[DOC]-考研英语语法大全【高分必备】
考研英语语法大全【高分必备】
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一、时态、语态需要掌握的要点:
1.以下几类动词一般不能用于进行时，同样不用于完成进行时:
(1)表示感知的动词:hear, feel, notice, recognize, see, taste, smell;
(2)表示意愿、情感的动词:desire, dislike, forgive, hate, like, love, prefer, refuse, want, wish, fear, love, hate;
(3)表示思考、看法的动词:believe, doubt, expect, forget, hope, feel, mean, know, agree, realize, mind, recall, recollect, remember, trust, suppose;
(4)表示所有、占有的动词:belong to, owe, own, possess, hold(容
纳);
(5)其他动词:cost, appear, concern, contain, consist, deserve, matter, seem。
如:I’d say whenever you are going after something that is belonging to you, anyone who is depriving you of the right to have it is criminal. (1997年考研题， belong表示归属，不用于进行式)
He was seeing somebody creeping into the house through the open window last night.
(1990年考研题，see表示结果，不用于进行式)
2. 不用will/shall表达将来时的形式:
(1)be going to表示现在的打算和意图;
(2)arrive, come, drive, go, leave, retire, return, set off, start, take off等表示移位的动词的进行体表示按计划肯定要发生的将来
动作;
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(3)be to (do)表示安排、计划、决定、命令或注定要发生的事，如:
Greater efforts to increase agricultural production must be made if food shortage is to be avoided.
(4)be about to (do)表示将要(做)，如:
Marlin is a young man of independent thinking who is not about to pay compliments to his political leaders.
(5)be on the point /verge of (doing)表示“马上就要”，一般不与表
示将来的时间状语连用;
(6)be, begin, come, depart, get off, go, leave, return, start的
一般现在时表示按日历或时刻表要发生的将来动作或事件，如:
If you want your film to be properly processed, you’ll have to wait and pick it up on Friday, which is the day after tomorrow. (画线部分一般不用will be)
(7)在时间、条件、让步从句中，一般现在时代替将来时，但要注意区别
从句的类型，如:
I don’t know where he will go tomorrow. 我不知道他明天去哪儿。(宾语从句)
I’ll tell him when you will ring again. 我告诉他你什么时候再来电话。(宾语从句)
比较:I’ll tell him when you ring again.你再打电话时我告诉他。
(状语从句)
(8)在make sure, make certain, see (to it) 后的that从句中，谓语
动词用一般现在时代替将来时，如:
See to it that you include in the paper whatever questions they 2
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didn’t know the answer to last time.
(include 不能用will include或其他形式)
3.完成时是时态测试的重点，注意与完成时连用的句型和时间状语:
(1)by/between/up to/till +过去时间、since、by the time/when +表
示过去发生情况的从句，主句用过去完成时。如:We had just had our
breakfast when an old man came to the door.
Between 1897 and 1919 at least 29 motion pictures in which artificial beings were portrayed had been produced.(表示1919年时
已发生的情况)
(2)by +将来时间、by the time/ when +谓语动词是一般现在时的从句，
主句用将来完成时。如:
By the time you arrive in London, we will have stayed in Europe for two weeks.
I hope her health will have improved greatly by the time we come back next year.
(3)by now、since +过去时间、in/during/for/over/the past/last
few(或具体数字)years/days/months，主句用现在完成时, 但在it is +具
体时间since/before这一句型中，主句更多的时候不用完成时。如:
The changes that howe taken place place in air travel during the last sixty years would have seemed completely impossible to even the most brilliant scientists at the turn of the 19th century. It is four years since John left school.
(4)在It is the +序数词/形容词最高级+that的定语从句中，谓语动词
常用现在完成时。如:
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It isn’t the first time that I have found myself in an embarrassing situation.
(5)在no sooner,than,, hardly/scarcely,when/before,句型中，主句常用过去完成时。
(6)其他与完成时连用的时间状语:all this while, all this year, for some time, so far, already, before, just, long, yet等。
4.完成进行时指动作在完成时的基础上还要继续下去。如:
The company has been promising a rise in salary for ages, but
nothing has happened.
The school board listened quietly as John read the demand that
his followers had been demonstrating for.
时态、语态答题思路:
(1)先根据选项的区别点确定考题要点为时态，然后回到题句中寻找给出
的或暗示的时间状语，缩小选择范围，进而选出正确答案;
(2)根据谓语动词与句子主语或非谓语动词与其逻辑主语的关系，确定句
子是主动语态还是被动语态。
二、不定式
1.不定式做主语
(1)做形式主语的代词:
不定式做主语, 通常用it充当形式主语, 把做主语的不定式短语后置。
如:
It took me only five minutes to finish the job.
To be frank, it is a great relief to have the task fulfilled in so short a time.
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(2)引导逻辑主语的介词:
不定式的逻辑主语一般由介词for引导,但下列表示人的性格行为特征的
形容词做表语时, 不定式的逻辑主语则由of引导:
absurd, bold, brave, courageous, careful, careless, clever, wise, foolish, silly, stupid, good, nice, kind, thoughtful, considerate, greedy, generous, honest, modest, polite, rude, cruel, selfish, lazy, wicked, wrong。如:
Experts say walking is one of the best ways for a person to stay healthy.
It’s clever of you to have invented such a device.
(3)不定式做主语补足语:
掌握常用不定式做主语补足语的句型。注意不定式表示的动作发生的时
间，并采用相应形式。如:
said
reported
thought
be to do sth.
believed
known
supposed
Byron is said to have lived on vinegar and potatoes.
The bank is reported in the local newspaper to have been robbed in broad daylight yesterday.
2.不定式做宾语
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(1)必须接不定式做宾语的动词:
掌握要求接不定式做宾语的动词:
agree, afford, aim, arrange, appear, ask, attempt, choose, claim, decide, desire, determine, expect, fail, guarantee, hope, endeavor, intend, long, mean, manage, offer, ought, plan, pledge, pretend, prepare, promise, proceed, prove, resolve, refuse, request, swear, tend, try, venture, wait, wish。如:
Even though the children pretended to be asleep, the nurses were not deceived when they came into the room.
注意: 1)有的动词要求特殊疑问词+不定式做宾语, 这类动词有:
consider, discover, explain, forget, guess, know, learn, observe, remember, see, tell, understand, wonder，如:
While still a young boy, Bizet knew how to play the piano well and as he grew older, he wrote operas, the most famous of which is Carmen.
2)如果该特殊疑问词在不定式中做介词宾语, 介词往往置于该特殊疑问词
的前面。如:
The professor can hardly find sufficient grounds on which to base his argument in favor of the new theory.
Without facts, we cannot form worthwhile opinion for we need to have factual knowledge upon which to base our thinking.
