫密封剂或相当材料
保温层安装完后某些突起部分穿透暴露处
(c)抹面水泥
要求：容重<1000Kg/M3抗压强度>0.8Mpa干燥后不产生裂纹、脱壳
保护层采用抹面水泥处
(d)补强材料
机织热镀锌六角钢丝网,16mm 网孔，0.64mm钢丝直径
用于抹面水泥的补强
(e)紧固辅助材料
自攻螺钉St4.8 ×16
用于设备封头外壳的紧固
“S”形挂钩(搭扣)
1. 5mmt ×19mm w×50mmL
用于立式容器和管道外壳的紧固
扣环 φ6mm
用于设备封头保温钢带或钢丝的紧固
单头螺钉 M4mm
用于阀门或法兰保温材料的紧固
双头螺栓 M10mm
用于设备立面、储罐顶部外壳的紧固
(f) 勾缝密封
沥青玛 脂或与保温材料性能相近的胶泥
防水勾缝密封
(g) 油漆涂料
按项目工程规定
表面抹面保护层的涂装及识别色
(h)镀锌钢丝网
机织热镀锌六角形钢丝网 ；网孔16～25，0.64～0.81mm钢丝直径
抹面保护层外,可拆卸金属绝热盒
表3.7－2 保冷辅助材料规定
使用目的
材料
应用地
(a) 防潮层涂层
玛 脂或相当材料
用于保冷的防潮层
(b) 接缝密封和防水
混合物
F/ #30-45 泡沫密封剂或相当材料
保冷的接缝密封,安装完后某些突起部分穿透暴露处的填补
(c) 补强材料
玻璃布(10×10 目)
为玛 脂补强
(d)接缝填充材料
1. 超细玻璃棉
2. 保冷碎块
1. 接缝处2~10mm缝隙
2. 接缝处>10mm缝隙
(e) 紧固辅助材料
S.S “S”形挂钩(搭扣)
2. 5mmt ×19mm w
×50mmL
用于立式容器和管道外壳的紧固
S.S 扣环 φ6mm
用于设备封头保温钢带或钢丝的紧固
销钉
支撑球罐的聚氨脂板
(f) 粘结剂
F/# 81-33 F.R或相当的
聚氨脂块的粘结
胶泥
销钉粘结
(g)银色涂料
Elaston #2001或相当的
不
规则
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表面抹面材料
4. 绝热范围
4.1 设备和管道
4.1.1 除非另外指定，下列设备及其部件将不绝热。
(1) 泵的操作温度低于230℃,且没有蒸汽伴热，泵的操作温度在230℃及以上时不保温,否则将引起不良影响,泵的操作温度在0℃及以上时,不保冷。
(2) 有可移动的部件如膨胀节、旋转节、滑动阀等。
(3) 鼓风机及压缩机。
(4) 柔性接头、软管活接头、蒸汽疏水器、吹扫接头、过滤器和安全阀的出口管线。
(5) 法兰和阀门在蒸汽管线压力为0.169MPa.g及以下时。
(6) 临时过滤器的法兰。
(7) 管壳的支架、导向架、吊架。
(8) 用于人身防护的人孔和手孔。
4.1.2 管口、法兰和阀门，包括放空及排净阀的绝热与所在管线相同， 除4.1.1节说明之外。阀门的阀盖和填料压盖也应绝热。除了压盖热圈应留出可调节部分外，
球阀和旋塞阀的绝热不能覆盖止动器和销，无论是阀门本身的绝热还是邻近管道和
附件的绝热层均不能限制手柄操作。
4.2 人孔和手孔
4.2.1 保温设备
(1) 从70℃至177℃， 人孔和手孔盖上应保温。
(2) 大于177℃， 应全部保温，且人孔和手孔盖可移动。
4.2.2 保冷设备应全部保冷，且人孔和手孔盖可移动。
4.3 管壳式换热器
4.3.1 保温
(1) ≤ 70℃时法兰和管箱不保温。
(2) 从70℃至177℃ 法兰体不保温，壳盖法兰表面，管箱筒体段、壳体应保温，需要拆卸法兰的螺栓允许露在外面,不保温。
(3) 温度高于177℃保温将覆盖整个设备，且壳盖法兰和可拆卸。管箱的冷凝段如温度低于177℃，将按上述4.3.1b保温。
4.3.2 保冷：保冷将覆盖整个设备，但应使壳盖法兰可拆卸。
4.4 管道特殊件和通用件
4.4.1 管道特殊件，除4.1.1节外，一般均将绝热。
4.4.2 蒸汽疏水器和其出口管线，其排放的热量要回收时，需要保温。当需要做防冻保护时其在图中有规定的管线也应保温。
4.4.3 对支架、裙座、支腿转弯处，以及保冷管和设备不保温的支管，绝热将从设备及管子表面延伸至绝热层厚度大约4倍的距离。
4.4.4 容器裙座保温应用如下：
(1) 防火裙座，保温应紧接到临近的防火层上。
(2) 不需防火裙座，保温应从容器切线以下0.305m处支撑环开始。
4.4.5 在管道和设备上的检验牌，铭牌等，应露出来以便观察，所有开孔和边缘部分必须做防风雨处理。
5. 其它
5.1 接缝处的绝热层应紧密对接在一起，双层结构的接缝应交错。对保冷、绝热层不允许有大的间隙和裂缝，正常的间隙应通过重新调整或替换一节绝热层来消 除。绝热裂缝和间隙应用绝热水泥充填，对于泡沫玻璃绝热层在管线温度低于93℃时所有对接边缘及端部应涂密封剂。
5.2 绝热表面操作温度分别在149℃以上和-18℃以下时，对绝热层之间不同的膨胀和收缩要加膨胀节和收缩节。
5.3 管道特殊件的绝热与相应尺寸的阀门相类似，膨胀节的保温，要用保温毡缠绕连接点与相邻管道绑扎。
5.4 设备法兰口的绝热要能拆卸及再安装，以便于切断管道与它的联系。
5.5 法兰周围空隙、法兰式阀门、换热器管箱等将充填绝热毡。
