In June 1994, the Government of Dominica signed the ...

In June 1994, the Government of Dominica signed the ... DOMINICA’S FIRST NATIONAL REPORT TO THE CONFERENCE OF PARTIES - CONVENTION ON BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY (Prepared Pursuant to the Guidelines for National Reporting on the Implementation of Article 6 Contained in COP Decision II/23) Ministry of Agriculture and the environment January 2002 DOMINICA’S FIRST NATIONAL REPORT TO THE CONFERENCE OF PARTIES - CONVENTION ON BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Dominica is a small island state described by the Smithsonian Institute as a laboratory encased for the last 1000 years and commonly described on account of its lush vegetation and unique natural attractions – including 6 active volcanoes and only boiling lake in the Western Hemisphere - as „The Nature Island of the Caribbean?. The island possesses tremendous terrestrial and marine biodiversity and exhibits a high level of endemism. Dominica?s biodiversity is under threat largely from to the impact of human activity and natural disasters. Major threats are presented by: * Deforestation; * Over- exploitation of wildlife; * Encroachment; * Unregulated development; * Introduction of foreign species; * Loss of agro-biodiversity; * Impacts from climate change; * Uncontrolled use of biotechnology; * Pollution; * Natural disasters; Loss of traditional knowledge; * Inappropriate legal/institutional frameworks. * The Government of Dominica embarked upon the preparation of its Biological Diversity Strategy and Action Plan in fulfilment of its obligations under the Convention on Biological Diversity and as part of the Government?s commitment to the sustainable management of the country?s natural resources. Dominica’s Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan (attached) is based on a series of sectoral studies and seven stakeholder consultations (5 local and 2 national workshops) involving a large number of individuals and organizations. A list of the organizations and persons consulted in the development of Dominica’s Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan is contained in Annex 1 and Annex 2. This consultation process was complemented with an extensive public education and awareness campaign. Dominica’s Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan has been reviewed by Cabinet and was approved in January 2002. Dominica’s Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan highlights the vision, goals and objectives, and guiding principles that are to direct the implementation of specific strategies and actions for the conservation of the country?s biodiversity. With the high retention of in-situ bio-diversity in Dominica and its clear importance to economic development, the implementation of Dominica’s Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan is an urgent national imperative. The Strategy and Action Plan is a five year program of action aimed at establishing the mechanisms to provide for the conservation and sustainable management of Dominica?s terrestrial and marine biodiversity to facilitate intra- and inter-generational equity. Key elements of Dominica’s Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan include: , Improved and expanded measures for the conservation and protection of threatened marine and terrestrial ecosystems and species; , The implementation of a comprehensive public education and awareness campaign on biodiversity conservation; 1 DOMINICA’S FIRST NATIONAL REPORT TO THE CONFERENCE OF PARTIES - CONVENTION ON BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY , The development of comprehensive legislative and institutional frameworks for environmental management, biodiversity conservation, and natural resource management; , The establishment of a comprehensive regime for the management of all natural resources to reduce the impacts of human development; , The protection, enhancement and encouragement of traditional knowledge, culture and values; , Adapting to the impacts of climate change on biodiversity and the resilience of natural systems; and , The regulation of biotechnology. Dominica’s Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan is to be implemented through a collaborative effort involving the public and private sectors and civil society, is to be monitored by the Ministry of Agriculture and the Environment and the National Biodiversity Committee, and is to be reviewed in 5 years to evaluate whether intended goals and objectives have been achieved. 2 DOMINICA’S FIRST NATIONAL REPORT TO THE CONFERENCE OF PARTIES - CONVENTION ON BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY SECTION 1 - INTRODUCTION In Dominica the conservation and protection of natural ecosystems and species is deeply entrenched in national values. Indeed, the country has accepted the importance of conserving national biodiversity as the basis for sustainable national development. In recognition of the need to conserve and protect these vulnerable resources Dominica established from 1975 a system of national parks and protected areas that presently cover in excess of 20% of land area. Dominica?s system of national parks includes two marine protected areas and the Morne Trois Piton National Park, which in 2000 was declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO. thThe Convention on Biological Diversity, signed by the Commonwealth of Dominica on the 6 July 1994, represents a shared commitment to the conservation of biological diversity, the sustainable use of biological resources, and the fair and equitable sharing of the benefits arising out of the use of genetic resources. Dominica’s Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan is intended to implement the country?s obligations under the Convention. Dominica’s Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan establishes for the first time a strategic framework to guide the continued conservation and protection of Dominica?s vulnerable natural resources. It also outlines strategies and actions to address newly emerging concerns relating to the control of biotechnology, the impacts of climate change on biodiversity, and the protection and enhancement of traditional knowledge, values and culture. Dominica’s Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan presents a challenge that must be faced at all levels. It will be a challenge, within government and the public sector, to ensure that adequate resources are provided to implement this strategy. It will be a challenge for Dominica?s international relations, both bilateral and multi-lateral, to ensure that financing for biodiversity conservation is secured and mobilized in a responsible way and on terms that are sustainable. And finally, it will be a challenge to all the peoples of Dominica who must become more aware of how their actions, individually and collectively, affect our environment, our economy, and our nation. The people of Dominica must encourage and continue to foster a responsible and caring attitude towards their truly unique island and the surrounding marine resources, upon which on-going development as a nation depend. Dominica’s Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan represents the commitment by present generations to put the country firmly on a path to sustainable development in order to secure the future for the nation?s young people and for future generations. 3 DOMINICA’S FIRST NATIONAL REPORT TO THE CONFERENCE OF PARTIES - CONVENTION ON BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY SECTION 2 - BACKGROUND In July 1994, the Government of Dominica signed the Convention on Biological Diversity, thereby agreeing to support the following three basic objectives of the Convention: (a) The conservation of biological diversity; (b) The sustainable use of all biological resources; and (c) The fair and equitable sharing of the benefits arising out of the use of genetic resources. As a means of achieving these objectives, Article 6 of the Conventions requires that: Each Contracting Party shall, in accordance with its particular conditions and capabilities: (a) Develop national strategies, plans or programs for the conservation and sustainable use of biological diversity or adapt for this purpose existing strategies, plans or programs which shall reflect, inter alia, the measures set out in this Convention relevant to the Contracting Party concerned; and (b) Integrate, as far as possible and as appropriate, the conservation and sustainable use of biological diversity into relevant sectoral or cross-cutting sectoral plans, programs and policies. Article 26 of the Convention requires Contracting Parties to submit National Reports to the Conference of the Parties. At its second meeting (Jakarta, November 1995) the Conference of the Parties decided that the first national reports should ,focus in so far as possible, on the measures taken for the implementation of Article 6 of the Convention, as well as the information available in national country studies on biological diversity. In April 1998, the Government of Dominica secured financial support from the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) to assist with the development of the country?s Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan, and First National Report to the Conference of Parties of the Convention on Biodiversity. As a first step in the process to develop Dominica’s Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan, the National Biodiversity Coordinator was appointed in September 2000. A National Steering Committee was established (October 2000) to guide and implement the development of Dominica’s Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan. One of the first activities undertaken in the process to develop Dominica’s Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan a series of studies were undertaken on the state of Dominica?s biodiversity. These studies are consolidated into the “Country Study” which constitutes the technical basis upon which the Strategy and Action Plan has been developed. 2.1. Location The Commonwealth of Dominica is situated between Guadeloupe to the north and Martinique, to oothe south, at 15 30? North Latitude and 61 25? West Longitude, making the island the most northerly of the sub-regional Windward Islands grouping. Located in the middle of the Lesser 2Antilles, with a total land area of 750.6 km (290 sq. mile), Dominica is the also the largest 4 DOMINICA’S FIRST NATIONAL REPORT TO THE CONFERENCE OF PARTIES - CONVENTION ON BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY Windward Island. In 2000, the population was estimated to be 71,242 with a growth rate of 2approximately 1.3% per annum. With a population density of 94.8 persons per km, Dominica is the least populated Windward Island. 2.2. Vegetation, Climate and Geology Sixty-five percent (65%) of Dominica?s land area is covered by natural vegetation ranging from dry scrub woodland on the west coast to lush, tropical rain forest in the interior and a wide variety of fauna and flora. The interior is interspersed with rivers, waterfalls and lakes. This has earned Dominica the name “The Nature Island of the Caribbean”. oDominica's climate is classified as humid tropical marine, with average temperatures of 27C o(80F). Because of the island's rugged topography micro-climatic variability exist within very short distances, influenced by the high moisture content of the air masses that enter the region from the Atlantic Ocean. This makes Dominica a very high rainfall country, with an average rainfall of 175 inches per year with most of that amount falling during the wet season. Rainfall increases from the leeward side eastward towards the central parts of the island where it reaches approximately 400 inches annually. The high rainfall makes the country susceptible to landslides, particularly in the more mountainous regions. Dominica is affected by hurricanes, and as a small island developing State is vulnerable to impacts from climate change. Within the last decade the social and economic infrastructure of the country were severely affected by a number of hurricanes. It should also be noted that besides the impacts on social and economic infrastructure, tropical weather systems also affect biodiversity (e.g. they may introduce new species, or even decimate populations of indigenous species). A volcanic island with a series of complex mountain ranges, Dominica is characterised by very rugged and steep terrain. This mountainous topography has made it difficult to clear the lush vegetation and has contributed greatly to the island's dramatic beauty and the conservation of its natural resources. Forests and arable land estimated at 22.6% and 27.8% respectively of total land area, along with an extensive network of surface and underground water, make up the major natural resource base. Dominica possesses hydroelectric energy sources, and extensive marine resources including impressive coral reefs. Since the last decade increasing attention has being placed on the sustainable use of these natural resources. Dominica's rugged topography, rural ambience, and limited urbanization make it an ideal nature destination. Dominica has coined the title "Nature Island of the Caribbean" as its logo for eco-tourism promotion and offers services such as adventure excursions, habitat research, hiking, river bathing, sightseeing, whale watching, and scuba diving. 