(2)可以用不定式做宾语补足语(复合宾语)的动词:
下列动词可以用不定式做宾语补足语(复合宾语):
advise, allow, ask, beg, cause, command, compel, enable, determine, 6
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encourage, expect, feel, find, force, hate, have, hear, help, inform, invite, let, like, make, mean, need, notice, notify, oblige, order, permit, persuade, remind, request, require, see, send, teach, tell, tempt, trouble, urge, want, warn, watch, wish。
注意:画线动词后面的不定式不带to。
如:Because of the recent accidents, our parents forbid my brother and me to swim in the river unless someone agrees to watch over us.
3.不定式做定语
(1)被修饰的名词前有序数词、形容词最高级或next, last, only, not
a, the, very等限定词时，该名词用不定式做定语。如: the first
woman to set foot on the moon 第一个登上月球的女性
(2)如果其动词要求不定式做宾语，相应的名词一般用不定式做定语。
如: tendency to do?tend to do, decision to do?decide to doThis book is an attempt to help you use English and recognize how it is used.
(3)如果其形容词形式要求接不定式做补语，相应的名词一般用不定式做
定语。如:
ambition to do “干,,的雄心”?be ambitious to do“有雄心干,,” curiosity to do “对,,的好奇心”?be curious to do“对,,好奇”
ability to do“做,,的能力”?able to do“有能力做,,”
According to Darwin, random changes that enhance a species’ ability to survive are naturally selected and passed on to succeeding generation.
(4)表示方式、原因、时间、机会、权利等名词用不定式做定语，这些名
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词包括:
way, method, reason, time, place, chance, occasion, opportunity, evidence, power, right, movement, drive (运动)，effort等。如:I
worked so late in the office last night that I hardly had time to catch the last bus.
We appreciate your efforts to bring about a comprehensive solution to the existing problem.
(5)不定代词something, nothing, little, much, a lot习惯上用不定
式做定语。如:
Though we have made great progress, there is still much to be improved.
4.不定式做状语
不定式做状语主要表示目的、程度、结果、方式。
(1)in order to(do), so as to(do)结构引导目的状语，so as to不能
置于句首。如:
To succeed in a scientific research project, one needs to be pesistent.
I advise them to withdraw so as not to get involved.
(2)so,as to, such,as to, enough,to, too,to结构做程度状语。如:
The solution works only for couples who are self-employed, don’t have small children and get along well enough to spend most of their time together.
The vocabulary and grammatical differences between British and 8
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American English are so trivial and few as hardly to be noticed.
(3)不定式做结果状语只能出现在句子的末尾，表示不愉快的结果，有时
用only加强语气。
常见的不定式动词有find, hear, see, be told, form, give, make, produce等。如:
Greatly agitated, I rushed to the apartment and tried the door, only to find it locked.
(4)not/never too„ to, too„ not to, but/only too„to, too ready/eager/apt/inclined to 表示肯定意义。如:
I am only too pleased to hear from you further. 能再听到你的消
息，我太高兴了。
三、动名词
1.必须接动名词做宾语的动词
牢记下列要求接动名词做宾语的动词:
acknowledge, advocate, anticipate, appreciate, advise, avoid, admit, confess, consider, defend, delay, deny, dislike, enjoy, escape, excuse, fancy, favor, finish, forgive, imagine, include, involve, justify, keep mind, miss, mention, pardon, practice, postpone, permit, report, resent, resume, recall，recollect，risk,
resist, suggest, tolerate。如:
Although a teenager, Fred could resist being told what to do and what not to do.
I appreciate having been given the opportunity to study abroad two years ago.
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2.动名词做介词短语
考生尤其要识别下列短语中的to是介词，不是不定式符号:
object to, resort to, react to, contribute to, look forward to, be accustomed to, be committed to, be exposed to, be subjected to, be devoted to, be dedicated to, be opposed to, be reconciled to, be contrary to, be (get) used to, come close to, get down to, give oneself up to, prefer„to, see to, set to, take to, in addition to, with regard to, with a view to, on the way to。如:
There was no sign that Mr.Jospin, who keeps a firm control on the party despite having resigned from leadership of it, would intervene personally.
Our modern civilization must not be thought of as having been created in a short period of time.
Nowhere in nature is aluminum found free, owing to its always being combined with other elements, most commonly with oxygen.
As the children become financially independent of the family, the emphasis on family financial security will shift from protection to saving for the retirement years.
Everyone with half an eye on the unemployment figures knew that the assertion about economic recovery being just around the corner was untrue.
四、分词
分词起形容词和副词的作用，在句中做定语或状语。在概念上考生应清
楚: ? 现在分词表示主动，表示动作在进行。
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? 过去分词表示被动，表示动作结束了的状态或结果。
1.分词做定语，弄清现在分词与过去分词的区别
分词短语做定语相当于省略了的定语从句，考生应掌握:
(1)现在分词与被修饰词之间具有主动意义。如:
It’s easy to blame the decline of conversation on the pace of modern life and on the vague changes taking place in our ever-increasing world.(相当于the changes which take place...)
There was a very interesting remark in a book by an Englishman that I read recently giving what he thought was a reason for this American characteristic.(相当于which gave...)
How many of us attending, say, a meeting that is irrelevant to us would be interested in the discussion?(相当于How many of us
who will attend...)
(2)过去分词与被修饰词之间具有被动意义。如:
Good news was sometimes released prematurely, with the British recapture of the port announced half a day before the defenders actually surrendered.
(相当于,recapture of the port which had been announced,)
Just as the value of a telephone network increases with each new phone added to the system, so does the value of a computer system increase with each program that turns out.
(相当于,each new phone which is added to,)
The author gave a detailed description based on his personal observation of nature.
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(相当于,description which was based on,)
(3)下列不及物动词也以过去分词形式做定语或表语，但不具有被动意
义: deceased, departed, elapsed, faded, fallen, gone, grown-up, retired, returned, risen, set, vanished, much-travelled, newly arrived, recently come。如:
an escaped prisoner一个逃犯 a retired worker一位退休工人
a faded curtain一个褪了色的窗帘 a newly arrived student一个新来
的学生
2.分词做状语，注意区分分词的一般式与完成式
(1)表示时间，多置于句首，注意如果分词表示的动作的时间先于谓语动
词，要用完成式。如:
Having completed one task, we started on another one. (complete先于start之前发生)
(2)表示原因，置于句首句尾均可，根据情况有时要用完成式，有时用一
般式。如:
He wasn’t asked to take on the chairmanship of the society, being considered insufficiently popular with all members.
There seemed little hope that the explorer, having been deserted in the tropical forest, would find his way through it.