5.6 人身防护，在下列情况下绝热层可以由1″× 1″× 16 BWG镀锌铁丝构成的铁丝网代替。
BWG：伯明翰线规。
(1) 法兰和法兰式阀门（保温管线上）不需要绝热时。
(2) 操作温度在70℃～177℃之间的热设备通道。
(3) 换热器操作温度在70℃～177℃之间的阀盖法兰、管箱法兰、设备管口。保温类型为P 的设备，建筑挡板也可用来代替铁丝网。
5.7 蒸汽伴热管即从蒸汽集气管到伴热管线和从伴热管线到蒸汽疏水器将要保温。
5.8 如果需要，限流孔板法兰采用可拆装的绝热。
6. 附录
根据项目设计输入条件所计算的保温厚度表；保冷厚度表；人身防护厚度表。
注：下述例子（附录A；附录B；附录C）仅为保温厚度表的格式，其具体的保温厚度需根据项目当地的各种条件计算并附在本规定后。
附录 （举例说明）
表.A 保温经济厚度表 (MM) 单层 (抚顺地区)
岩棉管壳 导热系数：λ=0.041+0.00026(tcp-70)(W/m.℃)
岩棉板 导热系数：λ=0.041+0.00023(tcp-70)(W/m.℃) （tcp:平均温度）
尺寸
温度
1/2
3/4
1
1.1/4
1.1/2
2
2.1/2
3
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
平面
岩棉管壳
岩棉板
100.0
150.0
200.0
250.0
300.0
350.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
50.0
60.0
70.0
40.0
40.0
50.0
60.0
60.0
70.0
40.0
50.0
50.0
60.0
70.0
70.0
40.0
50.0
60.0
60.0
70.0
80.0
40.0
50.0
60.0
70.0
80.0
80.0
50.0
60.0
60.0
70.0
80.0
90.0
50.0
60.0
70.0
80.0
80.0
90.0
50.0
60.0
70.0
80.0
90.0
100.0
60.0
70.0
80.0
90.0
100.0
110.0
60.0
70.0
90.0
100.0
110.0
120.0
60.0
80.0
90.0
100.0
120.0
130.0
70.0
80.0
100.0
110.0
120.0
130.0
70.0
80.0
100.0
110.0
120.0
140.0
80.0
100.0
110.0
130.0
140.0
160.0
80.0
100.0
120.0
130.0
150.0
160.0
80.0
100.0
120.0
130.0
150.0
170.0
80.0
100.0
120.0
140.0150.0
170.0
80.0
100.0
120.0
140.0
150.0
170.0
80.0
100.0
120.0
140.0
160.0
170.0
100.0
120.0
150.0
170.0
190.0
220.0
400.0
450.0
500.0
550.0
600.0
650.0
70.0
80.0
80.0
90.0
90.0
100.0
80.0
80.0
90.0
90.0
100.0
100.0
80.0
90.0
90.0
100.0
100.0
110.0
80.0
90.0
100.0
100.0
110.0
110.0
90.0
100.0
100.0
110.0
120.0
120.0
100.0
100.0
110.0
120.0
120.0
130.0
100.0
110.0
110.0
120.0
130.0
140.0
100.0
110.0
120.0
130.0130.0
140.0
120.0
130.0
130.0
140.0
150.0
160.0
130.0
140.0
150.0
160.0160.0
170.0
140.0
150.0
160.0
170.0
180.0
190.0
140.0
160.0
170.0
180.0
190.0
200.0
150.0
160.0
170.0
180.0
190.0
200.0
170.0
190.0
200.0
210.0
220.0
240.0
180.0
190.0
200.0
220.0
230.0
240.0
180.0
190.0
210.0
220.0
230.0
250.0
180.0
200.0
210.0
230.0
240.0
250.0
190.0
200.0
220.0
230.0
240.0
260.0
190.0
200.0
220.0
230.0
250.0
260.0
240.0
260.0
190.0
310.0330.0
350.0
表.B 人身防护厚度表 (MM) (抚顺地区)
导热系数： 岩棉管壳：λ=0.041+0.00026(tcp-70)
岩棉板： λ=0.041+0.00023(tcp-70)(W/m.℃) （tcp:平均温度）
尺寸
温度
1/2
3/4
1
1.1/4
1.1/2
2
2.1/2
3
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