2.3. Economic Development Dominica's economy has always been based on the utilization of its land resources and on the productive initiatives of an educated and healthy labour force of approximately 40,000. The small domestic market makes economic growth highly dependent on exports. Over the last five years (1995 to 1999) real growth averaged 2.0% per annum. Growth is estimated at less than 1% for the year 1999. Decline and stagnation characterised the major productive sectors, agriculture 5 DOMINICA’S FIRST NATIONAL REPORT TO THE CONFERENCE OF PARTIES - CONVENTION ON BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY and manufacturing and tourism between the period 1995 to 1999. Government services contribution, the second largest sub-sector of the economy, has been variable against the background of world-wide reduction in aid flows (Table 2.1). Table 2.1 - Rate of Growth of GDP by Economic Activity at Factor Cost (1990 prices) SECTOR 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 Agriculture -8.1 5.5 -1.5 -2.0 -0.5 Manufacturing 2.3 6.0 2.5 16.8 -19.0 Tourism 2.6 -5.4 2.0 -4.0 4.3 Government Services -1.3 1.5 2.9 5.5 0.23 Total 1.6 3.1 2.0 2.4 0.9 Source: CSO/ECCB The difficulties experienced in the banana industry and fluctuation in non-banana exports contributed to the deterioration in the visible trade balance for the period, moving from minus EC$142.3M in 1995 to minus EC$185.6M in 1999. However, the inflation rate has been moderate, averaging less than 2% over the last four years, and the exchange rate has been stable (Table 2.2). Table 2.2 - Dominica's Key Economic Indicators (Source: Central Statistics Office) 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 EC – US Exchange Rate 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.7 Inflation Rate 1.3 1.7 2.4 1.0 1.2 GDP at Factor Cost (1990 prices) 410.3 422.9 431.3 441.8 445.8 % Contribution of: Agriculture 20.0 20.8 20.0 19.2 18.9 Manufacturing 6.8 7.0 7.0 8.0 6.4 Tourism 2.8 2.6 2.6 2.4 2.5 Government Services 17.3 17.1 17.2 17.7 17.6 Visible Trade Balance, EC$M -142.3 -128.9 -136.5 -118.4 -185.6 Debt, EC$M 457.4 471.5 493.8 508.3 590.7 2.4. Terrestrial Flora of Dominica The island of Dominica was originally covered with dense primary oceanic forest sustained by high annual rainfall ranging from 10,000mm (400 ins.) in the central zone to 1,200mm (50 ins.) on the leeward coast. Numerous plant taxonomists have been attracted to the impressive natural rainforest, which is relatively pristine in many regions of the island. Documentation of the flora of Dominica is very comprehensive. 2.4.1. Diversity of Flora Dominica boasts a phenomenal plant diversity of approximately 155 families, 672 genera and 1226 species of vascular plants. Th number of indigenous species include Pteridophytes (194), 6 DOMINICA’S FIRST NATIONAL REPORT TO THE CONFERENCE OF PARTIES - CONVENTION ON BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY Gymnosperms (1), Monocotyledons (518) and Dicotyledons (1,445). Dominica has several plant species which are recorded as endemic to the island, e.g. Sabinea carinalis (Bwa Kwaib) the National Flower. Table 2.3. – List of Endemic Plant Species in Dominica Family Scientific Name Fabaceae Sabinea carinalis Fabaceae Inga dominicensis Euphorbiaceae Phyllanthus megapodus Melastomataceae Charianthus purpureus var. Melastomataceae Rugosus Miconia mornicola Melastomataceae Miconia ernstii Myrtaceae Eugenia hodgei Asteraceae Chromolaena impetiolaris Asteraceae Chromolaena macrodon Gesneriaceae Besleria petiolaris Bromeliaceae Pitcairnia micotrinensis 2.4.2. Vegetation Communities The natural vegetation is delineated into seven communities, namely: Coastal Swamp, Littoral Woodland, Dry Scrub Woodland, Deciduous/Semi-evergreen Forest (including Grassland and Savanna sub-types), Rain Forest, Montane Rain Forest, and Elfin Woodland. Fumarole vegetation associated with geothermal areas is also present. Table 2.4. - Vegetation Types Found on Dominica Source: Prins (1987) State - 51,169 (40%) Private - 76,754 (60%) Vegetation Type Area (ac) % of Landmass Coastal Swamp 74.13 0.1 Littoral woodland 345.94 0.2 Dry scrub woodland 15,419.04 7.9 Deciduous/Semi-evergreen forest 17,717.07 9.1 Rain forest 82,931.18 42.5 Montane Rain Forest 10,971.24 5.6 Elfin woodland 420.07 0.3 TOTAL 127,878.67 65.7 2.4.3. Terrestrial Fauna Dominica is host to the most diverse assemblage of wildlife species remaining in the Eastern Caribbean. All the faunal groups are well represented. It is the great diversity of habitats encompassed within this island of only 750 square kilometres (290 sq.mile) that gives rise to this rich diversity of animals and faunal communities. The greatest diversity of animal life occurs in the rain forest with birds and bats particularly well represented. 7 DOMINICA’S FIRST NATIONAL REPORT TO THE CONFERENCE OF PARTIES - CONVENTION ON BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY 2.4.4. Birds Dominica has the most diverse avifauna of the Lesser Antilles despite its geographic location within the center of the island chain. Numerous studies on species diversity have been conducted, and to date one hundred and seventy-five species of bird have been recorded for Dominica. Many of the birds are migratory and sixty species breed on the island. Dominica's resident birds include two single-island endemics and nine regional endemic species. Dominica's two endemic parrot species the imperial parrot or “Sisserou” (Amazona imperialis) and the red-necked “Jacquot” (Amazona arausiaca) are both considered threatened (IUCN Red Data List) and are “specially protected” birds under Dominican law. The most recent (1999) population estimate put the parrot population at approximately 200 A. imperialis, and 1500 A. arausiaca. Although A. imperialis may never have been abundant in Dominica, it is now considered to be the world?s most critically endangered Amazon parrot. Both species have been negatively impacted by the combined effects of forest clearance for agriculture and the damage to the forests caused by hurricanes. The populations of these two endangered parrots reached critical levels as low as 60 A. imperialis and 200 A. arausiaca following Hurricane David in 1979. The nine regionally endemic bird species found in Dominica are the Blue-headed Hummingbird (Cyanophaia bicolor), Plumbeous Warbler (Dendroica plumbea), Forest Thrush (Cichlherminia lherminieri), Scaly-breasted Thrasher (Margarops fuscus), Brown Trembler (Cinclocerthia ruficauda), Lesser Antillean Peewee (Contopus latirostris) Lesser Antillean Swift (Chaetura martinica), Lesser Antillean Flycatcher (Myiarchus oberi), and the Lesser Antillean Bullfinch (Loxigilla noctis). Dominica is also important for seabirds. The commonest breeding species are: the White-tailed Tropicbird (Phaethon lepturus); Red-billed Tropicbird (Phaethon aethereus); Common Tern (Sterna hirundo); Roseate Tern (Sterna dougallii); Bridled Tern (Sterna anaethetus); Sooty Tern (Sterna fuscata); and Brown Noddy (Anous stolidus). Magnificent Frigatebird (Fregata magnificens) are non-breeding residents. Breeding colonies of most of the species are small and concentrated on relatively inaccessible coastal cliffs and islets where predation pressures are lower. One of the seabird species of regional interest is the Black-capped Petrel (Pterodroma hasitata) recorded on Dominica up to the later half of the 1800s. The Diablotin was considered to be extinct on Dominica. However, a sighting in 1984 could be an indication that the species may be breeding on remote inaccessible coastal cliffs. 2.4.5. Mammals Eighteen species of wild terrestrial mammals have been recorded for Dominica. These include twelve native species of bats, one species of opposum, one species of feral pig, and four species of rodents including the agouti. Dominica has no single island endemic species. Of the twelve bat species recorded on the island four are regionally endemic namely: Monophyllus plethodon; Ardops nicholsi; Myotis dominicensis; and Bracyphylla cavernum. Diversity and density of bats are highest in and around rain forests. The impacts of agricultural cultivation and hurricanes have reduced bat species populations and diversity. The other six wild terrestrial mammal species found in Dominica were all introduced. The Agouti (Dasyprocta leporinus) was introduced from South America possibly by the pre-Columbian Arawak and Carib Indians. The Opposum (Didelphys marsupialis insularis), the Wild Pig (Sus scrota), two species of rats, the Brown Rat (Rattus norvegicus) and the Black Rat (Rattus rattus) and one species of Mouse. The House 8 DOMINICA’S FIRST NATIONAL REPORT TO THE CONFERENCE OF PARTIES - CONVENTION ON BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY Mouse (Mus musculus) were all introduced on the island by Europeans, and have become naturalised. 2.4.6. Reptiles Nineteen reptile species have been recorded for Dominica consisting of fifteen terrestrial species and four marine species. The fifteen terrestrial reptiles include ten lizard species, four sub-species of snake and one tortoise species. Of the ten species of lizards, the Ground Lizard (Ameiva fuscata) and the Tree Lizard (Anolis oculatus) are endemic. The Lesser Antillean Iguana (Iguana delicatissima) is endemic to a few islands of the Eastern Caribbean, from Anguilla to Martinique (Schwartz and Henderson 1991). Three species of litter lizards have been recorded on Dominica, viz Sphaerodactylus fantasticus; S. vincenti; and S. microlepsis. Of the five species of snakes, Typhlops dominicana is endemic to Dominica, while Alsophis antillensis and Liophis juliae are endemic to the Lesser Antilles. The Boa constrictor (Constrictor constrictor nebulosa), which is the largest snake on the island, is widely distributed throughout Dominica. The Tortoise (Geochelone carbonaria) is considered an introduction to Dominica. 2.4.7. Amphibians The amphibian fauna in Dominica consists of four species of frogs, one of which is endemic to the island with two others being regionally endemic. The most prominent is Leptodactyllus fallax, a large frog commonly referred to as the Crapaud or Moutain Chicken, which is endemic to Dominica and Montserrat. The other amphibian species are three species of small tree frogs consisting of one single-island endemic species Eleutherodactylus amplinympha restricted to higher elevations, and two regionally endemic species the Tink Frog (Eleutheordactylus martinicensis) and Johnstone?s Whistling Frog (E. Johnstonei) which was first recorded in Dominica following Hurricane David in 1979. 2.4.8. Fishes Although the freshwater fish of Dominica have not been thoroughly studied, at least some species have been identified this include (the American eel “titiwi” and “losh” (Gobiesox spp.), the mountain mullet (Agonostomus monticola), and the stripped mullet or “Mèy”, among several other species) and the majority of freshwater fish species migrate between freshwater and salt water, while some spawn at sea. Introduced Tilapia (Tilapia mossambica) occurs in the Freshwater Lake while Tilapia nilotica and T. aurea are reared in ponds and aquaculture farms. 2.4.9. Invertebrates Invertebrates as a group are well represented in Dominica. However, more scientific studies and ecological surveys are required to determine the true status of various invertebrate species on the island. 2.4.10. Crustaceans The terrestrial and freshwater decapod crustaceans in Dominica include eleven species of freshwater shrimps and twenty species of freshwater/terrestrial/semi-terrestrial crabs. There are no crustaceans endemic to the island and most are widely distributed in the Caribbean. The twenty crab species occur in ecologically diverse habitats but most occur in coastal habitats. 9 DOMINICA’S FIRST NATIONAL REPORT TO THE CONFERENCE OF PARTIES - CONVENTION ON BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY Shrimps are common in Dominican streams with a distribution from cascading mountain streams to slow flowing river mouths. Shrimps from the following genera have been recorded in Dominica: Atya, Jonga Micratya, Potimimirum, Xiphocaris, and Macrobrachium. Several of the larger species are used as food. 2.4.11. Insects The class insect has not been fully surveyed on the island and as a result the species list is incomplete. Species from the following area are represented include Hymenoptera, Hemiptera, Diptera, Coleoptera, Lepidoptera, and Tricoptera. The population status of most of these species is not known. Fifty-five species of butterflies have been recorded in Dominica. Two species are endemic to the island and seven are endemic to the Lesser Antilles and are confined to montane areas in Dominica and Guadeloupe. Eleven species of Phasmids (stick insects) have been recorded for Dominica One species (Diapheromera saussurei) is a confirmed endemic of Dominica, while two others (Diapherodes gigantea dominica and Lamponius dominicae) are supposed to be endemic but need further investigation. The Hercules Beetle (Dynastes hercules hercules), which occurs in montane areas in Dominica, is also found in Guadeloupe. It is one of eight recognized races of the Hercules Beetle whose distribution extends south from Guadeloupe into much of South America. 2.5. Coastal and Marine Resources of Dominica The coastal waters of Dominica are richly endowed with an abundance and very diverse array of aquatic flora and fauna. The island?s shores are washed by the Caribbean Sea on the western side and by the Atlantic Ocean on the East. The sub-marine topography is similar to that of the land, rugged and mountainous with very deep valleys. There is a very narrow continental shelf around the island and as a result the water plummets to depths in excess of 200 feet very close to shore. There is also a wide range of estuarine habitats resulting from the many rivers found on the island. 2.5.2. Beaches The beaches along the west and south-east coasts of Dominica are mostly volcanic and dark in colour. The beaches on the east and north-eastern coast, which is washed by the turbulent Atlantic Ocean, are white in colour. The beaches along the west coast of Dominica undergo dramatic changes at various times of the year. During storm surges the beaches become covered with stones which can remain for up to one year until the hurricane season. This is a dynamic phenomenon which has a profound effect on marine and coastal biodiversity. 