(3)表示伴随、方式，置于句尾，用分词的一般式。如:
Helen borrowed my dictionary the other day saying that she would return it soon.
Anna was reading a piece of science fiction, completely lost to 12
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the outside world.
(4)表示结果，置于句尾，用分词的一般式。如:
The city found itself in a crisis situation last summer when the air conditioning on dozens of the new buses broke down, them unusable.
(5)表示补充说明(同位)，置于句尾，用分词的一般式。如:
The article opens and closes with descriptions of two news reports, each making one major point in contrast with the other.
Ford tried dividing the labor, each worker assigned a separate task.
3.分词的独立主格结构
分词的逻辑主语一般为句子的主语，否则分词短语要有自己的逻辑主语，
称为分词独立主格结构。分词独立主格结构只是句子的一个部分，但在翻译
时经常译成独立的句子，考生要注意英汉两种语言在结构上的区别。如:
All flights having been canceled because of the snowstorm, we decided to take the train.
Darkness setting in, the young couple lingered on merrymaking.
4.分词做表语和补语，尤应注意由使役动词变来的分词的形式
(1)现在分词表示主语或宾语的特征，多以事物做(逻辑)主语。如:
His victory in the final was no more convincing than I had expected.
(2)过去分词表示主语或宾语所处的状态或对某事的心理反应和感受，多
以人做(逻辑)主语。如:
These students are quick at learning. We’ll have them trained in new methods.
People cannot but feel puzzled. For they simply cannot understand
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how he could have made such a stupid mistake.
五、非谓语动词的其他考点
1.接不定式或动名词做宾语都可以，但在意思上有区别的动词的用法
mean to do想要(做某事) propose to do 打算(做某事) mean doing意味
(做某事) propose doing建议(做某事) forget to do忘记(要做的事)
remember to do记得(要做某事)
forget doing忘记(已做的事) remember doing记得(已做过的事)
go on to do继而(做另一件事) stop to do停下来去做另一件事
go on doing继续(做原来的事) stop doing停止正在做的事 regret to
do(对将要做的事)遗憾 regret doing(对已做过的事)后悔
如:Mr. Jankin regretted having blamed his secretary for the mistake, for he later discovered it was his own fault.
The boy is constantly being told not to scratch the paint off the wall, but he goes on doing it all the same.
2.不定式的习惯用法
句型:cannot help but do cannot but do
cannot choose but do can do nothing but do
have no choice/alternative but to do
上述句型的意思接近，即“不得不做”、“不禁做”、“不由自主地
”、“不能不做”、“只能做”。其共同的特点是都有一个否定词和做
but。如: 14
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Nobody can help but be fascinated by the world into which he is taken by the science fiction.When I consider how talented he is as a painter, I cannot help but believe that the public will appreciate his gift.
3.动名词的习惯用法
句型:be busy/active doing sth. have difficulty/trouble/problem doing sth.
It’s no good/use/picnic doing sth. have a good/great/wonderful time doing sth.
spend/waste time doing sth. There is no point/sense/harm/ use doing sth.
cannot help doing sth. There is no doing sth. I know it isn’t
important but I can’t help thinking about it.
Alice was having trouble controlling the children because there were so many of them.
There is no use crying over spilt milk.
4.there be 非谓语动词的用法
(1)做宾语时取决于谓语动词的持续要求。如:
The students expected there to be more reviewing classes before the final exams.
(expect要求接不定式做宾语)
(2)做目的状语或程度状语时用for there to be，做其他状语用there
being。如:
For there to be successful communication, there must be
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attentiveness and involvement in the discussion itself by all present. (for there to be,在句中做目的状语)
It isn’t cold enough for there to be a frost tonight, so I can leave Jim’s car out quite safely.
(for there to be,在句中做程度状语)
There being no further questions, we’ll stop here today. (there being,做原因状语)
(3)引导主语用for there to be。如: It is unusual for there to be no late comers today.
(4)做除for外的介词宾语，用there being。如:
He would always ignore the fact of there being such a contradiction in his inner thought.
六、虚拟语气
1.主从句谓语动词的时态
(1)掌握主从句谓语动词的
规范
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搭配:
如:If the doctor had been available, the child could not have died. There is a real possibility that these animals could be frightened, should there be a sudden loud noise.
(2)区分主从句表示的不同时间概念:
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主从句谓语动词所指时间不同，这叫做错综时间条件句，动词形式应根据
实际情况来调整。如:
Had it not been for the timely investment from the general public,
our company would not be so thriving as it is. (主句与现在事实相
反，从句与过去事实相反)
Had Paul received six more votes in the last election, he would be
our chairman now.
(主句与现在事实相反，从句与过去事实相反)
(3)识别事实和假设混合句:
Your math instructor would have been happy to give you a make-up
examination had you gone and explained that your parents were ill
at the time. (句子前半部分为假设情况，而“父母病
了”是事实)
I would have gone to visit him in the hospital had it been at all
possible, but I was fully occupied the whole of last week. (前半
部分为假设，后半部分是事实)
2.名词性从句的虚拟形式
名词性从句是指宾语从句、主语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。从句的谓
语动词需用(should+)动词原形表示虚拟。考生应熟悉: (1)下列动词
做谓语时，that宾语从句中的动词用虚拟形式:desire, advise,
recommend, command, direct, order, ask, demand, request, require,
insist, maintain, move, propose, prefer, urge, vote。
如:In the past men generally preferred that their wives work in
the home.
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I move that he be discharged for his serious mistake.
(2)下列形容词和分词做表语或补语时，that主语从句中动词用虚拟形
式:
advisable, desirable, insistent, preferable, urgent, appropriate, compulsory, crucial, essential, imperative, important, necessary, obligatory, possible, probable, proper, vital, advised, arranged, commanded, demanded, desired, ordered, proposed, recommended, requested, required, suggested。如:
The board deem it urgent that these files should be printed right away.
It is essential that all these figures be checked twice.
(3)下列名词接同位语从句或表语从句时，从句中动词用虚拟形式:
insistence, preference, recommendation, suggestion, proposal, motion, desire, re-quirement, request, order, necessity, importance, regulation, rule, resolution, understanding。如: John
Wagner’s most enduring contribution to the study of Afro-American
poetry is his insistence that it be analyzed in a religious, as well as worldly, frame of reference.
They keep telling us it is of utmost importance that our representative be sent to the conference on schedule.
3.含蓄虚拟条件句的谓语动词形式
含蓄虚拟语气是指假设条件不通过if从句表达，而是暗含在其他结构
中。考生应熟悉:
(1)连词but, but that, or, or else;副词otherwise,
unfortunately18
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等表示转折假设。
如:A safety analysis would have identified the target as a potential danger. Unfortunately, it was never done.