平面
岩棉管壳
岩棉板
100.0
150.0
200.0
250.0
300.0
350.0
30.0
30.0
30.0
30.0
30.0
30.0
30.0
30.0
30.0
30.0
30.0
30.0
30.0
30.0
30.0
30.0
30.0
30.0
30.0
30.0
30.0
30.0
30.0
30.0
30.0
30.0
30.0
30.0
30.0
30.0
30.0
30.0
30.0
30.0
30.0
30.0
30.0
30.0
30.0
30.0
30.0
30.0
30.0
30.0
30.0
30.0
30.0
30.0
30.0
30.0
30.0
30.0
30.0
30.0
30.0
30.0
30.0
30.0
30.0
30.0
30.0
30.0
30.0
30.0
30.0
30.0
30.0
30.0
30.0
30.0
30.0
30.0
30.0
30.0
30.0
30.0
30.0
30.0
30.0
30.0
30.0
30.0
30.0
30.0
30.0
30.0
30.0
30.0
30.0
30.0
30.0
30.0
30.0
30.0
30.0
30.0
30.0
30.0
30.0
30.0
30.0
30.0
30.0
30.0
30.0
30.0
30.0
30.0
30.0
30.0
30.0
30.0
30.0
30.0
30.0
30.0
30.0
30.0
30.0
30.0
400.0
450.0
500.0
550.0
600.0
650.0
30.0
30.0
30.0
40.0
40.0
40.0
30.0
30.0
30.0
40.0
40.0
50.0
30.0
30.0
30.0
40.0
40.0
50.0
30.0
30.0
40.0
40.0
40.0
50.0
30.0
30.0
40.0
40.0
50.0
50.0
30.0
30.0
40.0
40.0
50.0
50.0
30.0
30.0
40.0
40.0
50.0
50.0
30.0
40.0
40.0
50.0
50.0
60.0
30.0
40.0
40.0
50.0
50.0
60.0
30.0
40.0
40.0
50.0
60.0
60.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
50.0
60.0
60.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
50.0
60.0
70.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
50.0
60.0
70.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
50.0
60.0
70.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
50.0
60.0
70.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
50.0
60.0
70.0
40.0
40.0
50.0
60.0
60.0
70.0
40.0
40.0
50.0
60.0
60.0
70.0
40.0
40.0
50.0
60.0
60.0
70.0
40.0
40.0
50.0
60.0
70.0
80.0
表.C . 泡沫聚氨酯保冷厚度表 (抚顺地区)
单层 环境温度=29.1℃ 相对湿度=80.0%， 露点=25.3℃ 给热系数= 7.00 (kcal/m2.hr.℃)
温度 公称管径 单位：(MM)
℃
1/2
3/4
1
1.1/2
2
2.1/2
3
4
6
8
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项目名称：
装置名称：
资质等级 : 甲级
证书编号 : 0100161
文件号
PPCM.1(E)-2001
共13页
ENGINEERING SPECIFICATION
THERMAL INSULATION DESIGN
（L-101C）
修改
说 明
编制
校核
审核
审定
项目经理
日期
CONTENTS
1. GENERAL 1
1.1 Intent 1
1.2 Scope 1
1.3 Codes and Standards 1
1.4 Units 1
1.5 Restrictions 2
2. DESIGN 2
2.1 General 2
2.2 Hot Insulation 3
2.4 Cold Insulation 3
2.5 Anti-sweat Insulation 3
2.6 Insulation Thickness 3
3．MATERIAL 4
3.1 General 4
3.2 Hot and Personnel Protection Insulation Materials 4
3.3 Cold Insulation Materials 6