2.5.3. River Estuaries and Wetland Areas Dominica is blessed with three hundred and sixty- five (365) rivers and streams which flow from the rugged mountains into the Caribbean Sea on the west coast and into the Atlantic ocean on the east coast of the island. The interface between sea and river varies depending on the size of the river and the gradient of the land as it approaches the sea. 10 DOMINICA’S FIRST NATIONAL REPORT TO THE CONFERENCE OF PARTIES - CONVENTION ON BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY In some cases the sea enters the river for some significant distance inland forming a large pool of brackish water. In other cases the river is slightly elevated above the level of the surf and the river water falls into the sea. This condition enhances the biodiversity of the island by providing a habitat and nursery for many organisms which enjoy brackish water or waters of varying salinities. This habitat also provides a haven for anadromous fish and some crustaceans which live most of their adult life in the rivers but the larval and part of the juvenile stages is spent in the sea. Juvenile marine shrimp also spend some time in the river estuaries. 2.5.4. Coral Reef Dominica has a very narrow continental shelf on the west coast and a fairly large shelf on the east coast. As a result there are not many very large expanses of coral reef on the west coast of the island. A total of 32 species of hard corals and 16 species of soft corals have been identified, including 28 species of hard coral and 10 species of soft coral in the Scotts Head/Soufriere Marine Reserve alone (Evans 1990). The majority of corals are in a healthy state. There are marked differences between the species found on the west and east coasts, although some species of coral occur on both coasts. In this regard, many more studies have been done on the western coast owing to the calm nature of the Caribbean Sea, and these studies have indicated that the coral diversity on the west coast of the island is greater than on the east coast. The Scotts Head/Soufriere area in the south of the island possesses some of the most pristine coral reefs with tremendous diversity. Owing to the rugged nature of the sea bed there exists coral growing on submarine cliff surfaces that provides for very good wall diving. Corals are also found growing on granite rock, and in cave formations in very deep water. Further north to Anse Bateau are unique fringing coral reefs that withstand the very warm waters produced from hot volcanic vents found on the sea bed which are locally called champagne bubbles. A 1994 study describing the status of the coral reefs of Dominica found that 75% of the coral reefs were in a healthy state. 2.5.5. Fish The coastal waters of Dominica provide different types of habitat for many different species of fish. The coral reefs around the island, which are located at depths between 10m and 60m, are endowed with a very wide diversity of species. No documented list of species has ever been complied for Dominica. Some of the most common species identified in the fish landings of Dominica are lobster, many species of groupers and snappers, squirrel fish, black bar soldier fish, shrimp, goatfish, grunts, many species of wrasse, parrotfish , and file fish. Further offshore in waters of about 200m to 300m in depth, very large groupers and snappers abound. These are called deep slope species and are relatively under-exploited in Dominica. The main species caught is Etellis oculatus (Valenciennes,1828) the queen snapper. Considerable amount of study is required to determine the potential and diversity of this resource. Coastal pelagics are found in the water column above the reef ecosystem. These include ballyhoo, sardines, jacks, scads, sprats, skipjack tuna and black-fin tuna. Further offshore migratory pelagics occur, including dolphin fish, wahoo, flyingfish, yellow-fin tuna, skipjack, black-fin tuna and other tunas and tuna-like species (e.g. mackerel). 11 DOMINICA’S FIRST NATIONAL REPORT TO THE CONFERENCE OF PARTIES - CONVENTION ON BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY 2.5.6. Turtles There are four species of turtle found in Dominican waters. The hawksbill (Eretmochelys imbricata) (Linnaeus1766) is the most common. The leather back turtle (Dermochelys coriacea) is the next most commonly observed turtle nesting in Dominica. This species is usually noticed on beaches on the east coast of the island. The green turtle (Chelonia mydas mydas) (Linneus 1758) and the loggerhead turtle (Caretta caretta) are also found. There are reports of the loggerhead turtle being caught in Dominican waters but no evidence of nesting. There has been some evidence of nesting behaviour of the green turtle on the island however much is not know of its distribution in terms of nesting areas. 2.5.7. Marine Mammals The coastal waters of Dominica presents a haven for many marine mammals. Several species of whales and dolphins have been observed during studies conducted by the Fisheries Department undertaken in collaboration with Woodshole Oceanographic Institute, including: , Sperm Whale Physter catodon , Bryde?s Whale Balaenoptera edeni , Short-fined Pilot Whale Globicephala macrorhynchus , Cuvier?s Beaked Whale Ziphius cavirostis , Pygmy Sperm Whale Kogia breviceps , Humpback Whale Megaptera novaenglia , Whale Shark Rhincodon typus , Spotted Dolphin Stenella sp , Spinner Dolphin Stenella clymene , Frasers Dolphin Lagenodelphis hosei , Bottlenose Dolphin Tursiops truncatus. Dominica has developed a growing whale watching industry where day trips are organised for visitors and locals alike. The whales are located from about 0.5 miles to 4 miles from the coastline. In some cases land-based whale watching can also be done. Dominica is a breeding ground for the Sperm Whale which are the most commonly observed mammals, and a resident population is observed all year round on the west coast. Mating behaviour has been observed on many occasion, and adult Sperm Whales, with newly born calves with the umbilical cord still attached, have also been seen. 2.5.8. Invertebrates A very wide diversity of marine invertebrates exist in the waters of Dominica. Limited studies have been done in Dominica, although studies done on invertebrates in the wider Caribbean region also apply to species found in Dominica. 2.5.9. Cindarians The growing dive tourism industry in Dominica is heavily dependent on the quality and diversity of coral reefs present in the waters around the island. A comprehensive list of the coral species of 12 DOMINICA’S FIRST NATIONAL REPORT TO THE CONFERENCE OF PARTIES - CONVENTION ON BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY Dominica has not yet been compiled. However, species identification undertaken in the wider Caribbean region appears to apply. 2.5.10. Crustaceans Dominica possesses an abundance and diversity of crustaceans. These include land crabs, which spend their larval and juvenile stages in the sea, many species of marine crabs, and white brackish water mud crabs. There are also marine shrimp and many fresh water prawn species which inhabit the estuarine conditions of the many rivers found on the island. The mantis shrimp and four species of lobster are also found. 2.5.11. Lobster The main species of Lobster found in Dominica are the spiny lobster (Panlirus argus) and Panulirus gutatus which are mainly found throughout Dominica?s deeper coastal waters. Both species are relatively abundant, having been protected from over-exploitation by a closed season and the fact that they are generally to be found in deeper waters. Additionally, Dominica has prohibited the capture of lobster with scuba gear. 2.5.12. Porifera Many species of sponges are found in the waters of Dominica. They inhabit the same habitat as corals and experience the same adverse effects from anthropogenic sources of pollution. 2.5.13. Echinoderms A fairly diverse range of species of this group are found in Dominican waters. At least two species of sea cucumbers and the brittle star exist, and two main species of sea urchins, the long-spine black sea urchin (Diadema antillarium) and the white sea urchin (Tripneustes ventricosus) commonly referred to as the “sea egg”. The white sea urchin (T. ventricosus), which is found mainly on the east and south east coast of Dominica, used to occur in great abundance. In recent years there has been a noticeable decline in the population. The reason for this decline is not well understood. There has never been a fishery for white sea urchins in Dominica, and therefore the decline cannot be attributed to over fishing. This variety of sea urchin inhabits very shallow water and uses dead leaves and debris for camouflage. The cause of the decline needs to be investigated. The long-spine black sea urchin is the most common well-known, is found on coral reefs in waters all over Dominica. In 1983 and for a few years thereafter, the population was decimated. This was due to a disease that affected the whole Caribbean region. This situation caused an imbalance in the reef ecosystem that resulted in a profuse growth of marine algae and death of oral reefs in some areas. Over the past five years there has been some recovery and the urchin population has taken an upward turn. 2.5.14. Molluscs The molluscs found in Dominica include whelks, nudibranchs, oysters, octopus, squid, chitons and conch species including the queen conch (Strombus gigas) 13 DOMINICA’S FIRST NATIONAL REPORT TO THE CONFERENCE OF PARTIES - CONVENTION ON BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY 2.5.15. Conch The conch fishery in Dominica suffered a significant decline in the population in the 1970?s, and necessitated the imposition of a ban on harvesting. The ban is still in effect although the conch population has now increased to sustainable levels. There is no significant conch fishery in Dominica, and that is due in part to the very deep waters at which they occur. No export of the conch occurs. 2.5.16. Welks The welk (Cittarium pica) is usually found in rocky areas, stony beaches attached to rocks in the surf, and in very shallow waters. This species is prevalent along the entire east coast and on the south east coast of the island. The welks are not present throughout the year. It is not certain where they disappear to but it is thought that at breeding time they burrow into the sand. Since no studies of the life cycle of this species have been done locally, the behaviour of the welk still is not well understood. However, the absence of the welks for at least 8 months of the year serves as a self-control measure and helps to prevent over fishing. A limited number of welks are harvested by skin divers. 2.5.17. Marine Algae Many species of algae occur in the waters of Dominica, ranging from green to brown algae. Although no comprehensive study of marine algae has been done in Dominica a few species which are used commercially have been identified. Gracilaria sinensis is the most common alga used in the sea moss industry. Other species identified include Gelidiella acerosa, Ulva fasciata, Dilohus guineensis and Hypnea musciformis. The Gracilaria sp. is processed locally and bottled for local conception and export. However, most of the raw material is imported from neighbouring islands of the Caribbean. Large quantities of the wild stock of sea moss continue to be removed using harmful harvesting practices which poses a threat to the sustainability of this small but growing industry. 2.6. Agro-Biodiversity in Dominica The agricultural sector plays a major role in economic and rural development in the country. Throughout the decade of the 1990?s Dominica's economy continued to be led by output from the agricultural sector. Gross agricultural output averaged 19.8% per annum of GDP between 1995 to1999, peaking at 20.8% in 1996. Over the same period contribution from the other output sectors, manufacturing and tourism, remained well below that of agriculture, with averages of 7.0% and 2.6% respectively. In spite of government policies providing incentives and investment opportunities in the tourism and manufacturing sub-sectors, the productive capacity has not been developed in any appreciable amount to complement and/or match agriculture's contribution. Within the agricultural sector, crop production is of greatest economic importance as it is the primary foreign exchange earner in the sector, accounting for 78.5% of all agricultural production. Although banana production has decreased by 50% over the last ten years, banana still accounts for 30% of the total crop production, employing approximately 2,500 farmers - approximately 30% of the agricultural labour force. The livestock, fisheries and forestry sub-sectors contribute very little to foreign exchange earnings, their economic significance being in 14 DOMINICA’S FIRST NATIONAL REPORT TO THE CONFERENCE OF PARTIES - CONVENTION ON BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY their contribution made to food security, employment in rural communities, and in the case of fisheries and livestock, a vital source of meat for home consumption. 2.6.2. Crop Production and Biodiversty A wide variety of crops are grown on integrated farms in Dominica. These include bananas, citrus, oil-based crops, coffee and cocoa, a number of food crops and non-traditional fruits, vegetables and flowers. Because of the rugged topography it is not uncommon to see three-tiered system of farming on the island with tree crops on the steeper slopes, bananas or food crops interplanted with tree crops on less steep slopes and bananas or vegetables on the flatter areas. Food crops, including plantains and root crops (dasheen, tannia, yam, sweet potato and to a lesser extent white potato) are important contributors to domestic food production, income and crop diversity. Plantain and dasheen are more extensively planted and traded. 