Victor obviously doesn’t know what’s happened; otherwise he wouldn’t have made such a stupid remark.
(2)介词短语暗含假设条件，常用的有:without, but for, under more
favorable conditions等。
如:But for the English examination I would have gone to the concert last Sunday.
(3)intended/meant/hoped/wished/planned或was/were +不定式完成式
或had intended/meant/planned/hoped/wished
+不定式一般式暗示虚拟语气。如:
I intended to have called on you, but I was busy at that time.
(4)情态动词完成式暗示虚拟语气。如:
I should have called to make an airline reservation, but I didn’t.
4.常用虚拟形式的句型
(1)从句中动词用过去式或过去完成式表示虚拟的句型:
would rather would as soon as though suppose„ had rather would sooner as if supposing„
If only„ It is (high) time that„(从句中动词只用过去式) 如:His
wife would rather they didn’t talk about the matter any more. I’d rather you went by train, because I can’t bear the idea of your being in an airplane in such bad weather.
If I were in a movie, then it would be about time that I buried my
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head in my hands for a cry.
My father always talks as though he were addressing a public meeting.
(2)If it were not for, (与现在事实相反)
If it had not been for, (与过去事实相反) 相当于but for。如: If
it had not been for his help (= but for his help), we would not have succeeded.
(3)If only,谓语动词视情况选用适当的形式。如:
If only the committee would approve the regulations and put them into effect as soon as possible.
(4)lest/for fear that/in case 从句谓语用(should+)动词原形。如:
The mad man was put in the soft-padded cell lest he injure himself.
(5)whether,or,有时谓语用be的原形，引导让步虚拟从句，这种用法经
常采用倒装结构。如:
Church as we use the word refers to all religious institutions, be they Christian, Islamic, Buddhist, Jewish, and so on.
The business of each day, be it selling goods or shipping them, went quite smoothly.
七、情态动词
注意情态动词完成式的用法有两方面的含义:
1.表示已经发生的情况
(1)must have +过去分词，表示对已发生情况的肯定推测，译为“(昨天)
一定,,”。如:
My pain must have been apparent the moment I walked into the room, 20
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for the first man I met asked sympathetically: “Are you feeling all right?”
(2)can t/couldn’t have +过去分词，表示对已发生情况的否定推测，
译为“(昨天)一定没,,”。 如:
Mary couldn’t have received my letter; otherwise she would have replied before now.
(3)may/might have +过去分词，表示对已发生的事情做不肯定、可能性
很小的推测，或事实上根本没发生，译为“也许,,”。如:At Florida
Power’s Crystal River plant, a potentially serious leakage of radioactive water may have been unknowingly caused by an electrician.
2.表示虚拟语气
(1)needn’t have+过去分词，表示做了不必做的事，译为“其实没必要
,,”。如:
As it turned out to be a small house party, we needn’t have dressed up so formally.
(2)should /should not have +过去分词，表示应该做某事但实际上未
做，或本不应该做但实际上做了, 译为“本(不)应该,,”。如: I regret
having left the work unfinished; I should have planned everything ahead carefully.
(3)ought to have+过去分词，表示动作按理该发生了，但实际上未发
生，译为“该,,”，与should的完成式含义类似。如:The porter ought
to have called the fire-brigade as soon as he saw the fire in the stock, which went up in smoke.
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(4)could have+过去分词，表示过去本来可以做但却未做，译为“完全可
以,,”。
如:What you said is right, but you could have phrased it more tactfully.
(5)may/might have + 过去分词，表示过去可以做但实际未做，译为
“(那样)也许会,,”。如:
It might have been better to include more punchy statistics and photos of equipment in the introduction to further assist first-time office automation managers.
3.几个情态动词常考的句型
(1)may/might (just) as well“不妨，最好”，与had better相近。
如: Since the flight was cancelled, you might as well go by train.
(2)cannot/can’t„too„ “越,,越好，怎么也不过分”。注意这个句型
的变体cannot,over,。如:
You cannot be too careful when you drive a car.
The final chapter covers organizational change and development. This subject cannot be overemphasized.
(3)usedn’t或didn’t use to为used to (do)的否定式。
(4)should 除了“应该”一层意思外，考研大纲还规定要掌握其“竟然”
的意思。如:
I didn’t expect that he should have behaved like that.
八、形容词、副词及其比较级
1.形容词的句法功能
形容词在句中做定语、表语和主语。考生应注意:
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(1)以 “a” 开头的形容词如alone, alike, asleep, awake等不能做前
置定语，可做表语或后置定语。
(2)某些以副词词缀 “-ly” 结尾的词是形容词，如friendly,
leisurely, lovely等。
(3)下列动词既是实义动词又是系动词，注意用做系动词时，要求形容词
做表语:remain, keep, become, get, grow, go, come, turn, stay, stand, run, prove, seem, appear, look。如:
All those left undone may sound great in theory, but even the truest believer has great difficulty when it comes to specifics.
2.副词主要测试其修饰作用
考生应了解:副词可修饰谓语动词、非谓语动词、形容词、副词、介词短
语、整个句子。如:
This pair of shoes isn’t good, but that pair is hardly better. (与前半句的否定意义吻合)
It’s essential that people be psychologically able to resist the impact brought about by the transition from planned economy to market economy.
Andrew, my father’s younger brother, will not be at the picnic, much to the family’s disappointment.
Most of us are of the opinion that this set of training program is among the most wisely devised ones we have seen so far.
3.考比较级时，考生应把握
(1)形容词和副词比较级的形式是否和比较连词对应出现，即是否符合原
级比较及比较级的结构。如:
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Do you enjoy listening to records? I find records are often as good as, or better than an actual performance.
On the whole, ambitious students are more likely to succeed in their studies than are those with little ambition.
(2)比较的成分是否属于同类事物或同类概念。如:
The number of registered participants in this year’s marathon was half that of last year’s.
Young readers, more often than not, find the novels of Dickens far more exciting than Thackeray’s.
(3)比较级的修饰语如 a little, a lot, the, any, even, far, hardly, lots, much, rather，还有表示倍数比较的词等，他们的位置是:修饰语
+as,as,, 或修饰语+more,than,。如:
Smoking is so harmful to personal health that it kills seven times more people each year than automobile accidents.
“Do you regret paying five hundred dollars for the painting?” “No, I would gladly have paid twice as much for it.”
(4)下列词和短语不用比较级形式却表示比较概念:
inferior，minor，senior，prior，prefer to，superior，major，
junior，prefer able，differ from，compared with，in comparison
with，different from，rather than。如:
Their watch is superior to all the other watches on the market.