3.4 Anti-Sweat Insulation Materials 6
3.5 Jacketing Materials 6
3.6 Fastening Materials 6
3.7 Other Materials 7
4．EXTENT OF INSULATION 8
4.1 Equipment and Piping 8
4.2 Manholes and Handholds 9
4.3 For Shell and Tube Exchangers 9
4.4 Special Items and General Piping 9
5．MISCELLANEOUS 10
1．GENERAL
1.1 Intent
This specification covers the requirements of the design and materials of the thermal insulation for hot and cold services in “xxxx” PROJECT.
1.2 Scope
This specification shall be applied to the thermal insulation for equipment and piping show on the P&I diagram and utility flow diagram, but not to the insulation to be supplied by manufacturer complete with equipment.
1.3 Codes and Standards
Materials shall meet the requirements of applicable Client standard for hot insulation for temperature up to 600oC and personnel protection insulation, but applicable American Society for Testing and Materials standard (ASTM or GB&SH) for cold insulation.
ASTM B209M Aluminum and Aluminum-Alloy Sheet and plate
ASTM C547 Code for thermal insulation of slag wool pipe cover
ASTM C552 Code for thermal insulation of Foamed glass Material
ASTM C591 Code for thermal insulation of foamed polyurethane for rigid materials
ASTM C592 Code of thermal insulation for slag Fiber soft blanket and pipe cover
SH3010 Specification for the insulation of equipment and pipe for petrochemical industry
GBJ126 Construction and inspection for insulation engineering of industrial equipment and pipe
GB8175 Guide for design of thermal insulation of equipments and pipes
GB4272 General principles for thermal insulation technique of equipments and pipes
GB11790 General principles for low-temperature insulation of equipment and pipes
GB/T15586 Guide for design of low-temperature insulation of equipments and pipes
GB50264 Design code for insulation engineering of industrial equipment and pipe
1.4 Units
Unless otherwise specified, Metric, Celsius, and Kilogram units shall be applied as the measurement system for the drawings and documents to be submitted, however pressure shall be specified in unit (MPa). Nominal sizes of piping components shall be specified in INCH system (") or Metric system(DN).