2.6.3. Livestock and Biodiversity Over the last few years the contribution of livestock production to overall agricultural production has increased slightly from 6.5% in 1991 to 7.4% in 1999 (CSO 2000). Based on data from the 1995 Agricultural Census, local production is estimated at approximately 1,209,970lbs of meat annually, approximately 15% of the total meats consumed. Pork, fresh whole chicken and chevron account for 48%, 11% and 8% of local production respectively Livestock is produced mainly by many small farmers using traditional systems of production, which are part of the wider integrated farming systems practiced island-wide. Pigs (Porcine spp.), goats (Caprine spp.), sheep (Ovine spp.) and poultry (Avian spp.) are the major domesticated species reared commercially for meat. Other domesticated species include cattle (Bovine spp.), rabbit (Laprine spp.), dogs (Canine spp), cats (Feline spp.) and horses (Equine spp.) and donkeys. Dominica has a comparative advantage in the production of mutton, chevron and rabbit meat. These small stock are effectively integrated into our small farming systems, and their high rates of multiplication, utilisation of local farm by-products and intensively grown fodder enables them to make significant contributions to farm incomes. They are also ready sources of disposable income. The technologies introduced over the years (shelters, anthelmintic treatment, cut & carry systems and strategic feed supplementation) are relatively simple and therefore have been easily adopted by farmers. 2.6.4. Agriculture and Biodiversity The agricultural diversification program has been very successful in contributing to biodiversity conservation. Present agro-biodiversity knowledge originated from a combination of knowledge from slaves brought in from Africa and the indigenous people of Dominica, the Caribs, as they made use of diverse plants, livestock, and agro-ecosystems. Over the centuries, local farmers have employed numerous practices to use, enhance, and conserve agro-biodiversity within their traditional integrated/mixed farming systems. For example, the use of diverse species in these systems has lessened the risks associated with pests' outbreaks. The integration of different types of fruit trees and the maintenance of windbreaks have enhanced this diversity. 15 DOMINICA’S FIRST NATIONAL REPORT TO THE CONFERENCE OF PARTIES - CONVENTION ON BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY Detailed knowledge about biodiversity has allowed agriculture to evolve over thousands of years. Although sometimes perceived as an enemy to biodiversity conservation, agricultural production is very dependent on the combined use of a number of natural resources, including richly diverse biological resources, land, and water resources. The many types of biological resources tied to agriculture include: , Genetic resources, which consist of large quantities of genetic information in plants and animals that, are essential for the continued survival of life on earth; , Edible plants and crops including traditional varieties, cultivars, hybrids and genetically modified plants; , Livestock and freshwater fish and other animals; , Soil organisms that are essential for soil fertility, structure, quality and soil health; , Naturally occurring insects, bacteria, fungi that control insect pests and diseases of domesticated plants and animals; , Ecosystems that provide environmental services required for nutrient cycling, stability and productivity that are so essential for agricultural production. 2.7. Institutional Responsibilities and Arrangements 2.7.1. Policy and Regulatory Framework – Terrestrial Resources The legislative and regulatory infrastructure for terrestrial biodiversity management in Dominica is influenced primarily by three statutes: the Forest Ordinance (1959), the Forestry and Wildlife Act 1975, the Parks and Protected Areas Act 1975. These pieces of legislation are bolstered by Dominica?s accession to the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES), 1995 and the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), 1994 Current forestry policies in Dominica were initiated over a century ago. The Botanical Gardens Ordinance of 1898 and the Botanical Gardens Rules of 1932 and 1934 are standard enactments covering Botanical Gardens. The objective of which was the conservation of important flora and fauna. In the post World War II period the Agricultural Small Tenancies Ordinance of 1953, provided for the protection of trees and conservation of soil on Government land. This law supported colonial experiments with agricultural diversification and economic development. Subsequently, the Forest Ordinance of 1959, the controlling forestry legislation was passed This law allowed for the designation of forest reserves on State Lands and for the establishment of regulations for extraction of forest produce from Government land. The law also provided for the designation of private lands as protected forests for soil and water conservation. The Forest Rules, 1972, subsidiary legislation of the Forest Ordinance specifies actions prohibited in Forest Reserves and provide greater detail on issuing licenses and permits for harvesting forest produce. The Stewart Hall Water Catchment Rules of 1975 allowed for a privately owned water catchment to come under government control by designating it a protected area. 16 DOMINICA’S FIRST NATIONAL REPORT TO THE CONFERENCE OF PARTIES - CONVENTION ON BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY The National Parks and Protected Areas Act 1975, authorizes the Minister for Agriculture to set aside lands as protected areas for the preservation of natural beauty, for the provision of recreational opportunity and for the commemoration of historic events. This Act also allows for the creation of a National Park Service an a National Park Advisory Council and provided for the development of park management plans These responsibilities are currently undertaken by the Forestry and Wildlife Division. National Parks may be also established by order on any State lands and the Minister is empowered to regulate activities within National Parks. The Forestry and Wildlife Act 1976, the first major revision of the Forest Ordinance established national responsibility for the protection and conservation of wild fauna and the management of Forest Reserves for wildlife protection. This Act supersedes earlier legislation for the protection of birds and turtles, the taking of which are controlled by the Act. The Forestry and Wildlife Division, established under this Act, is empowered to oversee all forest and wildlife matters. The primary objective of this enactment is the protection of wildlife of the animal kingdom and their habitats. One deficiency of the enactment is its omission of the provisions for the protection and conservation of wild flora and their habitats. Other related enactments are the Crown Lands Ordinance of 1960-61which allowed for the transfer of public lands to the private sector. Under this legislation all government lands not in reserved status were available for private acquisition. However, the sale of lands had conditions attached allowing government to add regulations and exercise control over land-use. It should be noted that the Forest Ordinance does not make provision for the establishment of a national forestry policy, or a national plan for the management of the forest resource. However, the mandate and direction of the Forestry and Wildlife Division is guided by a Forest Policy the objectives of which are identified as: 1. The setting up and demarcation of forest reserves and national parks. 2. The proper utilization of forest and natural resources. 3. Research into silvicultural and utilization practices. Extension work in conservation and silviculture. 4. Training in wise use of natural resources. 5. The provision of recreational opportunities. 6. Creation of employment and provision of revenue. 7. Protection of forest reserves, wildlife and water catchments and other natural, historical and archaeological and marine resources. Dominica?s recent accession to the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) and the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) has served to strengthen enforcement efforts aimed at controlling illegal exportation of protected flora and fauna. The Forestry and Wildlife Division is the designated management authority for Dominica. However, the Division finds it difficult to meet the country commitments under CITES, in the absence of the appropriate institutional structure namely the Scientific Authority. 17 DOMINICA’S FIRST NATIONAL REPORT TO THE CONFERENCE OF PARTIES - CONVENTION ON BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY 2.7.2. Institutional and Human Capacity The Forestry, Wildlife and Parks Division within the Ministry of Agriculture and the Environment, is primarily responsible for the conservation and sustainable management of Dominica?s forest, wildlife and national park resources. Included among the Division?s other priorities are law enforcement, revenue generation, public relations, environmental education and human resource development. The Division has several strengths foremost among which is the availability and control of an extensive natural resource base, included a legally established system of Forest Reserves and National Parks. Also considered as on of the Division?s strengths is a cadre of dedicated staff who have acquired a wide range of skills and experience in natural resource management. While the Division has consolidated its strengths overtime, it also faces several constraints. Its broadening scope and mandate necessitates an adjustment in the organization and resources of the Division in order to keep pace with these changes. The Division?s Corporate Plan comprises five program areas, namely: (1) Resource Protection, (2) Development of National Parks, Eco-tourist sites and Public Places, (3) Research and Monitoring, (4) Communications and Environmental Education and (5) Institutional Strengthening and Human Resource Development. In addition the Corporate Plan recommends an appropriate organizational Structure which will enable the natural resource and environmental management policies. The Forestry, Wildlife and Parks Division headed by a Director of Forestry and Wildlife who is assisted by a team of twenty-four (24) established officers comprising of Forest Officers, Assistant Forest Officers Foresters I, Foresters II and a Forest Technician. 2.7.3. Strategies for Conservation and Sustainable Resource Management Several techniques and strategies have been employed for the sustainable management and conservation of Dominica?s biodiversity. The primary mechanisms for biodiversity conservation are habitat protection, law enforcement and environmental education. There is evidence that these three elements have been effective though areas for improvement exist. Habitat Protection It has been recognized that fundamental to the conservation of the island?s biological recourses, legally protected areas need to be designated. The island?s legally defined forest resources and national parks together incorporate 20% of the country?s land area. This protected area system comprises of two (2) Forest Reserve and three (3) National Parks. Establishment of Forest Reserves The management of Dominica?s forestry resources is a critical environmental issue. Agricultural expansion, and to a lesser extent timber harvesting, have accelerated the removal of vegetation on both public and private lands. This scenario has a tremendous impact on the island?s terrestrial flora and fauna. 18 DOMINICA’S FIRST NATIONAL REPORT TO THE CONFERENCE OF PARTIES - CONVENTION ON BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY The Forest Act empowers the Government to declare any area of State land a Forest Reserve and to declare private lands as protected forests for water and soil conservation and for other purposes. Currently Dominica has established two (2) Forest Reserves namely: the Central Forest Reserve and the Northern Forest Reserve. Establishment of National Parks Dominica?s National Park System comprises three (3) legally established National Parks, namely Morne Trois Pitons National Parks ha (ac), Cabrits National Park ha (ac) and the Morne Diablotin National Park ha (ac). These legally established National Parks are important in affording some level of protection for wildlife, their habitat and other biological resources. Management Plans for all the three Parks are currently being reviewed. Development and Implementation of Legislation Dominica has a strong legal basis for supporting the proper management of its forest and wildlife resources. Several pieces of legislation dealing specifically with forestry, wildlife, national parks and protected areas have been enacted. The Forest Act (1959), authorizes the establishment of Forest Reserves on Crown Lands and protected forests on private lands. The Forestry and Wildlife Act (1976), makes provision for the protection and management of wild fauna and the management of their forest habitat. This Act also makes provision for the creation of wildlife reserves. The National Parks and Protected Areas Act (1975) provides for the establishment of a National Parks and protected area system. Despite these achievements, Dominica needs to strengthen and improve its legislative and regulatory framework for the management of its terrestrial flora and fauna and associated ecosystems. Public/Environmental Education Environmental Education has been utilized as one of the key techniques for conservation and sustainable forestry. Broad-based grass roots awareness and support are essential for successful conservation programs. The Forestry and Division in recognizing the importance of public awareness and support has developed and implemented a comprehensive environmental education program to include radio programs, video documentaries, talks to schools and community groups, natural history exhibitions, publications, etc These efforts have been complemented by similar programs undertaken by local Non-Governmental Organizations (NGO?s), Community-Based Organizations (CBO?s), and regional and international organizations. Two successful environmental education programs implemented by the Division are Project Sisserou (1989) and the Year of the Environment and Shelter (1989-1990) Research Both in-situ research and ex-situ research on Dominica terrestrial biodiversity have been utilized as technologies and strategies for biodiversity conservation. Currently the Division?s wildlife research efforts are focused primarily on the two endemic/endangered Amazon Parrots. The field research program is currently investigating the breeding biology of the Amazon Parrots while 19 DOMINICA’S FIRST NATIONAL REPORT TO THE CONFERENCE OF PARTIES - CONVENTION ON BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY efforts are being made at captive breeding of Amazon Parrots at the Parrot Conservation and Research Center. 