4.最高级形式应注意的问题
(1)最高级比较范围用介词in, over, of, among。
in, (all)over用于在某一范围内的比较，如:in China, all over the
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world; of, among 用于在同一群体内同类事物的比较，如:among the
teachers, of the four dresses。
注意:among,相当于one of,，不说among all,。这一点考生应与汉语表
达区别开来。如:
Of all visible lights, red light has the longest and violet the shortest wavelength.
(2)比较级形式表示最高级意义时，比较对象的范围应用:
any other +单数名词
the other +复数名词
the others
anyone/anything else
上述词是用来将比较级结构转变成最高级意义的关键词语，切不可遗漏，
否则会造成逻辑混乱的错误。如不能说:John runs faster than anyone.注意与汉语表达的不同。
5.有关比较级的特殊句型
(1)not so much,as,与其说,,不如说,,
The chief reason for the population growth isn’t so much a rise in birth rates as a fall in death rates as a result of improvements in medical care.
(2)no/not any more,than,两者一样都不,,The heart is no more intelligent than the stomach, for they are both controlled by the brain.
There is no reason they should limit how much vitamin you take, any more than they can limit how much water you drink.
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(3)no /not any less,than,两者一样都,,She is no less beautiful than her sister.
(4)just as,so,.正如,,，,,也,,(用倒装结构)Just as the soil is a
part of the earth, so is the atmosphere.
九、平行结构
1.注意由并列连词或等立连词连接的成分在语法形式上是否相同，即都是
形容词，或都是介词短语，或都是不定式，或都是动名词，或都是句子等。
如:Symposium talks will cover a wide range of subjects from
overfishing to physical and environmental factors that affect the populations of different species.
In the teaching of mathematics, the way of instruction is generally traditional, with teachers presenting formal lectures and students taking notes.
2.注意比较结构中相比较的内容在语法形式上是否相同。如:
It is better to die on one’s feet than to live on one’s knees. Despite the temporary difficulties, the manager prefers increasing the output to decreasing it.
3.其他具有并列或比较意义的短语。
(1)rather than, let alone 虽不是并列连词，但在结构上连接两个语法
形式相同的成分。如:
We are taught that a business letter should be written in a formal style rather than in a personal style.
For the new country to survive, let alone for its people to enjoy prosperity, new economic policies will be required.
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(2)如果平行的两个成分在形式上是介词短语，而且介词相同，一般说来
第二个介词不要省略。
如:At times, more care goes into the composition of newspaper and magazine advertisements than into the writing of the features and editorials.
十、代词
1.与所指代的名词在性、数、格上是否一致如:
Each cigarette a person smokes does some harm, and eventually he may get a serious disease from its effect.
It was during the 1920’s that the friendship between the two American writers Hemingway and Fitzgerald reached its highest point.
Our department was monitored by two supervisors, Bill and me.
2.that的指代作用
that指代不可数名词和单数可数名词(如是复数，用those)，后面通常跟
有修饰语，如出现在比较结构中的that of。
eg: Conversation calls for a willingness to alternate the role of speaker with that of listener, and it calls for occasional “digestive pauses” by both.
No bread eaten by man is so sweet as that earned by his own labor.
3.one的指代作用
one指代带不定冠词的单数可数名词，复数为ones。the one 指代带定冠
词的单数可数名词。如:
A good writer is one who can express the commonplace in an uncommon
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way.
4.do的替代作用
do代替动词，注意数和时态的变化。如:
For him to be re’elected, what is essential is not that his policy works, but that the public believe that it does.
十一、主谓一致问题
主谓一致是指主语与谓语在数上要一致。把握主谓一致问题，考生主要解
决的是对不同结构的主语单复数的认定，进而选择适当的谓语。
1.主谓一致常出现在主谓倒装结构中。如:
Just outside the ruins is a magnificent building surrounded by tall trees.
Although a great number of houses in that area are still in need of repair, there has been improvement in the facilities.
2.主语与谓语之间有定语从句或其他结构修饰，所以距离较远，考生易误
认主语。如:
The amount of pressure which the materials are subject to affects the quality of the products.
3.关系代词做主语的定语从句中，谓语的数要与先行词一致。
如:Despite much research, there are still certain elements in the life cycle of the insect that are not fully understood.
There are many valuable services which the public are willing to pay for, but which do not bring a return in money to the community.
4.动名词短语、不定式短语、名词性从句做主语，谓语用单数。
如:Buying clothes is often a time-consuming job because those 28
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clothes that a person likes are rarely the ones that fit him or her. To understand the situation completely requires more thought than has been given thus far.
5.主语带有(together/along)with, such as, as well as, accompanied
by, including, rather than 等附加成分, 谓语的数不受附加成分的影响。
如:The president of the college, together with the deans, is
planning a conference for the purpose of laying down certain
regulations.
6.表示时间、距离、金额、重量、面积、体积、容积等度量的名词短语做主语时，谓语用单数。
7.某些固定结构中谓语的数:
a great many + 可数名词复数 谓语用复数
many a + 可数名词单数 谓语用单数
a number of +可数名词复数 谓语用复数
the number of +可数名词复数 谓语用单数
the majority of +可数名词复数 谓语用复数
each/every +可数名词单数 谓语用单数
neither/either of +可数名词复数 谓语用单数
more than one +可数名词单数 谓语用单数
one and a half +可数名词复数 谓语用单数
the greater part of
a large proportion of
50% of
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谓语的数与of后面的名词一致
one third of plenty of the rest of
十二、倒装结构
倒装是指句子成分不是按主语在前、谓语在后的正常语序排列，而是将谓
语或谓语的一部分移到主语之前。倒装是一种修辞手段，目的是为了强调。
倒装分为部分倒装和全部倒装，考试多为部分倒装。考生应掌握什么情况下
需要倒装。
1.下列否定词及含有否定意义的词组修饰状语时，若置于句首，句子的主
谓要部分倒装
never, no, neither, not only, hardly, scarcely, little, seldom, rarely, not until, nowhere, at no time, on no account, in no respect, in no sense, by no means, in no way, no longer, no less, no more, no sooner than, under no circumstances, in vain, still less。 如: Not only is its direct attack on their discipline, it bypasses the essence of what sociologists focus on.
Under no circumstances should we do anything that will benefit ourselves but harm the interests of the state.
2.以only修饰状语开头的句子，句子的主谓要部分倒装only then,
only at that time, only once, only in this way, only with, only through, only by, only when, only after, only because。
如: Only when you have obtained sufficient data can you come to a sound conclusion.
3.以下列副词或短语开头的句子，句子的主谓要部分倒装
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often, so, well, to such a degree, to such an extent, to such extremes, to such a point，many a time。如:So involved with their
computers do the children become that leaders at summer computer camps often have to force them to break for sports and games.