1.5 Restrictions
Where materials are referred to by trade names within this specification, the use of such names is intended to describe the kind or quality of the materials required and any deviation must be submitted in writing for HQCEC'S approval.
2． DESIGN
2.1 General
2.1.1 Classification of thermal insulation and symbols to be indicated on the Engineering Drawing, P&I diagram and Piping Line Schedule are as follows:
Category
Symbol
Classification
H
Normal heat conservation insulation
HO
Full heat conservation insulation(Operation stability)
Hot Service
TS
Steam tracing insulation
Insulation
TW
Hot water tracing insulation
TO
Other medium tracing insulation
JS
Steam jacketing insulation
JW
Hot water jacketing insulation
E
Electric tracing insulation
W
Winterizing insulation
Cold Service
C
Normal cold insulation
Insulation
CO
Full refrigeration insulation
JC
Cold medium jacketing insulation
Other Service
P
Personnel protection insulation
M
Dual temperature insulation
Insulation
A
Anti-sweat insulation
Note : The symbols in Table only for reference, general symbols shall be specified in Specific Job Requirement, if required.
2.1.2 The calculation of insulation thickness shall be based on normal operating inside fluid temperature in case of hot and personnel protection insulation, whereas it shall be based on minimum operating inside fluid temperature in case of cold and anti-sweat insulation.
2.1.3 Thickness of the insulation on the nozzles and other protrusions (including parts of structure) around equipment and piping shall generally be determined in the same way as stated in par. 2.1.2.
2.1.4 Thermal conductivity of hot and personnel protection insulation materials shall be in accordance with specified in the Table specified in par. 3.2.
2.2 Hot Insulation
2.2.1 Hot insulation shall generally be applied to equipment and piping operating at 100 oC and above, except for the case where heat loss is desired.
Where heat loss is to be restricted, however, full heat conservation insulation (HO) shall be applied, even when the operating temperature is below 100 oC.
2.2.2 For equipment and piping with inside lining of refractory or insulating materials, external insulation shall not be applied, except for the case where the metal temperature must be controlled.
2.3 Personnel Protection Insulation
2.3.1 Personnel protection insulation shall be applied to uninsulated equipment and piping operating at 60 oC and above, within the area shown below, where operators, while working, might inadvertently come into contact with them.
(1) Within 2100 mm height from ground or floor level.
(2) Within 750 mm distance beyond the edge of platform or walkway.
2.3.2 Shield or guard may be provided in lieu of insulation for personnel protection, where a dissipation of heat is desirable.
2.4 Cold Insulation
2.4.1 Cold insulation shall be applied to equipment and piping operating at 10 oC and below, unless a heat gain is desired.
2.5 Anti-Sweat Insulation
2.5.1 Anti-sweat insulation (A) shall be applied to equipment and piping operating at over 10 oC but below the ambient temperature, if surface condensation of moisture would give adverse effect as shown below.
(1) Electrical hazard
(2) Damage to equipment
(3) Surface condensation giving discomfort to working personnel.
2.6 Insulation Thickness
2.6.1 The nominal insulation thickness for hot service, personnel protection and cold service shall be calculated in accordance with GB50264 (Design code for insulation engineering of industrial equipment and pipe) .
2.6.2 When design conditions are different from those on the tables, insulation thickness shall be determined for the specific condition on the contract basis.
2.6.3 Minimum thickness of hot and cold insulation shall be 30 mm.
2.6.4 For towers in which inside temperature varies with height, insulation thickness shall be varied accordingly.
3． MATERIAL
3.1 General
Material shall generally be in accordance with specified standard or applicable Manufacture's standard in consideration of the following:
● The materials shall be endurable to the service temperature.
● The materials shall not deform as a result of absorbing moisture.
● The materials shall not be corrosive against equipment and piping surface.
● The materials shall be easy to work with.