2.7.4. Policy and Regulatory Framework – Coastal and Marine Resources In Dominica the Fisheries Development Division (FDD) of the Ministry of Agriculture and the Environment is the agency of government responsible for the development and management of coastal and marine resources. The office of the FDD is located at the Roseau Fisheries Complex. This facility consists of office space for the staff of the Fisheries Development Division, a computer and data processing room, a conference room, storeroom, a small library, and an analytical scientific laboratory which is equipped for the biological analyses that are required to be undertaken. The Fisheries Development Division possesses four small fishing boats that are used for fisheries research, coral reef research and monitoring. The FDD also has two four wheeled drive vehicles, one refrigerated truck and four insulated trucks. The staff consists of administrative, operational, extension, technical, and aquaculture personnel. The Ministry of Agriculture and the Environment is divided into the Lands and Surveys Department, the Forestry Division, the Division of Agriculture, the Environmental Unit and the Fisheries Division. All of these expertise/resources at some time or another are available for roblem solving and to provide assistance for the management of coastal and marine resources. p The National Development Corporation (NDC) of the Ministry of Finance and Economic Planning has over all responsibility for co-ordination and management of national development projects, as well as foreign investment in Dominica including coastal developments that impact on the marine environment. The NDC has adopted a collaborative and participatory approach to the implementation of development projects on the island. This approach allows for input from a wide cross section of the community as well as between government agencies. The Ministry of Finance also has the department of physical planning with quantity surveyors, builders, engineers, etc. The Division of Physical Planning has an operational Geographic Information System (GIS) complete with 2 computers, plotter, digitizer and printer. In addition the FDD is developing a GIS data base for a Coastal Resources Inventory project which will also accommodate fisheries boat and fishermen registration information, catch and effort and biological data. The management of marine and fisheries resources requires a multidisciplinary approach. Many other government agencies, non governmental organisations, statutory bodies and other interested groups including dive operations, have a responsibility to preserve and conserve marine biodiversity. However, owing to a lack of awareness or limited knowledge of the subject matter, these agencies do not always act in a responsible manner to minimise negative impact on coastal and marine biodiversity. 20 DOMINICA’S FIRST NATIONAL REPORT TO THE CONFERENCE OF PARTIES - CONVENTION ON BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY 2.7.5 Strategies for Conservation and Sustainable Marine and Fisheries Resources Management. The Fisheries Division has enacted the relevant legal framework against which it has devised certain strategies to address the issues relating to the conservation and sustainable use of marine and coastal resources. These strategies include: , Gear Restrictions: Gear restrictions are in place for nets and traps which should carry a minimum mesh size of 3.75cm for certain nets, and there is a ban on trammel nets which is a very destructive fishing gear. In addition there are restrictions on spear fishing , Close Season: The Fisheries legislation makes provision for a closed season for turtles, conch and lobster. Although there is some degree of compliance some illegal hunting for this species still occurs. Catching of molting and lobsters with eggs is prohibited. , Size Limits: Size limits are in effect for turtles, conch and lobster (depending on the species). , Limited Entry: This is a fisheries management strategy design to reduce and control fishing effort to achieve sustainable exploitation and to conserve biodiversity. , Catch Quotas: This method is applied to the sports fishery. A specified number and weight of fish of certain species are allowed to be landed. And the operators must have a tag and release programme to enable data to be collected on some migratory species which inhabit large ecosystems. , Co-management: This strategy is geared towards enabling civil society and stakeholders to play a greater role in the management of fisheries resources This give the community a sense of ownership of the resource and empowers them take decisions and get involved in the resource management process. , Marine Protected Areas Two Marine Protected Areas (MPA) have been declared in Dominica. The Scotts Head/Soufriere Marine Reserve (SSMR) which is located in the south of the island is the first MPA legally established in Dominica. A management plan has been prepared the objectives are to conserve marine biodiversity, minimise user conflict and to allow sustainable economic activities in the area. The SSMR is managed by a Local Area Management Authority (LAMA) which comprises a number of stakeholders including community folk from the neighbouring villages. Fishing is significantly restricted and some no fishing zones have been demarcated. The Portsmouth Cabrits Marine Park is located at Prince Rupert Bay in Portsmouth. This MPA is complimented by the Portsmouth swamp and the Cabrits wetland which are terrestrial habitats. These wetland areas provide a haven for juvenile fish and land crabs which spend part of their life cycle in the sea. The wetlands gets flooded by sea water at high idea and from rain water. The area is also a nesting ground for some marine birds and a transition point for migrating birds. 21 DOMINICA’S FIRST NATIONAL REPORT TO THE CONFERENCE OF PARTIES - CONVENTION ON BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY , Artificial Reefs: The Fisheries Division has established many artificial reefs in biologically poor areas on the sea bed on the west coast of the island. These have served to provide new habitat for fish and other marine organisms are flourishing with marine life. One which was placed south of the Layou River has been severely negatively affected by the aftermath of the Layou River landslide. About 70% percent of the coral reefs north and south of the river estuary have died as a result of constant siltation from the extraction of material from the river. , Aquaculture: In order to increase fish production and to help with the national diversification process the culture of fresh water and marine species has been considered. The Fisheries Division has been able to assist with the establishment of macrobrachium rosenbergii and Oreochromis niloticus farms. , Incentives/Concessions: Based on the decline noticed from data collected over a 9 year period on the demersal inshore fishery of Dominica, the Fisheries Division gave fishermen incentives in terms of duty free concessions on fishing gear and equipment to enable them to target the large migratory pelagic species. This strategy was employed in order to move fishermen away from the inshore fishery. Fishermen are encouraged to adapt new and innovative fishing technology and techniques to target the under exploited species found in Dominican waters in an effort to reduce pressure on the more accessible declining inshore fish resources. , Intellectual Property Rights: The Fisheries Division has signed memoranda of understanding with the University of British Columbia and an agreement for royalties to be paid to Dominica for the use its genetic resources in the pharmaceutical industry. The University has utilised coral and sponges from Dominica in its cancer research programme and has agreed to return back 25% of all revenue made from the use of the genetic material to Dominica. , Command and Control. In addition to the gear restrictions, size limits and close seasons provisions enacted to conserve marine and coastal biodiversity, provisions have also been made for fines and prison terms to discourage persons from violating these regulations. The fine for illegal foreign fishing is up to five hundred thousand dollars ($500,000.00) Additionally, the legislation provides that boat and gear may be confiscated as part of any penalty imposed. 2.7.6. Coastal and Marine Resources Management Programmes/Activities. 2.7.6.1. Coastal Resources Inventory Programme The Fisheries Division in collaboration with the Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States – Natural Resources Management Unit (OECS NRMU) has embarked upon a project to inventory and map the physical and biological resources of the west coast of Dominica. The project will enable the managers of those resources to make more informed decisions and to develop strategies for better planning, more effective management of coastal developments, sustainable use of resources and conserve biodiversity. 22 DOMINICA’S FIRST NATIONAL REPORT TO THE CONFERENCE OF PARTIES - CONVENTION ON BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY 2.7.6.2. Marine Environmental Education Programmes The Fisheries Division has developed a series of marine environmental education programs aimed at primary and secondary schools, as well as the general public. This program has brought about an awareness of the importance of coastal and marine resources and the need to conserve biodiversity. 2.7.6.3. Fisheries Registration and Information System Project The Fisheries Division has developed a fisheries data collection and analytical system geared towards the provision of information for decision making and to help achieve sustainable fisheries management. Over the past eight years significant upgrading and improvements have been made in that regard using available new technology such as improved statistical software, computer data-bases and access to the internet. Components of the fisheries information system are as follows; , Fishermen registration , Fishing boat registration , Catch and effort data , Biological data , Inventory of available fishing gear 2.7.6.4. Coral Reef Monitoring Coral reef monitoring is done to determine the health of reefs and to observe changes so that immediate action can be taken in cases where adverse effects and disease conditions are noticed. 2.7.6.5. Water Quality Monitoring The Environmental Health Department is responsible for fresh and marine water quality monitoring. Tests are done to determine bacterial loading, biological oxygen demand, nutrient levels etc. Testing is done for the whole island. 2.7.6.6. Other Programs Dominica is involved in regional programs including the Caricom Fisheries Resources Assessment and Management Programme (CFRAMP) and also a member of the CARICOM Regional Fisheries Mechanism (CRFM) which will be responsible for management of shared fisheries resources in collaboration with all member states of CARICOM. 23 DOMINICA’S FIRST NATIONAL REPORT TO THE CONFERENCE OF PARTIES - CONVENTION ON BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY SECTION 3 – GOALS AND OBJECTIVES The vision for Dominica’s Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan, as defined in the Strategy, is stated as follows: “We the people of Waitukubuli*, recognise Dominica’s unique and fragile ecosystems as the basis for the development and advancement of our people and nation. As custodians of nature’s biodiversity, we aspire to integrate the endowed gifts of our biotic wealth, with our cultural knowledge, to ensure economic, cultural and ecological integrity for the well being of present and future generations.” (*The Carib name for Dominica, Waitikubuli, means “tall is her body” in reference to the steep mountainous terrain.) The Goals for Dominica’s Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan, as defined in the Strategy, are as follows: 1. The conservation and sustainable management of Dominica?s territorial and marine biodiversity to ensure intra- and inter-generational equity. 2. The promotion of sound and sustainable agriculture practices and technology within existing agriculture human capital so as to minimise the loss of agro-biodiversity, and reduce vulnerability to desertification, soil loss, and the contamination of water resources. 3. To ensure that biotechnology knowledge and concerns are incorporated into the national biodiversity plan in order to guarantee the protection of human, animal, plant life and the environment. The Objectives for Dominica’s Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan, as defined in the Strategy, are as follows: 1. To secure a biologically rich and diverse Dominica which: , Maintains optimum systems resilience; , Maintains resistance to invasive alien species; , Maintains ecosystem structure and function; , Maximizes ecological integrity by reducing negative environmental impact of human influences; and , Is populated by a diversity of peoples who promote and undertake the wise and sustainable use of natural resources. 2. To reduce or eliminate the potential risks from the use of biotechnology and it?s by- products while at the same time exploiting opportunities presented that are in keeping with Dominica?s sustainable development agenda. 3. To reduce and/or minimise the loss of terrestrial and marine biodiversity. 