4.以下列副词开头的句子，句子的主谓要全部倒装
(1)出于修辞需要，表示方向的副词:out, down, in, up, away, on。
如:Down jumped the burglar from the tenth floor when he heard someone shouted at him.
(2)出于习惯用法:here, there, now, thus, hence, then。
如:Now is your turn. There goes the bell.
(3)有时主语较长，为了使句子平衡，避免头重脚轻，主谓要全部倒装。
这种情况多出现在主系表结构中。如:
Less important than ever is developing a meaningful philosophy of life.
In between these two extremes are those people who agree with the jury system as a whole, but feel that some changes need to be implemented to improve its effectiveness.
5.让步从句的倒装
(1)as引导让步状语从句，必须采用倒装结构，但不是主谓倒装，而是将
被强调的内容置于句首。如:
Much as I have traveled, I have never seen anyone to equal her, in thoroughness, whatever the job.
(2)出现在句型be+主语+其他, come what may中。如:
While it’s true that we all need a career, preferably a profitable
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one, it is equally true that our civilization has accumulated an incredible amount of knowledge—be it scientific or artistic. The
business of each day, be it selling goods or shipping them, went quite smoothly.
Come what may, I’ll be on your side.
6.比较从句的倒装
as, than引导的比较从句中，如果主语是名词短语且较长，经常采用倒
装结构(不倒装也可以)。注意:这种结构主语一般为名词，如果是代词则不
倒装。如:
Hydrogen burns much more cleanly than do other fuels and is easy to produce.
Today’s electric cars cannot go as fast as gasoline-driven
vehicles because the battery does not offer the same amount of energy as does gasoline combustion.
Reading is to the mind as is exercise to the body.
(1)如果谓语动词是单个实义动词，倒装时需根据人称和时态加助动词
do。如:
Little did we expect that he would fulfill his task so rapidly.
(2)考生要广义理解“句首”的概念，注意从句的句首和并列分句的句首
均为句首。如:
Suddenly, Gallup’s name was on everyone’s lips; not only was he the prophet of the moment, but it was generally believed that he had founded a new and most important method of prediction.
十三、复合句——形容词性(定语)从句
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定语从句的测试重点:选择正确的关系代词或关系副词。 切记:关系代
词/副词一定要在从句中充当某种成分，即主语、宾语、表语或定语。指人
时用who(做主语)、whom(做宾语)、whose(做定语);指物时用which或
that;指时间用when;指地点用where;指原因用why。此外还要注意如下
几个问题:
1.尤其要注意whose的用法
whose在从句中做定语，修饰名词。所以，如果关系代词后面紧接的是名
词，且关系代词又不在从句中做主语或宾语，那么，这个关系代词就应该是
whose。如:
Of course developing a system for helping students whose needs are out of the ordinary had been a necessary step in helping those students get into the world of public education.
It is perhaps not an exaggeration to say that we shall soon be trusting our health, wealth and happiness to elements with whose very names the general public are unfamiliar.
2.介词 + which的用法
如果从句中主宾成分齐全，考生便可考虑关系代词是否在从句中做状语，
而状语通常用介词短语充当，于是可以得知，关系代词前面应有介词，再分
析所给的选项，根据与名词的搭配作出正确选择。
如:Children are best served when schools contribute to shaping the solid foundation on which their future will be built.
However, the batteries from which they(electric vehicles) draw energy usually contain harmful chemicals, which become pollutants when the batteries are disposed of.
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We are not conscious of the extent to which work provides the psychological satisfaction that can make the difference between a full and an empty life.
3.非限定性定语从句前面有逗号标志，按汉语习惯通常翻译成两个句子
切记:与汉语不同的是，英语中两个句子之间一般说来不能用逗号断开，而
要用适当的连词或关系代词使它们形成从属或并列关系。据此可判断出逗号
后面一句应由起连接作用的词开头。注意:有时关系代词前面还有其他附加
成分。如:Biologists believe that rainforests are the home of perhaps half the world’s biotic species, about five-sixth of
which have not yet been described and named.
There are two spare rooms in the building, neither of which has been provided with modern facilities.
4.as 与which用作关系代词的区别
(1)as与the same, such, so, as等关联使用。如:
As the forest goes, so goes its animal life.
(2)as和which都可以引导非限定性定语从句，但as在句中的位置比较
灵活，可出现在句首、句中、句末，而which只能出现在句末，尤其是当先
行词是整个句子时。如:
As is true in all institutions, juries are capable of making mistakes.
As is generally accepted, economic growth is determined by the smooth development of production.
常见的这类结构有:as has been said before, as has been mentioned above, as can be imagined, as is known to all, as has been announced, 34
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as can be seen from these figures, as might/could be expected, as is often the case, as has been pointed out,
as often happens, as will be shown等。
5.关系代词that与which用于引导定语从句的区别
(1)如果关系代词在从句中做宾语，用that, which都可以，而且可以省
略;
(2)先行词是不定代词anything, nothing, little, all, everything时，关系代词用that;
(3)先行词由形容词最高级或序数词修饰或由next，last, only, very修
饰时，用that;
(4)非限定性定语从句只能用which引导;
(5)关系代词前面如果有介词，只能用which。
6.but做关系代词，用于否定句，相当于who„not, that„not
这个结构的特点是主句中常有否定词或含有否定意义的词。如:
There are few teachers but know how to use a computer.
There is no complicated problem but can be solved by a computer.
十四、复合句——名词性从句
一个句子起名词的作用，在句中做主语、宾语,介词宾语、表语、同位
语，那么这个句子就是名词性从句。
1.what/whatever的用法
考生应把握:what是关系代词，它起着引导从句并在从句中担当一个成
分这两个作用。如:
They lost their way in the forest, and what made matters worse
was that night began to fall.
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(what既引导主语从句又在从句中做主语)
Water will continue to be what it is today—next in importance to
oxygen.
(what既引导表语从句又在从句中做表语)
2.whoever和whomever的区别
whoever和whomever相当于anyone who，用主格与宾格取决于其在从句
中做主语还是做宾语。如:
They always give the vacant seats to whoever comes first. (whoever在从句中做主语)
3.有关同位语从句的问题
(1)下列名词常用做同位语的先行词:
appeal, belief, conclusion, condition, conviction, doubt, evidence,
fact, fear, feeling, ground(s),hope, idea, likelihood, message,
news, opinion, order, plan, point, possibility, problem,
promise,reply, proof, proposal, question, rumor, sign, story,
suggestion, suspicion, theory, thought, truth, trouble,
understanding, worry。 如:I have no doubt that he will
overcome all his difficulties.
One sign that you are making progress in an art such as painting
or photography is that you begin to realize how much there is to
learn.