● If get in touch with austenitic stainless steel, the Chlorion content in material shall lower than specified in accordance with ASTM C795 (standard specification for thermal insulation) or GBJ126 (code for construction and acceptance for insulation engineering of industrial equipment and pipe).
3.2 Hot and Personnel Protection Insulation Materials
3.2.1 Specification and standard application of hot and personnel protection insulation materials shall be as follows:
Working Temp. (oC )
Diameter
(Inch)(mm)
Insulation Material
350 and under
Pipe (1/2" to 14")
Rock wool pipe cover
350 and under
Pipe (14" to 48" OD under)
Equipment (1200 OD under )
Rock wool soft blanket
350 and under
Equipment (1200 OD and over)
Rock wool board
351 to 600
Pipe (1/2" to 12")
Aluminum silicate pipe cover
351 to 600
Pipe (14" to 48" OD under )
Equipment (1200 OD under )
Aluminum silicate blanket
351 to 600
Equipment (1200 OD and over)
Aluminum silicate board
600 over
Any
Ceramic Fiber
Note: The insulation material shall meet the requirements of ASTM C795 or GB50264, when applied on austenitic stainless steel surfaces.
3.2.2 Properties of hot insulation and personnel protection materials shall be as follows:
Materials
Thermal Conductivity
(w/m.K )
Density
(kg/m3)
Working
Temp. (oC )
Application
Rock wool
Pipe cover
0.044+0.00026 tcp*
120 -200
350 and under
Pipe (1/2" to 12”)
Rock wool board
0.044+0.00023 tcp*
100 -160
350 and under
Equipment
(1200 OD and over)
Rock wool soft blanket
0 .044+0.00023 tcp*
80 -120
350 and under
Pipe (14" to 48" OD under ) Fitting etc.
Equipment
(1200 OD under )
Rock wool Fiber
0.044+0.00023 tcp*
60~120
≤400
Valve Flange etc.
Aluminum silicate pipe cover
0.056+0.0002 tcp*
100 -200
351 to 600
Pipe (1/2" to 12")
Aluminum silicate blanket
0.056+0.0002 tcp*
120 -200
351 to 600
Pipe, Fitting etc. (14" to48" OD under )
Equipment
(1200 OD under )
Aluminum silicate board
0.056+0.0002 tcp*
120 -200
351 to 600
Equipment
(1200 OD and over)
Aluminum silicate fiber
0.056+0.0002 tcp*
130
≤900
Valve Flange etc.
Calcium silicate pipe cover
0.062+0.00011tcp
170~240
≤550
Pipe Fitting etc 1/2"~12"
Calcium silicate board
0.062+0.00011tcp
170~240
≤500
14" to 48" 0D
Perlite
≤0.052
100~250
-200~ 800
Equipment and Piping
Note: * tcp: Average Temperature
3.3 Cold Insulation Materials
Specification and standard application of cold insulation materials shall be as follows:
Material
Available Temp.
Application
Rigid Foam poly Urethane
Pipe cover
From-65 oC to 80 oC
For equipment and piping
Rigid Foam poly Urethane Board
From-65 oC to 80 oC
For contraction joints of towers and vessels, flange and valves, and irregular surface of equipment
Riged Foam polys polyurethane
Pipe Cover
From-50℃~70℃
For equipment piping
Riged Foam poly s polyurethane
Board
From-50℃~70℃
For equipment piping
Farmed glass pipe pipe cover
From-200 oC to 400 oC
For equipment and piping
Farmed glass pipe board
From-200 oC to 400 oC
For equipment and piping
3.4 Anti-Sweat Insulation Materials
Specification and standard application of anti-sweat insulation material shall generally be as per Par. 3.3.
3.5 Jacketing Materials
Specification and standard application of insulation jacketing material shall be as follows:
Material
Thickness (mm)
Application
Galvanized steel
Sheets
0.4~0.5
For piping≤14"
0.5~0.7
For equipment, removable structure as valves, flanges,etc.
