经济及观赏价值极高的东南亚弥勒魔芋(amorphophallus muelleri)（Amorphophallus muelleri of Southeast Asia and Maitreya with high economic and ornamental value）

经济及观赏价值极高的东南亚弥勒魔芋(amorphophallus muelleri)（Amorphophallus muelleri of Southeast Asia and Maitreya with high economic and ornamental value） 经济及观赏价值极高的东南亚弥勒魔芋(amorphophallus muelleri) (Amorphophallus muelleri of Southeast Asia and Maitreya with high economic and ornamental value) 1 tubes 1 Management and communication, I, cloud 20, South 2 years, science and technology Economic and ornamental value of Southeast Asia rare konjac superior cultivation species Zhang Donghua, Wang Qingping (1. 、 School of chemistry and biotechnology, Yunnan University of Nationalities, Yunnan, Kunming 650031; 2. 、 Institute of quality standards and inspection technology, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Yunnan, Kunming 650223, China) Abstract: in the plant leaves on the growth of several kinds of beads, the "red konjac" because of its low viscosity, the industry has gradually rejected, the Department of elimination of varieties. "Mi In addition to the high propagation coefficient, strong resistance and the relay of multiple seedlings, the Amorphophallus konjac has the characteristics of high content of glucomannan and high viscosity. This unique flower shape and elegant color, with high aesthetic value, is a tropical and subtropical region to achieve leapfrog scale of konjac planting It is also a rare species of horticultural flowers for horticultural enthusiasts. Key words: Maitreya konjac; red konjac; physical and chemical indexes; biological differences; horticulture CLC number: S63., document identification code: B 041622) 0 ~ 00 23 article number: 10 - 8 (01103 - 3) O overview In recent years, the development of konjac industry at home and abroad is booming. Konjak Demand and use are more and more wide, but the raw material supply of konjac is becoming wider and wider Large, raw material prices are difficult to contain. In the international trade of agricultural products, I Konjac raw materials and finished products have become competitive export products Goods. China's annual output of konjac flour is about 15 thousand T, the output is the largest in the world, among which About 95% is produced by the flower konjak. Yunnan is the most important resource of konjac Germplasm in China Rich areas, in the more than 20 Amorphophallus species in southern China, Yunnan can be found 13 species. It should be said that in China konjac is a "extensive cultivation". Things such as Yunnan, Guizhou, Sichuan, Hubei, Shaanxi, Hunan and so on The total amount of konjac flour in the province is less than 20 thousand T per year, which is less than that of the whole country The annual output of rare earth metal is 1 / 6, and the konjac industry is a veritable one "Rare earth industry".. In recent years, the price of konjac flour has continued to rise Konjac flour price of more than 65 thousand yuan / T. After investigation, the price is substantial The reason for the rise was that the domestic low-temperature climate led to the production of konjac in 2008 The effects of not being restored to pre disaster levels and the long-term rise in international markets Two, Burma konjac dried tablets, Yunnan Ruili, Lincang, Qingshui River port to enter me The number of low-end konjac raw materials market has decreased substantially. It is understood that in 2010 The amount of konjac dried slices imported from Burma is less than 40% of the total amount in the previous year However, the price has gone up sharply, such as the price of yellow konjac dried tablets at Ruili yard Reached 32 yuan - 33 yuan / kg, never had a record high. After investigation, Burma The reason is the collapse of a heavy raw konjac long unauthorized mining wild resources guide As a result, the resources of Burma and central Burma have basically dried up and are now basically under the Burma River Supply sources; two, in recent years, Japanese businessmen increased the purchase of konjac from Burma The quantity of dry goods will be shipped from Yangon port with zero tariff to Japan Diverted the total amount of konjac which was mainly exported to Ruili, Yunnan. It is understood that.. Received: 2011-12 - 08 In 2009, Burma exported more than 100 million US dollars worth of dried konjak slices. This means 20 of our country Over the years, Burma has been trading low-priced imports of low grade konjac through border trade Material may have become history. Traditional konjac cultivars are typical low yield crops. Growth cycle Long, low reproductive coefficient and large-scale planting disease seriously restrict the total amount of konjac The 3 fundamental factors that are difficult to improve are unique growth patterns that seem to be determined Konjac is the fate of low yield crops". It is difficult to break through the shortage of konjac resources The fundamental way out is to find new and excellent varieties with unique biological characteristics Location. In the past, domestic konjac cultivation and research and development personnel mostly around the white konjac flower Konjac spinning, although a lot of investment in human and