(2)引导词通常为that, 但有时因名词内容的需要，也可由whether及连
接副词why, when, where,how引导。that不表示任何意义，其他词表示
时间、地点、原因等。如:
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The problem, where I will have my college education, at home or
abroad, remains untouched.
The fact that she was a few minutes late is no reason for
discharging her.
(3)同位语从句有时与先行词隔开，注意识别。如:
Evidence came up that specific speech sounds are recognized by
babies as young as 6 months old.
(4)同位语从句与定语从句的区别:
? 从意义上看，同位语从句说明名词的具体内容，定语从句则对名词进行限定、修饰;
? 从结构上看，同位语从句的引导词不在从句中充当任何语法成分，定语从句的引导词在从句中必须充当一定的句子成分;
? 从先行词的词义特点看，同位语从句的先行词表达的是抽象内容，这类词数量有限，而定语从句的先行词则没有任何限制。
4.whether与if在引导名词性从句时的区别
(1)主语从句只能用whether引导;
(2)whether一般多用于宾语从句的肯定式，而if引导的从句可以有否定式;
(3)whether or not可以连在一起用，而if or not则不能，or not只能放在句末;
(4)whether可以引导介词宾语从句，if则不能;
(5)宾语从句提至谓语前面时，只能用whether引导;
(6)在question, ask后面一般只用whether，question的同位语从句也
用whether引导;
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(7)后接不定式时，只能用whether。
5.动词believe, expect, fancy, imagine, suppose, think后的宾语从
句如为否定式，一般将否定词转移到主句谓语上，这一点在翻译时要注意与
汉语表达的区别
十五、复合句——副词性(状语)从句
副词在句中起状语作用，故如果起状语作用的部分为一个句子，那么该句
便是副词性从句，也称状语从句。状语从句可细分为:时间、地点、条件、
原因、让步、目的、结果、比较、方式等。
状语从句的测试重点为:考查考生对主从句之间逻辑意义关系的把握，看
其是否能选择正确的从属连词。
对于常见的状语从句和从属连词的常规用法，本书不想赘述，只谈谈常见
从属连
词的特殊用法并提醒考生应注意的地方。
1.条件状语从句的常考知识点
(1)if与unless的用法。
if和unless都是引导条件状语从句的连词，考生应尤其注意unless的
用法，因为它表示反面条件，相当于if not“如果不”、“除非”。如:
Even if automakers modify commercially produced cars to run on
alternative fuels, the cars won’t catch on in a big way unless
drivers can fill them up at the gas station.
In debating, one must correct the opponent’s facts, deny the
relevance of his proof, or deny that what he presents as proof, if
relevant, is sufficient.
(2)复合连词as long as，so long as，as far as，on condition
that，38
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in the event that;动词及分词provided(that)，providing(that)，
given that, suppose/supposing(that)，assuming，say等引导条件状语
从句。如:
If left alone by humans, they (the forests) can regenerate, as long as there are seed trees in the neighborhood and the soil has not lost all its nutrients.
You can arrive in Beijing earlier for the meeting provided you don’t mind taking the night train.
Assuming he is diligent in his studies at ordinary times, he is sure to pass the test.
In the event that she has not been informed, I will tell her.(如
果,,)
You can go swimming on condition that you don’t go too far from the river bank.(如果,,)
Suppose it rained, we would still go.(假如,,)
Say it were true, what would you do about it? (假如,,)
(3)祈使句表示条件。如:
Talk to anyone in the drug industry, and you’ll soon discover that the science of genetics is the biggest thing to hit drug research since penicillin was discovered. 《》 Dress warmly, or
else you’ll catch cold.
Hurry up, or the tickets will have been sold out by the time we get there.
2.让步状语从句的常考知识点
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(1)as 引导让步从句，要求用倒装结构，把强调的部分置于句首。如:
Much as he likes her, he does get irritated with her sometimes. Tired as he was, we decided to disturb him. 《》Humble as it may
be, there is no place like home.
(2)while引导让步从句。如:
Everybody cheats a little, some psychologists say, while others insist that most people are basically honest and some wouldn’t
cheat under any circumstances.
While it’s true that we all need a career, preferably a profitable one, it is equally true that our civilization has accumulated an incredible amount of knowledge—be it scientific or
artistic.
(3)复合连接词for all that和分词granting/granted(that)引导让步
从句。
如:Granted you have made much progress, you should not be conceited. For all that computers can provide us with great help, they shouldn’t be seen as substitutes for fundamental thinking and reasoning skills.
3.时间状语从句的常考知识点
(1)before表示汉语的 “只有/必须,,才能”。如:
Electronics must be programmed before they can work.必须为计算机
编好程序它才能工作。
New ideas sometimes have to wait for years before they are fully accepted.
有时候新的思想必须等待多年以后才能被人们完全接受。
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(2)when引导时间从句时，如果出现在后半句，则表示“这/那时突
然”。如:
He was almost hurt when the bus came to a sudden stop.(1991年6
月四级考题)
I have just started back for the house to change my clothes when I heard the voices.
(3)when it comes to 是习惯用法，意为“当谈到,,时”。
如:Doing your homework is a sure way to improve your test scores, and this is especially true when it comes to classroom tests.
(4)名词短语、介词短语each /every time, the moment/second/minute, in the time, by the time起连词作用。如:I hope her health will
have improved greatly by the time we come back next year.
If individuals are awakened each time they begin a dream phase of sleep, they are likely to become irritable even though their total amount of sleep has been sufficient.
My pain must have been apparent the moment I walked into the room, for the first man I met asked sympathetically: “Are you
feeling all right?”
Mercury’s velocity is so much greater than the Earth’s that it completes more than four revolutions around the Sun in the time it takes the Earth to complete one.
(5)副词directly, immediately, instantly, now引导时间从句, 相当
于as soon as。如:
The policemen went into action directly they heard the alarm.
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4.原因状语从句的常考知识点
(1)in that引导原因从句时,有时翻译成“是因为”、“就在于”。如:
Advertising is distinguished from other forms of communication in that the advertiser pays for the message to be delivered.
Criticism and self-criticism is necessary in that it helps us to find and correct our mistakes.
(2)now that表示 “既然” ; seeing that, considering表示“鉴
于”、“考虑到”。如:
Now that we have all the material ready, we should begin the new task at once.
He did poorly in the examinations, considering how hard he had tried for them.
Seeing she is lawfully enough to get married, I don’t think how you can stop her.
其他引导原因状语从句的连接词语还有: for the (simple) reason that,
by reason that, on the grounds that, in as much as, in so far as等。
5.while, whereas 引导对比从句
如:While the teenage population in the United States has declined over the past decade, violent crimes committed by juveniles have sharply increased.
A baby might show fear of an unfamiliar adult, whereas he is likely to smile and reach out to another infant.