Aluminium
Sheets
0.5~0.6
For piping≤14"
0.8~1.0
For equipment, removable structure as valves, flanges,etc.
Note : Coating colour shall be silver.
3.6 Fastening Materials
3.6.1 Specification and standard application of fastening for insulation materials shall be as follows:
Material
Dimension
mm (B.W.G)
Application
(a) Galvanized steel wires
Φ0.8 Double (21#)
For piping 4" and under
Φ1~1.2 Double (18#~19#)
For piping 5" to 24"
(b) Galvanized steel bands
1. 5x12or Φ1.6~Φ2.5
Galve wires
For piping 26" ~40", and cylindrical equipment with diameter of 450 mm up to 900 mm
0.5x20
For cylindrical equipment with
Diameter above 900mm.
(c) Stainless steel wires
Φ0.8 Double (21#)
Φ1~1.2 Double (18#~19#)
For fastening of the first layer when cold insulation material heaps up in two or more layers.
(d) Stainless steel bands
0.4x13
0.5x19
Application of them according to
Pipe or equipment diameter shall be, in general, same as shown in above(a), (b)
3.6.2 Specification and standard application of fastening for jacketing materials shall be as follows:
Material
Dimension
(mm)
Application
Self atpping screw
St3.5×13
Piping and equipment.(for Hot lnsulation)
Galvanized
Steel bands
0.5x12
For piping 26"~40", and cylindrical equipment with diameter of 450mmup to 900mm.
0.5x20
For cylindrical equipment with diameter above 900.
Stainless steel bands
0.4×13
For piping and equipment 26"~40"
0.5×19
Equipment ≥900mm
3.7 Other Materials
3.7.1 Specification and standard application of auxiliary materials for hot insulation shall be as follows:
Use
Material
Application
(a) Joint filling material
Water-kneaded powder of the same quality as the heat insulating material
For filling voids of heat insulating material
(b) Flashing compound
Foamseal sealant or equivalent
For openings on insulation finish penetrated by lugs, etc.
(c)Weatherproofing mastic
Mastic or equivalent
For bent pipe, heads of equipment,
pumps, etc.
(d) Reinforcing Material
Galvanized hexagonal wire netting, 16 mm mesh x 0.64 mm wire dia. (for bent pipe), 16 mm mesh x 0.63 mm wire dia. (for equipment)
For reinforcement of mastic, etc.
Glass cloth (10 x 10 mesh)
3.7.2 Specification and standard application of auxiliary materials for cold insulation shall be as follows:
Use
Material
Application
(a) Vapor barrier coating
mastic or equivalent
For vapor barrier of cold insulation
Asphalt roofing or asphalt felt
For vapor barrier of anti-sweat insulation
(b) Joint sealer and flashing compound
30 - 45 Foamseal or equivalent
For joint sealer of cold insulation, For openings on insulation finish penetrated by lugs, etc.
(c)Reinforcing material
Glass cloth
(10 x 10 mesh)
For reinforcement of mastic
4． EXTENT OF INSULATION
4.1 Equipment and Piping
4.1.1 The following equipment and parts of equipment shall not be insulated unless otherwise specified.
(1) Pumps operating at below 230 oC without steam tracing. Pumps operating at 230 oC and above shall not be hot-insulated, if insulation would cause undesirable effect. Pumps operating at 0 oC and above shall not be cold insulated.
(2) Parts having moving element, such as expansion and swivel joints, and sliding valves.
(3)Blowers and compressors
(4) Flexible connections, hose union, steam traps where heat of the drain is not to be recovered, blow-off connections, strainers, safety valves along with its outlet piping.
(5) Flanges where temporary strainers are provided
(6) Sections of shell and tube exchangers, as indicated in par. 4.3.
(7) Supports, guides and hangers for hot piping
4.1.2 Nozzles, flanges and valves including vent and drain valves shall be insulated to the same extent as the pipeline in which they are located, with the exceptions listed in par. 4.1.1. The bonnets and packing glands of valves shall be covered by the insulation, except that the gland follower shall be left accessible to permit adjustment. Insulation on ball valves and plug valves shall not cover the travel stop and pin nor shall it restrict the operability of the handle either by the insulation on the valve or adjacent piping or accessories.