material resources, but also by group training Methods, hybridization, breeding methods and so on, but so far, lack of breakthrough progress is still difficult To go out of the old crop of konjac is low yield. The beads have been confirmed by the author Bud konjac Maitreya species can break through the existing restrictions on the development of konjac cultivation of several major difficulties Title, is a rare high-yield cultivar of konjac. If in our province, the altitude is lower In the tropical and subtropical areas, large-scale planting of Maitreya species can realize the production of konjac The industry can develop by leaps and bounds, and in a short period of time, konjac can be greatly improved Total amount. The Amorphophallus konjac is a kind of special devil with small bulb on the leaf surface Taro, including Youle konjac /.Uon) containing 4blfr Y / ESS, red konjak (.Ub / E) 4.efubesceDs species) and Maitreya konjak. The magic of Maitreya described in this article Taro, the so-called red konjak cultivated in the border area of Yunnan". Country reported in the literature Since 1998, attention has been paid to the red konjak and many provinces since 2000 Start planting, the high yield, strong resistance, suitable for high temperature and high humidity environment Growth. However, because of "red konjak" powder viscosity is too low, poor color, used The market is not accepted, so that the germination of Amorphophallus konjac was once equal to the name of low-grade konjac Word. Many growers have paid attention to the Pearl sprout from Southeast Asia Author's brief introduction: Zhang Donghua (1963, 1), male, Professor, mainly engaged in the exploitation and utilization of biological resources such as konjac polysaccharide. 0YUNANKEJIGUAM_ But in the Amorphophallus konjac, there are only A MUE (Maitreya) Er /) worth a lot Force development. Unfortunately, in the several kinds of Amorphophallus konjac, Yunnan habitat Wild Amorphophallus konjac grown in Burma, India, Bangladesh and other regions Basically, the so-called "red konjac", very low viscosity, without too much development price Value, and Maitreya konjac is hard to find in the above area. However, it often makes people interesting The confusion, such as the AsSam region of northeastern India (Assam) and Tripura (Tripura) along the long / Wild Magic beads bead bud bud Taro (local edible as tuber starch) also belongs to "red konjak".. The local researchers in India mistook the konjak as "Maitreya konjak"... MUE / Er /). This may be because India R & D personnel pay attention to starch The application of konjac is very little, and the study of konjac glucomannan is very little Many konjac researchers also fall into the quagmire of konjak classification. However, Maitreya konjak (A.mue /) in Amorphophallus konjac ERI) positive It is a rare and valuable konjak germplasm resource. This species has an obvious high resistance It has the characteristics of high growth rate, high propagation coefficient, high content of glucomannan and viscosity High molecular weight, slow degradation of molecular chains of fine powder, is to overcome the traditional cultivation of konjac varieties The ideal new variety of long bottleneck is that this variety of konjac is not in China for a long time It is known to all. The author thinks, bead, Maitreya, konjac already had break konjac completely All the characteristics of a farming dilemma. In addition, this kind of konjac has a very high outlook Value (see below), and after flowering, seeds mature (each plant is available) 6OO, 1000 seeds) can also yield considerable economic benefits. In fact, Japan has been the international market of Maitreya konjac (A.mueler /) The main importers of fine flour and dried slices are only Japanese counterparts I do not know how Maitreya konjac grows in Southeast Asia, of course, the Chinese magic Taro's colleagues know little about this long - term trade secret. 1 biological characteristics of Amorphophallus Maitreya [6 1.1, reproductive coefficient increased substantially Maitreya konjac propagation coefficient is obtained by a substantial increase in flowering seed After flowering, without pollination, but by means of self cloning The average reproductive coefficient of mature seeds is about 330 times. Contrast with Ratio of Aabus (Akna) propagation coefficient .ojc) or white konjak One No more than 1 figures. 1.2. High expansion coefficient of bulb In general, the leaves of the bulb are about 3 - 5g, larger than 1OOg, the majority Between 1Og and 25g. In the suitable growth environment, Maitreya konjak leaves ball The coefficient of stem expansion is about 10O times, which means that it can be obtained by planting in those years A commercial taro. 1.3, the relay growth characteristics of multiple seedlings can make konjac grow from low yield to high yield crop Using seeds as propagation material, the author found that seeds have multiple seedlings Force growth characteristics changed the concept of Amorphophallus only with a single plant. seed From the planting of O. -... G, to 25030 seedlings can be harvested at the end of growth 1O00g bulbs, inflated multiples of up to several times dry, then can harvest goods Taro, avoid the original growth mode first repeated planting times. 