24 DOMINICA’S FIRST NATIONAL REPORT TO THE CONFERENCE OF PARTIES - CONVENTION ON BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY 4. To ensure the basis for continuous development through the sustainable use of terrestrial and marine resources. 5. To ensure the equitable and sustainable distribution of social and economic benefits from the use of terrestrial and marine resources. Implementation of Dominica’s Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan shall be guided by the following principles: , Dominica as a Small Island State rich in biodiversity recognises it?s ecological, economic, social, cultural and intrinsic values and therefore all development decisions must reflect their optimal utilisation. , All living things including humans are ultimately connected and dependent on each other for their existence. , Dominicans depend on biodiversity and have a responsibility to understand, appreciate and contribute to its conservation. , All Dominicans should be empowered through inclusion in the decision-making process to sustainably use their biological resources and equitably share the benefits derived from such use. , The knowledge, innovations and practices of indigenous and local communities should be respected and mediated by the best knowledge available and approaches refined as new knowledge is gained. , The conservation, management and sustainable use of biological resources should be mediated by the best knowledge available and approaches refined as new knowledge is gained , Dominica seeks to co-operate with all other territories and regional and international institutions in the conservation of biodiversity and expects reciprocity from the said territories and regional and international institutions. 25 DOMINICA’S FIRST NATIONAL REPORT TO THE CONFERENCE OF PARTIES - CONVENTION ON BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY SECTION 4 - STRATEGY The strategic directions that shall be followed in order to achieve the goals and objectives are summarised in Dominica’s Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan as follows: Strategy 1 - Develop a comprehensive national land use plan/legislation with the involvement of all key stakeholders. Strategy 2 - Review/amend existing legislation, and as appropriate develop new legislation with respect to: , Conservation and management of terrestrial biodiversity; , Regulation of the introduction of alien species; , Protection of indigenous species/ ecosystems; , Protection of watersheds, stream bank reserves, and riparian ecosystems; , The implementation and enforcement of the Convention on the International Trade in Endangered Species of Flora and Fauna (CITES); , Forestry/ wildlife and national parks management; , Management of solid and liquid waste (industrial, agriculture, urban); , Conservation and protection of agro-biodiversity. Enforcement of existing and proposed legislation through empowerment of all relevant agencies and community groups. Strategy 3 - Develop and implement a comprehensive public education, awareness and raining programme on issues of environmental protection and conservation of t terrestrial natural resources/biodiversity. Strategy 4 - Identification and protection of sensitive/fragile/threatened ecosystems with priority given to the Indian River Wetland among others, and Dry Scrub Woodland, and the identification and protection of buffer areas required to protect and conserve threatened flora/fauna and ecosystems. Strategy 5 - Research to develop wildlife farming technology to reduce stress on wild populations. Strategy 6 - Research, inventory and monitoring to develop a comprehensive database and meta-data on: , Terrestrial/ Aquatic fauna and flora; , Species and ecosystem distribution description; , Medicinal Plants. Strategy 7 - Develop a national policy on water use, conservation and extraction. 26 DOMINICA’S FIRST NATIONAL REPORT TO THE CONFERENCE OF PARTIES - CONVENTION ON BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY Strategy 8 - Develop and implement a comprehensive public education, awareness and training programme on issues of environmental protection and conservation of coastal and marine resources/biodiversity. Strategy 9 - Review/amend existing legislation, and as appropriate develop new legislation with respect to: , Conservation and management of coastal and marine biodiversity , Protection of vulnerable/fragile/indigenous marine species and ecosystems , Coastal zone management , Coastal and marine parks and protected areas , The implementation and enforcement of the Convention on the International Trade in Endangered Species of Flora and Fauna (CITES) , Local and community participation in coastal and marine conservation/management , Management of solid and liquid waste (industrial, agriculture, urban). Enforcement of existing and proposed legislation through empowerment and strengthening of all relevant agencies and community groups. Strategy 10 - Identification and protection of sensitive/fragile/threatened coastal and marine ecosystems and establishment of coastal and marine protected areas and restocking of endangered species where necessary. Strategy 11 - Involve community participation in coastal and marine management and to provide alternatives to unsustainable exploitation of resources (coastal and marine). Strategy 12 - Research, inventory, mapping and monitoring to develop a comprehensive database and meta-data on: , Coastal and marine species and ecosystems , Species and ecosystem distribution description , Marine and coastal medicinal species Strategy 13 – Develop a comprehensive national land use plan/legislation with the involvement of all key stakeholder. Strategy 14 - Develop germplasm/gene banks. Strategy 15 - Increase agricultural productivity and “value added” through the maximization of the use of appropriate technology. Strategy 16 - Conserve and improve Agriculture Land Base through sound agricultural/ conservation practices. 27 DOMINICA’S FIRST NATIONAL REPORT TO THE CONFERENCE OF PARTIES - CONVENTION ON BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY Strategy 17 - Research, inventory and monitoring to develop a comprehensive database and meta-data on: , Agro-Biodiversity; , Species distribution description (crops and livestock); , Medicinal Plants; , Traditional agricultural practices. Strategy 18 - Develop and implement a comprehensive public education, awareness and training programme on issues of environmental protection and conservation of agro-diversity. Strategy 19 – Develop and implement a comprehensive and integrated framework (i.e. legislation, institutional structures, etc.) for natural resource management and physical planning. Strategy 20 - Develop and implement a comprehensive public education, awareness and training programme on issues of environmental protection and conservation of natural resources. Strategy 21 - Review/amend existing legislation, and as appropriate develop new legislation with respect to: , Integrated natural resource management and physical planning; , Environmental management and protection; , Environmental impact assessments (EIAs); , Environmental assessment, monitoring and auditing; , Local and community participation in environmental and natural resource management, and physical planning; , Pollution control and the management of solid and liquid waste (industrial, agriculture, urban); , Environmental quality standards, certification and licensing programs; , Engineering and architectural standards to reduce impact on natural resources. Enforcement of existing and proposed legislation through empowerment and strengthening of all relevant agencies and community groups. Strategy 22 - Protect, develop and encourage cultural traditions and traditional knowledge. Strategy 23 - Develop inter-agency and inter-sectoral communication and information exchange programmes in support of improved environmental protection and integrated resource management. Strategy 24 - Provide incentives in support of improved environmental protection and integrated resource management. 28 DOMINICA’S FIRST NATIONAL REPORT TO THE CONFERENCE OF PARTIES - CONVENTION ON BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY Strategy 25 - Develop inventory of biomaterials and their traditional uses. Strategy 26 - Ministry of Community Development shall develop (through broad consultation) and implement a policy and strategy for the protection, encouragement, enhancement, and conservation of traditional knowledge, culture and values. Strategy 27 - Formulate and implement a Development Plan for the Carib people that shall be fully integrated into the national development planning process. Strategy 28 - Adopt and implement Dominica’s Climate Change Adaptation Policy and Action Plan, that will, amongst other matters, establish programs for: , Monitoring and research on the potential effects of climate change on biological diversity; , Implementation of both in situ and ex situ measures to conserve species likely too be affected by climate change; , Implementation of measures to maintain the maximum possible biological diversity; , Implementation of measures to conserve sufficient natural habitats to enable natural adaptive mechanisms to function; , Establishment of measures (e.g. pollution control) to enhance the resilience of natural systems. Strategy 29 – Sign and ratify the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety. Strategy 30 - Develop comprehensive national biotechnology legislative regime to guide the implementation of bio-safety measures and to ensure protection and use of cultural knowledge that can yield optimal benefit to Dominica. This legislation must seek to compliment the international conventions to which Dominica is signatory. Strategy 31 - Establish technical committee to: , co-ordinate national biosafety program; , foster greater alliance and cooperation with regional and international institution; , work with government, Non Governmental Organization?s (NGO?s), other agencies and institutions to foster a national culture of awareness on biosafety; , co-ordinate the development and implementation of public education, awareness and training programmes at all levels on issues of biotechnology and biosafety. , Develop and implement a national policy on biotechnology. 29 DOMINICA’S FIRST NATIONAL REPORT TO THE CONFERENCE OF PARTIES - CONVENTION ON BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY Strategy 32 - Develop Regional Biosafety Strategy to regulate biotechnology in the CARICOM region, through amongst other things, the establishment of a regional centre to establish the basis for the introduction of standards for inspection, monitoring and use of biotechnology, to facilitate and co-ordinate the establishment of a “clearing-house” mechanisms to track the importation of biotechnology and GMO?s, and to foster greater alliance and co-operation with regional and international institution. 30 DOMINICA’S FIRST NATIONAL REPORT TO THE CONFERENCE OF PARTIES - CONVENTION ON BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY SECTION 5 – ACTION, SCHEDULE AND BUDGET The successful implementation of Dominica’s Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan will require the following: , Public awareness concerning the importance of the Strategy and Action Plan, and the generation of broad public support. , Public participation and involvement in the implementation of the Strategy and Action Plan. , The formal establishment of the National Biodiversity Committee and National Biodiversity Co-ordinator within three months of the approval of this Strategy and Action Plan by Cabinet. , The provision of adequate resources (financial, technical, human) from Government, International Agencies, Non-Governmental Organisations (NGOs) and Civil Societies. , The strengthening of lead agencies involved in the implementation of the Strategy and Action Plan, including project development and management skills. , The integration of the Strategy and Action Plan into national and sectoral planning activities. , The establishment of out-reach programs and incentives. It will be the responsibility of the Environmental Co-ordinating Unit in collaboration with the National Biodiversity Committee and National Biodiversity Co-ordinator to co-ordinate and direct the implementation of Dominica’s Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan, with support from Government, International Agencies, Non-Governmental Organisations (NGOs) and Civil Society. The Environmental Co-ordinating Unit of the Ministry of Agriculture and Environment shall provide administrative support to the National Biodiversity Committee and National Biodiversity Co-ordinator in undertaking their mandate. Activities to be taken to implement Dominica’s Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan, including tasks to be undertaken, partners to be involved, the timetable for implementation, and proposed budget for the plan of action, are summarised in the following table (see overleaf): 31 DOMINICA’S FIRST NATIONAL REPORT TO THE CONFERENCE OF PARTIES - CONVENTION ON BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY ACTION PLAN PROJECT ACTIVITIES AGENCIES TIME RESOURCES 1. Public 6 months , Consultations and workshops , Teachers , Radio/ TV inserts Information, to , Develop and implement a , Field officers , News Paper Awareness and Launch system for continuous , ECU , Videos Education sensitisation of policy decision-, Environmental , Books Program 4 year makers (public and private) Health , Teachers Guide (Strategy No.3, 8, program , Development of school , Media , Curriculum 18, 20, and 31) curriculum , Forestry and , Web page , Inclusion in schools curriculum National Parks , Funding – , Promotional material-visual , Fisheries US$250,000 aids , Coastguard , Broadcast media, village , Dive operators , EU CREP meeting, posters, use of field Program , Tourism operators officers , Private sector , Massive Media campaign , National Youth , Web Page Council , Public data base , CBOs , Relevant NGOs , SPA , CCA 2. Development 6 months , Compile and undertake a , ECU , Legal Personnel of Legislative to launch comprehensive review and , Legal Affairs , Funding – Framework evaluation of relevant US$400,000 , National (Strategy No. 2, 7, 24 month legislation and Conventions Biodiversity 9, 19, 21, 24, 29, program , Identify gaps and Committee and 30) inconsistencies , Relevant NGOs , Amend legislation and develop , Foreign Affairs new laws as necessary , Ministry of Finance , Incorporate nationally ratified international conventions into national laws , Ensure co-ordination , Lobby for passage , Upgrade and improve enforcement capacities Establish multi-disciplinary mechanism to facilitate the negotiation, signing, and implementation of international conventions 32 DOMINICA’S FIRST NATIONAL REPORT TO THE CONFERENCE OF PARTIES - CONVENTION ON BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY PROJECT ACTIVITIES AGENCIES TIME RESOURCES 3. Integrated 9 months , Establish/Strengthen Land , Physical Planning , Equipment Land (Resource) to launch Management Unit Unit , Training for Use Planning and , Undertake Resource inventory , ECU. personnel Management – terrestrial and coastal , NDC , Consultants on (Strategy No.1, 4, 3 year , Development of comprehensive Resource (Land) , Ministry of 13 and 19.) program resource (coastal and terrestrial) Use Planning and Agriculture and the use plan Management Environment , Development of appropriate , Funding – US$1.5 , Relevant NGO?s legal and institutional structure million (approx.) , Local Authorities (guidelines, zoning, set-backs, , Lands and Survey green belts, etc.) Division , Integration into IDP process , Institutional strengthening 4. Capacity 8 months , Perform needs assessments , Planning Unit , Equipment Building and to launch , Establish/strengthen regulating , ECU , Consultants in institutional agencies environmental , SPAT Strengthening for 18 management , Establish links with regional/ , NDC Environmental months international bodies , Funding – , Ministry of Management program US$650,000 , Develop a data base of Education (Strategy No. 2, 3, available skills and expertise , Ministry of 8, 9, 21, 23, 24, , Establish environmental Agriculture and 31) information system , Other relevant , Establish public sector audit NGO?s and review mechanism , Local Authorities , Identify training needs and , Manufacturing send persons for training , Tourism business , Identify required technologies , Pesticides Control write projects proposal to Board acquire resources , Private sector importers , National Youth Council , Youth Development Division 5. Implement a , Establish carrying capacity of , ECU and Regulating , Technical System of Start in 6 terrestrial/marine ecosystems Agencies Expertise in the Environmental months area of , Consultation with business , Ministry of Tourism Standards & environmental , Situation assessment of , Ministry of guidelines 24 standards in other facilities Agriculture (Tourism and months countries , Adopt best practices system , AIC manufacturing) program , Green Globe , Draft standards and guidelines , NGOs (Strategy No. 21). , CTO, CAREC , Implement building codes and , Bureau of Standards , ISO standards engineering/building standards , Private sector , Funding – that are sensitive to natural US$100,000 (Part ecosystems funded by private , Develop monitoring, evaluating sector) and reporting systems 33 DOMINICA’S FIRST NATIONAL REPORT TO THE CONFERENCE OF PARTIES - CONVENTION ON BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY PROJECT ACTIVITIES AGENCIES TIME RESOURCES 6. Develop , Establish National Water Board , DOWASCO , Equipment/GIS Comprehensive Start in 6 to regulate extraction and use system , DOMLEC Water Resource months , Inventory/mapping of water , Consultants in , Forestry Division Management resources (surface/ water resource , Agriculture Division Plan 24 underground) management , Environmental (Strategy No. 7). months , Valuation of water as a national , Funding – Health 1. program natural resource US$750,000 (Part , ECU funded by water , Document water use/ , Communication and utility) distribution Works , Develop water resource , Public and private management legislation, policy land owners and plan , Establish Water Resource laws 7. Develop a Start 3 , Develop a data base of , Community leaders , Personnel program that months traditional farming, , YES Corp. , Information captures and construction, medicinal, system , Youth Organisations shares traditional 24 month subsistence and other practices , SPAT , Local Authorities knowledge and program , Programs to encourage , NDFD , ECU community encourage traditional farming practices development practice of self , Provide technical assistance for , Funding – , Adult Education reliance development of traditional US$120,000 , COMPACT (Strategy No. 11 practices through community , National Youth and 22, 25). base organisations Council , Incorporate into public , Youth Development awareness programmes. Division. 8. Develop a data-Start , Identify data and information , ECU , Equipment/GIS base and 3months needs , Physical Planning , Training for information , Design information personnel , Ministry of Tourism system on 12 month management system , Consultancy on , Forestry Division terrestrial and program , Develop and deploy mapping information , Agriculture Division marine and information management systems design , Academic biodiversity system and management Institutions (Strategy No. 6, , Establish a monitoring and , Funding – , Fisheries Division 12, and 17, 23) reporting system. US$340,000 , Youth Development Division 9. Identification Start , Identification of threatened , Resources to and Protection of 3months ecosystems/species (terrestrial undertake survey Threatened and marine) and demarcation Ecosystems and 18 month , Survey and demarcate , Equipment for Species program proposed protected areas GIS. (Strategy No. 4, 5 , Negotiate with land owners and 10). Funding – , Legally designate US$650,000 , Develop research/management programs (e.g. wildlife farming) for conservation of threatened species , Establish management program 34 DOMINICA’S FIRST NATIONAL REPORT TO THE CONFERENCE OF PARTIES - CONVENTION ON BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY PROJECT ACTIVITIES AGENCIES TIME RESOURCES 10. Conservation Start , Establish germplasm/gene bank , Department of , Gene bank of Agro-3months Agriculture , Establish Incentive Program for , Training for Biodiversity Conservation of the , Agricultural personnel (Strategy No. 14, 5 year Agricultural Gene Pool community , Consultants 15, and 16). program (Livestock and Plants) , Private sector , Funding – , Promote sound conservation , CARDI US$450,000 practices/technology , FAO , Agro-ecological zoning , IICA 11. Community Start 12 , Identify interest groups , Department of , Training for Participation in months Fisheries personnel , Develop community ownership Terrestrial and , Department of , Consultants on , Training Marine 3 years Forestry and community , Empower communities Conservation program National Parks conservation , Provide incentives (Strategy No. 4 initiatives and , ECU , Develop management plans and 11). legislation , Department of , Generate financial resources to , Funding – Agriculture sustain conservation programs US$150,000 , National Youth Council , Youth Development Division , Community Groups , Land owners 12. Develop 6 months , Establish technical committee , ECU , Equipment institutional to launch , Develop database , Ministry of , Software capacity for Agriculture , Inventory of biomaterials and , Technical support regulating bio-18 month their traditional uses. , Ministry of Health for committee technology program , Capacity building , Customs , Web page (Strategy No. 6, for , Web page and clearing house , CARICOM and , Legal expertise 25, 29, 30, 31 national mechanism OECS (for Regional , Infrastructure for and 32). activities Strategy and Centre) , Train Biosafety Officer Clearing house , Bureau of Standards mechanism , Manage database , Co-ordinating , Funding – , Co-ordinate drafting of 5 year Group of Pesticide US$150,000 legislation program Control Boards of (national , Develop Regional Biosafety for the Caribbean program) Strategy (including inspection Regional , PAHO protocols, standards for Strategy US$10 million labelling, monitoring, etc.) (Regional , Establish Regional Centre and Strategy/Centre) clearing-house mechanism , Regulation of Biodiversity EU Prospecting CARIFORUM Project on Biotechnology 35 DOMINICA’S FIRST NATIONAL REPORT TO THE CONFERENCE OF PARTIES - CONVENTION ON BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY PROJECT ACTIVITIES AGENCIES TIME RESOURCES 13. Program for , Consultation , Ministry of , Start in , Technical the Conservation Community 6 Assistance , Identification of issues of Traditional Development months , Equipment and , Development of Policy and Knowledge, , CBOs materials Strategy Culture and , 5year , Carib Council , Education and , Implementation of Strategy Values program training material , Village Councils , Pilot projects (Strategy No. 26) , Database , Relevant NGOs , Cultural awareness , Funding - , Ministry of , Training US$250,000 Education , Institutional strengthening , Ministry of Agriculture , Academic Institutions , Documentation Centre , National Youth Council 14. Development , Consultation , Ministry of Finance , Start in , Technical Plan for and Planning 6 Assistance , Identify indigenous issues Indigenous Carib months , Carib Council , Equipment and , Formulate Indigenous Peoples Peoples materials Development Plan/Strategy , Carib Affairs in (Strategy No. 27) 5 year Prime Ministers , Education and , Development of mechanisms to program Office training material integrate Indigenous Peoples Development Plan into national , National Youth , Database development planning process Council , Funding - IDP , Integration into IDP process , Youth Development project Division , Implementation of Strategy , Pilot projects , Institutional strengthening 15. Biodiversity , Adopt/implement relevant , ECU , Start in , Technical and Climate elements of Dominica’s 6 Assistance , Forestry Division Change Climate Change Adaptation months , Equipment and , Agriculture Division Adaptation Policy and Action Plan materials , Fisheries Division Program 5 year , Monitor/research impacts of , Education and , Relevant NGOs (Strategy No. 28) program climate change on biodiversity training material , National Youth , Implement conservation , Database Council measures , Funding - , Youth Development , Establish measures to enhance US$400,000 Division resilience of natural systems. , 16. Implement a Start 18 , Study fiscal incentives in other , NDC , Technical fiscal incentive months Countries guidelines , Financial program to , Develop valuation system for institutions , Funding – encourage 12 month biological resources/ US$50,000 , Legal Affairs commercial program ecosystems. , Ministry of Finance ventures to make , Establish economic instruments , Ministry of Tourism sustainable use of , Develop promotional campaign biodiversity , Develop policies/regulations to (Strategy No. 24). target specific areas 36 DOMINICA’S FIRST NATIONAL REPORT TO THE CONFERENCE OF PARTIES - CONVENTION ON BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY SECTION 6 – MONITORING AND EVALUATION A system of periodic and regular monitoring and review shall be established to verify that Dominica’s Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan is being implemented and achieves intended goals and objectives. Every year, on the anniversary of the date of signing of this Strategy and Action Plan by Cabinet, the Ministry of Agriculture and the Environment in collaboration with the National Biodiversity Committee through the Environmental Coordinating Unit shall submit to Cabinet a report that will: (a) Document activities that have been undertaken to implement the Strategy and Action Plan; (b) Identify constraints and limitations that have prevented the implementation of any aspect of the Strategy and Action Plan; (c) Indicate activities that shall be undertaken to address any constraints or limitations that have prevented the implementation of any aspect of the Strategy and Action Plan; (d) Provide an overview of progress made in achieving the goals and objectives of the Strategy and Action Plan. To facilitate the preparation of this Report, every government department and agency shall submit to the Environmental Coordinating Unit through the National Coordinator and the Committee, on an annual basis, a report that documents: (i) Activities that have been undertaken by the department or agency to implement the Strategy and Action Plan; (ii) Constraints and limitations experienced by the department or agency that have prevented the implementation of any aspect of the Strategy and Action Plan; (iii) Activities that shall be undertaken in the coming year by the department or agency to address any constraints or limitations that have prevented the implementation of any aspect of the Strategy and Action Plan. Additionally, any Non-Governmental Organisation (NGO) that is undertaking any initiative in support of the Strategy or Action Plan, shall periodically report to the Environmental Co-ordinating Unit through the National Coordinator and the Committee on such activities. Upon receiving the reports from the government departments, agencies and from Non-Governmental Organisations, the Environmental Coordinating Unit shall, prior to the preparation of Government?s annual budgets, confer with the Ministry of Finance and Planning to determine what measures shall be established to ensure that Dominica’s Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan is fully integrated into the national planning process. Upon reviewing the Report that has been received from the Environmental Coordinating Unit and the National Biodiversity Committee, Cabinet shall make the Report available to the public. A notice to the effect that the Report is available for public scrutiny shall be published in the local newspapers. 