4.2 Manholes and Handholes
4.2.1 Hot Equipment
(1) From 70 oC to 177 oC -insulation shall be applied on manway cover only.
(2) Above 177 oC -Manways shall be thoroughly insulated with removable covers.
4.2.2 Cold Equipment - All manways shall be thoroughly insulated with removable covers.
4.3 For Shell and Tube Exchangers
4.3.1 Hot Insulation:
(1).Up to 70 oC flanges and channels shall not be insulated.
(2) From 70 oC to 177 oC -Body flanges shall not be insulated, but the face of the cover flange and the barrel section of the channel and shell shall be insulated and cut away to permit removal of the flange bolting. The face of the cover flange shall be insulated in a manner similar to manhole.
(3). Above 177 oC Insulation shall cover the entire unit using removable covers over flanges and channels, channel sections of condensers, if below 177 oC, shall be subject to the provisions of par.4.3.1 (2), above.
4.3.2 Cold Insulation- Insulation shall cover the entire unit using removable covers over flanges.
4.3.3 Insulation type P- wire cage or structural shield, as described in par, 5.6.
4.4 Piping Specialities & General Piping
4.4.1 Piping Specialities, except as indicated in par. 4.1.1, shall normally be insulated.
4.4.2 Steam traps and the lines downstream of them shall be hot-insulated, when the heat of the drain is to be recovered, when prevention of freezing-up is necessary and when specified in the drawing.
4.4.3 For supports, skirts, legs, turnings and uninsulated branches for cold pipe and equipment, the insulation shall extend a distance from the surface of equipment or pipe for approximately four (4) times the insulation thickness.
4.4.4 Insulation in skirt-supported vessels shall be supplied as follows:
(1). Fireproofed skirt - the insulation shall be applied immediately above and adjacent to the fireproofing.
(2). Unfireproofed skirt - the insulation shall start at support ring 0.305 meter below the vessel tangent line.
4.4.5 Code inspection plates, nameplates, etc. on piping and equipment shall be blocked out so as to remain visible. All openings or edges shall be weatherproofed.
5． MISCELLANEOUS
5.1 Insulation shall be applied with joints tightly butted together. Joints of double layer construction shall be staggered. For cold piping, insulation which has large voids or cracks shall be rejected. Normal voids shall be eliminated by refitting or replacing sections of insulation. On hot piping, cracks and voids shall be filled with insulation cement. For cellular glass insulation used on lines below 93 oC, all butt edges and ends shall be buttered with a joint sealer.
5.2 Expansion and contraction joints shall be provided for differential expansion and contraction between the insulation and insulated surface operating at temperatures 149 oC and above, and -18℃ and below, respectively.
5.3 Insulation for piping specialities shall be applied in a similar manner to a valve of comparable size. Insulation on expansion joints, if required, shall consist of blanket insulation wrapped around the joint and banded to the adjacent piping.
5.4 Insulation on equipment flanged nozzles shall be applied so that the insulation may be removed and reinstalled in order to blind off the piping to which it is connected.
5.5 Voids surrounding flanges, flanged valves, exchanger channels, etc. shall be filled with blanket insulation.
5.6 In case of Personnel Protection insulation a wire cage made up of 1116 BWG galvanized wire may be substituted for insulation in the following instances: (BWG:Birmingban wire gauge)
(1) Flanges and flanged valves (on insulated lines) which do not require insulation.
(2) Manways on hot equipment operating between 70 oC and 177 oC.
(3) Bonnet flanges, channel flanges and nozzles on exchangers operating between 70oC and 177 oC.
For equipment which requires insulation type P, a structural shield may be provided in lieu of the wire cage.
5.7 Steam tracing tubing runs from steam supply manifolds to the traced lines and from traced lines to the steam trap shall be insulated.
5.8 If required, Orifice flanges shall have removable insulation.
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