1_4 strong resistance Bead bud type derived from Konjac tropical rainforest, suitable for summer high temperature Shihuan Exit. From the cultivation experiments that can be collected from various places, it is proved that the Amorphophallus konjac is soft Resistance to blight rot, was significantly stronger than a.albus and amorphophalluskonjac. Wall 2121, G screen period I Tube cage AC]Jb" - 5 / / lJ 0- {[L1] Two thousand and twelve Elegant Maitreya konjak (A.mueleri) 1.5 suitable for high temperature and humidity environment growth It is better to choose tropical and subtropical regions with relatively abundant precipitation Planting. At home, the altitude is relatively low, the temperature is relatively high, summer The maximum temperature is 30. C one and 35 degrees of temperature are all suitable species in Maitreya Planting area. 2, the main differences between "Maitreya konjac" and "red konjak" 2.1 "Maitreya konjak" is an ideal cultivated species Among the wild resources along the Sino Burmese border, there is only "red konjak" and You le konjac distribution, "Maitreya konjac". "Red konjak" and The most reliable method for identification of "Maitreya konjak" is judging from the number of genes and chromosomes In addition, the appearance can be distinguished from its flower pattern, and the differences between the two are significant. Four The results of the pilot study over the years showed that Maitreya was more temperate because of the milder climate A species that grows even better in our province than native land on the South Pacific Island Konjac glucomannan sinoportuguese tissue full, large particles, high viscosity, it is difficult to The advantage of konjac cultivars. 2" "2 red konjak" is a eliminated variety "Red konjac" does not have the characteristics of fine varieties, is out of date varieties It is not suitable for popularizing planting. The domestic academic circles basically hold on the "red konjak" Negative attitude. Because of its low viscosity of konjac polysaccharide, it can not reach the national konjac Powder related standard; product application value is low. But what is worth mentioning is that... The growth environment of "red konjak" is also the suitable growth of "Maitreya konjak" Region. 2.3 significant difference in viscosity 131! Management and communication I - Part of the structure of konjac, Amorphophallus konjac and Maitreya konjac The results showed that Maitreya konjac glucomannan processed by machine drying The viscosity of the powder is as high as 40000mPa.S, far exceeding 22000 of the standard stipulated by the Ministry of agriculture (as. But the viscosity value of red konjac flour is only several thousand MP.) MPaS, or difficult to detect . 2.4 easy storage and transportation The amount of Amorphophallus konjac usually accounts for 1 / 3 of the total amount harvested in the year. If using beads The buds of Maitreya are aerial, and the amount of taro needed per hectare is not enough The weight of the 1 door O, 20 - 25kg can be; if the seed is the reproductive material, each male It is only about 22.5-30k g, only 1 / 30O of the traditional weight 1 / 4OO. Therefore, Maitreya konjac in storage, transportation is more difficult to replace Advantages of generation. 3, "Maitreya konjac" flower type and color, high ornamental value "Maitreya konjac" flower type unique, colorful, but not elegant Pedicel color and texture, fresh and eye-catching collocation, highly ornamental value. seed Mature, it is possible to obtain unexpected economic benefits. General situation Next, each flowering plant can yield 600 to 1000 grains of mature seeds The former market value is 6O yuan 1O0 yuan. The seeds will be ready after spring Sow the red (or orange) color of the surrounding leaves of a long Ye Zhizhu The edge is also quite ornamental. Plus the whole plant, green leaves and very much The delicate and delicate petiole is an ideal ornamental plant for planting in the home. 4, Maitreya konjac raw materials have been used in Japan for more than 6O years In fact, as early as 1943, the Japanese occupied the South Pacific Islands during World War II The Japanese occupying army has to buy from the local Indonesian government at that time 2000 she t Maitreya dry konjak slice supplies as, for the construction of the bunker And the high viscosity adhesives needed for bombs made of Japanese paper balloons . After World War II, little was known about the value of Maitreya's konjak on the South Pacific Island Several Japanese soldiers stayed in South Asia, and have been engaged in the processing of this kind of konjak. except Very few use for simple hunger, most Indonesians do not know konjac How should be processed?. For decades, the majority of Maitreya konjac flour produced in Nanyang All exported to Japan, when the Japanese veterans in Southeast Asia set up konjac processing enterprises The industry has also set up its headquarters in japan. In addition, the last century, 9O, Japan One Import dried konjak of Maitreya directly from Thailand and supplement the raw material of konjac in Japan Nick. The