37 DOMINICA’S FIRST NATIONAL REPORT TO THE CONFERENCE OF PARTIES - CONVENTION ON BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY No later that five years after the date of signing of this Strategy and Action Plan by Cabinet, the Ministry of Agriculture and the Environment in collaboration with the National Biodiversity Committee shall facilitate and co-ordinate a broad-based public review of the Strategy and Action Plan with a view to determining whether intended goals and objectives have been achieved. The Environmental Co-ordinating Unit shall prepare, on a periodic basis, a State of the Environment Report, that will, amongst other matters: (1) Document the state of Dominica?s terrestrial and marine biodiversity; (2) Document the state of Dominica?s agro-biodiversity; (3) Document conservation and management activities that are undertaken to protect or conserve fragile/vulnerable/threatened species or ecosystems; (4) Identify threats to Dominica?s terrestrial and marine biodiversity and agro-biodiversity. 38 DOMINICA’S FIRST NATIONAL REPORT TO THE CONFERENCE OF PARTIES - CONVENTION ON BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY SECTION 7 – SHARING OF NATIONAL EXPERIENCE This section provides a short commentary on national experiences in the development and preparation of Dominica’s Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan. (a) National Experience in Biodiversity Planning Considerable difficulties were experienced in the collection and review of relevant information on national biotic assets. Although considerable scientific research has been undertaken to document and study the marine and terrestrial flora and fauna found in Dominica, the results of much of this research was not to be found in the nations? libraries and archives. The scope and results of scientific research was not well documented within the country, and the national team involved in preparing the Country Study had limited access to the original scientific data, which in many instances could only be found in the libraries of overseas research institutions. There was a general scarcity of research on biological diversity in Dominica, and little by way of scientific information documenting development-related impacts on individual species and ecosystems. These experiences highlighted the need for improved co-ordination and direction of scientific research within the country, and the strengthening of national capacities in the area of scientific data storage and management. (b) Lessons Learned from the Biodiversity Planning Process and Workshops Dominica possesses a small number of qualified personnel to undertake the work needed to prepare the Country Study, and to participate in the work of preparing the National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan. The need to ensure that this small group of dedicated professionals could be made available to lead the consultative process and attend workshops placed a considerable strain on the individuals and the agencies where they are employed. The consultative process involved a number of workshops and focus group meetings with interested stakeholders. Concurrently, a number of other consultative processes were being undertaken – principally to develop Dominica?s Climate Change Adaptation Policy and Action Plan, and to launch the Integrated Development Planning (IDP) process. The National Steering Committee felt concerned that the resulting “consultation fatigue” would unduly impact upon the quality and level of participation in the consultation process. However, the National Steering Committee was pleased to witness the continued dedication of stakeholders to the process that has resulted in the formulation of Dominica’s Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan which represents the interests and views of all Dominicans. (c) Lessons Learned from the Reporting Process. The need to complete preparation of the First National Report in a timely manner has provided the impetus and direction needed to ensure that work on the Country Study and Dominica’s Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan was kept focussed and within agreed timeframes. 39 DOMINICA’S FIRST NATIONAL REPORT TO THE CONFERENCE OF PARTIES - CONVENTION ON BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY (d) Challenges Confronted in Developing the Strategy and Action Plan. Other pressing professional and personal commitments made upon members of the National Team encroached upon their ability to dedicate the high level of effort and time required to work on the Strategy and Action Plan. Managing these constraints necessitated a considerable degree of flexibility in setting and achieving agreed deadlines. (e) Lessons Learned from the Public Education Process. Limited resources were available for public education and awareness activities, and these scarce resources were directed towards the mobilisation of support for the biodiversity planning process and the creation of support from the political directorate to ensure that the Strategy and Action Plan would be approved at the highest political level. It is generally recognised that a comprehensive public education and awareness program will need to be launched as a priority activity in order to ensure the successful implementation of Dominica’s Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan. (f) Lessons Learned from Measures Intended to Mobilise Support from Political Directorate. A high level of conservation awareness in Dominica has considerably assisted in mobilising support for the Strategy and Action Plan amongst the political directorate. The promotion of Dominica as the “Nature Island” of the Caribbean, combined with an aggressive program to promote the country as an international eco-tourism destination has resulted in a general awareness of the need to conserve Dominica?s biodiversity within all ranks of the political directorate. However, the change of Minister in the Ministry responsible for biodiversity planning during the planning process affected the impetus and direction of work undertaken to develop the Country Study and Dominica’s Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan. (g) Lessons Learned from Initiatives Intended to Integrate Strategy and Action Plan into National Planning. Considerable efforts were made at the launch of the biodiversity planning process to ensure that Dominica’s Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan would be fully integrated into national and sectoral planning processes. A critical factor for success in this regard is the integration of the Strategy and Action Plan into national financial planning structures. The National Steering Committee was encouraged to note the active participation and involvement of the Ministry of Finance and Planning in national biodiversity planning processes, and a commitment by that Ministry that the Strategy and Action would be fully integrated into the Integrated Development Planning (IDP) process which is at the early stages of preparation. It is recognized that additional resources will be required to provide for the full integration of the Strategy and Action Plan into national and sectoral plans and programs. It is intended that an international donor?s meeting be convened to source funding for a national sustainable development program, an essential element of which will be the provision of resources to implement Dominica’s Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan. 40 DOMINICA’S FIRST NATIONAL REPORT TO THE CONFERENCE OF PARTIES - CONVENTION ON BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY ANNEX 1 List of Organisations Consulted 1. AID Bank 2. Barclays Bank 3. Bureau of Standards 4. Canefield Urban Council 5. Carib Affairs 6. Carib Council 7. Colgate Palmolive Co., Ltd. 8. COMPACT Project 9. Curriculum Unit, Ministry of Education 10. Dominica Export Import Agency (DEXIA) 11. Division of Agriculture 12. Dominica Banana Marketing Organization 13. Dominica Broadcasting Service - Creole Desk 14. Dominica Broadcasting Service – News Desk 15. Dominica Conservation Association (DCA) 16. Dominica Rural Enterprise Project 17. Dominica Social Security 18. Dominica Solid Waste Corporation 19. Environmental Health department 20. ESPWA 21. Farmer Groups 22. Fisheries Division 23. Fishermen Co-operatives 24. Forestry and Wildlife Division 25. Government Information Service 26. KFC Corporation 27. Local Area Management Authority (LAMA) 28. Marigot Cooperative Credit Union 29. Marpin Telecom & Broadcasting 30. Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and the Environment 31. Ministry of Communication and Works 32. Ministry of Finance and Planning 33. Ministry of Sports and Youth Affairs 34. Ministry of Tourism 35. Ministry of Trade, Industry & Marketing 36. National Association for Local Authorities 37. National Association for Non-Governmental Organisations (NANGO) 38. National Development Council 39. National Parks Unit 40. OD Brisbane Limited. 41. Physical Planning Division 42. Youth Environmental Services 41 DOMINICA’S FIRST NATIONAL REPORT TO THE CONFERENCE OF PARTIES - CONVENTION ON BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY ANNEX 2 List of Persons Consulted 1. Adolphus Christian 48. Felix Lester 94. Melbour Phillip 2. Al Philsbert 49. Franklyn Fabien 95. Melvyn Didier 3. Albert Bellot 50. G. Allport 96. Miguel Lawrence 4. Albert Gallion 51. G. Langlais 97. Moses Brumant 5. Alexis Valmond 52. George de Berdt Romilly 98. Myrtle Bruno 6. Allan E. Paul 53. Gerard Hill 99. Olice Valmond 7. Alleyne Thomas 54. Gerard Langlais 100. Oliver Grell 8. Alvin Bernard 55. Gilbatsen Peter 101. Patsy Thomas 9. Anaclete Thomas 56. Harold Guiste 102. Paulette Francis 10. Anne Marie Joseph 57. Henie E.F. Parillon 103. Peter Sanford 11. Annie Edwards 58. Henry Shillingford 104. Petra Cuffy 12. Ann-Marie Mason 59. Isaiah Richards 105. Phillip Matthew 13. Anthony Drigo 60. Ivon Larocque 106. Porshia Burton 14. Anthony Roccditts 61. Jacqueline Andre 107. Rammanuel Victorine 15. Arlington James 62. James Henry 108. Rawle Leslie 16. Ashton Bertrand 63. Janie Jean Jacques 109. Raymond Austrie 17. Audrey Henik 64. Jean Ettiene 110. Rebecca Edwards 18. Axel Auguiste 65. Jean Williams 111. Regina Joseph 19. Camella Bellot 66. John C. McIntyre 112. Reginald Eli 20. Carla Fontaine 67. John Davis 113. Reny Auguiste 21. Cedric Peter 68. John Moise 114. Rhoda Samuel 22. Chaminda Rajapakse 69. Jones Harry 115. Richard Allport 23. Charles Pierre 70. Joseph Thomas 116. Ricky Ellick 24. Charles Williams 71. Julie Morancie 117. Rob Douglas 25. Cheryl Mason 72. Julie Pierre 118. Robert Auguiste 26. Clarance Olivance 73. Julien Defoe 119. Roland Delsol 27. Cynthia Lewis 74. Kaywana Fontaine 120. Roland Royer 28. Cyrille John 75. Kelly Graneau 121. Romalan Jederice 29. Damien Valmond 76. Kent Auguiste 122. Ronald Charles 30. Dave Lloyd 77. Kent Coipel 123. Rosalind Jno Baptiste 31. David Lang 78. Kerr B. Serrant 124. Ruth Allport 32. David Williams 79. Kim Thurlow 125. Samuel Joseph 33. Delia Cuffy 80. Kongit Gabriel 126. Sandra Matthew 34. Derrick Theophille 81. Leafrose Darroux 127. Sean Douglas 35. Doreen Ettiene 82. Lennox Honychurch 128. Sharon Corriette 36. Doreen Francis 83. Lilian Polydore 129. Simon Sharplis 37. Doreen Joseph 84. Lisa Laurent 130. Reveillus St. Rose 38. Durand Carbon 85. Luanna Prevost 131. Staford James 39. Eden Larocque 90. Lucia Sandy 132. Steve Vidal 40. Eisenhower Douglas 86. Lujah Fontaine 133. Stevenson Durand 41. Elias Lander 87. Luke Jno Baptiste 134. Terry Raymond 42. Elivian Jules 88. Lyn Giraud 135. Theresa Valmond 43. Elude Burton 89. Marcus Thomas 136. Treista Patterson 44. Emile B. Lancelot 90. Marie Jose Edwards 137. Vivian Moise 45. Errol Harris 91. Mark John 138. Wallace James 46. Esther Shillingford 92. Maximea Vigilant 139. Winston Magloire 47. Eud Scotland 93. McPherson St. Luce 140. Worrel Sanford 42 DOMINICA’S BIODIVERSITY STRATEGY AND ACTION PLAN ACRONYMS ORGANISATIONS AID Bank Agricultural Industrial and Development Bank AIA Advanced Informed Agreement AIC CCA Caribbean Conservation Association CAREC CARDI Caribbean Agricultural Research and Development Institute CARICOM Caribbean Community CARIFORUM CBO Community Based Organizations CITES Convention on the International Trade in Endangered Species of Flora & Fauna COMPACT Community Management of Protected Area Conservation Project DBS Dominica Broadcasting Corporation DCA Dominica Conservation Association DEXIA Dominica Export Import Agency DOMLEC Dominica Electricity Company DOWASCO Dominica Water and Sewerage Company DREP Dominica Rural Enterprise Project ECU Environmental Coordinating Unit ECCB East Caribbean Central Bank EIA Environmental Impact Assessment ESPWA Environmental Services Project Waitikubuli EUCREP FAO Food and Agriculture Organization GDP Gross Domestic Product GEF Global Environmental Facility GEO Genetically Engineered Organism GMO Genetically Modified Organism GIS Global Information System GIS Government Information Service IICA Inter-American Institute for Co-operation on Agriculture ICCAT International Commission for the Conservation of Atlantic Tuna IDP Integrated Development Project IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ISO Inter National Standard Organization IUU Illegal Unregulated and Unreported IUCN International Union for the Conservation of Nature LAMA Local Area Management Authority LMO Living Modified Organisms MCA Movement for Cultural Awareness MOA Ministry of Agriculture NANGO National Association of Non-Governmental Authority -43- DOMINICA’S BIODIVERSITY STRATEGY AND ACTION PLAN NBSAP National Biodiversity Strategy & Action Plan NDC National Development Corporation NDFD NGO Non-Governmental Organization OECS Organization of American States ONT Organisms with Novel Threats PAHO SSMR Soufriere / Scotts Head Marine Reserve SPAT Small Projects Assistance Team UNDP YESCORPS Youth Environment Service Corps -44-