Japanese konjac industry has long been no stranger to Amorphophallus konjac. It is reported that In 1998, funding was provided by the Japan Association for the advancement of science and Technology (JSP S) In support of the Japanese academic circles in Amorphophallus konjac, Southeast Asia has carried out a variety of konjac A systematic study of 1O years, in which the intrinsic quality of Maitreya konjac was given Give a high opinion of. For a long time, konjac with Maitreya konjac as raw material has been processed Fine powder has also been imported into Japan for many years. Unfortunately, except for the Ryukyu Islands Tropical climate, the island of Japan is not suitable for the growth of the Pearl of Maitreya konjac However, only Amorphophallus konjac is used as a cultivated species. 5 suggestions The author thinks that although China and Japan are commercial production and application of konjak The main country, but the world's best konjac germplasm, neither in China, nor Not in japan. We should not because the annual output of Chinese konjac fine powder is already Global Feel most smug. Because, an annual output of less than 20 thousand T fine powder 32! The industry is far from an industry, but the industry has many Growers, processing enterprises and research and development personnel are involved. Is it still going? First planting old road is worth our thinking, looking for new varieties and methods of planting It could be a wiser choice. In the past, the academic circles of Amorphophallus konjac in Japan and China Peer exchange, Maitreya konjac Japan related companies from carefully conceal mentioning. Do not buy "red konjac" powder, coupled with China's Konjac industry has been completely Negate "red konjak", it seems that both Chinese and Japanese konjac counterparts are all about "Pearl sprout konjac" Formed a consensus that was not worth developing. Maitreya konjac is based on the island of Japan This is not suitable for planting, while in China there are many areas suitable for Maitreya konjac Long. Once the scale of China grows, Maitreya konjac, foreign konjac planting industry with the same Yes, it will be under great pressure of competition. Over the past few years, the foreign company has also The leaves of bulbous foliage were imported from the author's Maitreya konjac breeding base in Southeast Asian countries Rent scale planting. For the Maitreya species of Amorphophallus konjac, China is suitable for planting District should not hesitate to miss the rare opportunities for development. Maitreya konjac can make the existing konjac propagation times more than traditional varieties Increase 80_-1O0 times, moreover, harvest commodity konjak time greatly shortened Average yield of 45t per hectare, according to 2O1O November, fresh konjac Market Purchase price of 4 yuan / kg meter, konjac income per hectare of more than 150 thousand yuan, net income Enter into about 100000 yuan, the economic benefits are very significant. Tropical and Subtropical Southeast Asia is the origin of Amorphophallus, southern China The geographical, climatic and environmental conditions of the region are very suitable for the growth of Maitreya konjac. At present, China Inherent in this germplasm resources, has been at a disadvantage, which should cause domestic demons Taro circles are highly concerned about. Reference: [1] Zhang Donghua. 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[1], sgymashioaaadskaaaa, ats, utvto kskn.wbtcliain 1snoae.n.uia,. ofamorphophalusmueleriblumeintimberforestsofeastjava,... indonesia [j]. jpn.j.trop.agric.2003.47: 19一197... the ats.kaaaasresnofrrsdcsoocliae [1], 2snoae, wbt,.aosframe 'eiintutvtelpatotankuigndsrc, saaidnsa [j ehnfoymsinnaititwetjv, noei [ jpn.j.trop.agric.2003,47 (2): 83 - 89. 经济及观赏价值极高的东南亚稀有魔芋优势栽培种 - - 弥勒魔芋 (amorphophallus mueller) 作者: 张东华, 汪庆平 作者单位: 张东华 (云南民族大学化学与生物技术学院, 云南昆明, 650031), 汪庆平 (云南省农科院质量 标准 excel标准偏差excel标准偏差函数exl标准差函数国标检验抽样标准表免费下载红头文件格式标准下载 与检测技 术研究所, 云南昆明, 650223) 刊名: 云南科技管理 英文刊名: 年, 卷 (期): 2012,25 (1) 参考文献 (12条) 1. zhang donghua; wang qingping; george s srzednicki mechanism of st. aggered multiple seedling production fromamorphophallu ~ bulbifer and amorphophallus mueller and its application to cultivation in southeast asia 2010 (03) 2.张东华珠芽魔芋人工诱导开花无性育种方法 2005 3.张东华; 汪庆平; 杨妹霞珠芽魔芋种子5苗接力生长当年收获商 品芋技术 2010 (04) 4.张东华珠芽魔芋弥勒种一从低产至优质高产作物的希望之星 2010 (02) 5. sastrapradja, s; g.g hambali, t.k. prana edible amorphophallus and its related species in indonesia 1984 6. sugiyama, n; e.santosa edible amorphopballus in indonesia. - potential crops in agroforestry 2008 7.张系华东南亚珠芽魔芋多苗接力生长特性及应用前景 [期刊论文] - 资源开发与市场 2009, (08) 8.m.sankaranl; n.p.singhl morphological and proximate composition of amomhophallus muelleri blume 2008 (01) 9. santosa, e; kawabata, s reasons for farmer's decision to cultivate elephant foot yam in kuningan district, west java, indonesia [外文期刊] 2003 (02) 10. santosa, e; n.sugiyama; s.hikosaka; s.kawabata cultivation ofamorphopha]] u.s. muelleri blume in timber forests of east java, indonesia 2003 11. takeuchi, t history of konjac in japan 12.张东华中缅边境一带稀有魔芋品种初探 1998 (06) 本文链接: http: / / d.wanfangdata.com.cn / periodical _ ynkjgl201201015.aspx