6.so„that„, with the result that, so much so that 引导结果状语42
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从句
如:Conversation becomes weaker in a society that spends so much time listening and being talked to that it has all but lost the will and the skill to speak for itself.
Over the years, a large number of overseas students have studied at that university with the result that it has acquired substantial experience in dealing with them.
He himself believed in freedom, so much so that he would rather die than live without it.
7.in order that, in case, for fear that, lest (用虚拟语气) 引导
目的状语从句
如:Give me your telephone number, in case I need your help.
Helen listened carefully in order that she might discover exactly what John wanted.
8.where作为连接副词的一种用法, 翻译为“在,,地方”
如:In Japan, a person’s capabilities are not forced into an inflexible specialty. Where there is willingness and intelligence, there is a place within the company to try and to succeed.
Where the Atlantic Ocean crosses the equator, the trade wind causes a flow of water to the west.
十六、省略
1.形容词性(定语)从句关系代词的省略
(1)that, which 引导定语从句并在从句中做宾语时，可以省略。
(2)that引导定语从句并且从句是there be句型时，可以省略。如:
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No one would have the time to read or listen to an account of everything there is going on in the world.
2.副词性(状语)从句的省略
(1)虚拟语气句省略条件连词if，从句采用倒装结构。 如: Had it not
been for the timely investment from the general public, our company would not be so thriving as it is.
(2)由although, as if, if, no matter + wh-, once, though, unless, until, when, where, whether, while等连词引导的表示时间、地点、条
件、让步、方式的状语从句，可省略主语和助动词be,保留 ing分词、
ed分词或表语。这样省略的条件是:?从句中被省略的主语必须与主句
的主语一致;?谓语动词必须含有be;?从句必须与主语和be动词一起省
去，不可只省略主语而保留整个谓语，也不可只保留主语而省略谓语。如:
Though raised in San Francisco, Dave Mitchell had always preferred to record the plain facts of small-town life.
Although born in Chicago, the author is most famous for his stories about New York City.
One should never lose one’s heart when confronted with temporary difficulties.
3.比较从句中主语的省略
在这种省略结构中，也可以把than或as当成关系代词。因为主语省略
了，所以尤其要注意识别哪个词是省略了的主语，进而选择谓语的数、时态
和语态。These proposals sought to place greater restrictions on the use and copying of digital information than exist in traditional 44
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media.
There ought to be less anxiety over the perceived risk of
getting
cancer than exists in the public mind today.
The project requires more labor than has been put in because it
is
extremely difficult.
4.that用于引导宾语从句时，可以省略
考研英语易混淆词汇比较记忆作者:北京新东方学校考研翻译主讲教师
金威
abide, adhere, conform, comply
这四个研究生入学考试中的高频考词都有“遵守”的意思，但是它们
的搭配不同。
abide v.后接by表示“遵守，同意”。
I will abide by the director' decision.我将遵从主任的决定。
adhere v.后接to表示“遵守”。(当然adhere一词的其它意思如“坚
持;粘附”也经常被考到。)
Car drivers must adhere to the rules of driving.汽车司机必须
遵守驾驶规则。
conform v.后接to表示“遵守，符合”。
All individuals are required to conform to the laws made by
their
governments.
每个人都应该遵守政府制订的法律。
comply v.后接with表示“遵守，服从”，用于正式的场合。
Our company complies with governmental regulations on paying
taxes.我们公司遵守政府有关纳税的规定。
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abnormal, uncommon, disordered都有“反常的”之意，在考研和CET-6当中经常让考生们辨析它们的细微差别。
abnormal a.不正常的，反常的(但并非罕见)，指行为或现象(如气候)的异常。
His body temperature has been abnormal for 3 days, the highest
point reaching 40.5 degree centigrade.他的体温三天来一直都不正常，最高的时候达到40.5摄氏度。(尽管身体发烧不正常，但生活中也时有发生。)
uncommon a.罕见的，不平常的，指很少经历或很少见到的状况;特别的，出色的。
Hurricanes are uncommon in England.飓风在英国非常罕见。
That is uncommon instant coffee; it tastes great!那速溶咖啡质量上乘，味道好极了～
disordered a.混乱的，杂乱的;(精神或身体)有病的。
We couldn't understand her disordered presentation.我们听不明白她条理不清的陈述。
abolish, cancel, eliminate, dispose, erase, exclude, extinguish
这一组词都有“取消，除掉”的意思。
abolish v.指对法律、习俗、制度的废除;完全破坏。
The government abolished the tax on alcohol.政府取消了酒税。 cancel v.对预先安排的某种活动(如旅行、计划、会议等)的取消;删去(字、句)。
The meeting has been cancelled because of the flu.会议由于流感而取消了。
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eliminate v.指消除、淘汰已经存在但是现在不需要的东西。
The losing team was eliminated from further competition.失利的那个队被淘汰了，不能参加下一阶段的比赛。
The doctor helped him eliminate toxins from the intestine.医生帮助他排出肠中毒素。
dispose v.处理，处置;表示“除掉、扔掉”时常与of连用。(这一点需要注意。)
After your picnic, please dispose of the litter.野餐后请清除掉垃圾。
erase v.除去，擦掉，指有意识地除去字迹、声音等。
I erased the music on the tape before recording on the tape
again. 我在往磁带上录音之前先消掉了上面的音乐。
exclude v.排斥;排除,不包括在内,与include互为反义词。
The restaurant excludes anyone who is not properly dressed from
entering.衣冠不整者不得进入该餐馆。
extinguish v.熄灭，扑灭(火);使沉默，使暗淡。
Firefighters extinguished a big fire.消防队员扑灭了大火。 abstract, digest, outline, summary 这一组名词都有“要点，摘要”的意思。
abstract n.概要，摘要，尤其指对学术论文或法律论据作的简述。 I have read the abstract of his book.我已经读了他的书的概要。 digest n. (篇幅较长的)摘要，文摘，它是对原文的浓缩而不是对原文的简单解释，浓缩后仍保持原文的顺序、重点和风格。 Reader's Digest《读者文摘》
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outline n.要点，大纲，概要。
She made an outline of ideas she wanted to present in her talk.
她把自己要谈的想法列了一个提纲。
summary n.总结，摘要，指用寥寥数语概括文章或者讲话的要点，不考虑原文的风格。
absurd, ridiculous, silly 这一组形容词都有“愚蠢，可笑”的意思。
absurd a.荒谬的，可笑的，指因不符合常识、违反真理或不合逻辑而令人发笑。
There was an absurd idea that the earth was flat and motionless.
过去曾经有一种荒谬的观点认为地球呈扁平状而且静止不动。
ridiculous a.荒唐可笑的，指因为愚昧无知而令人发笑并成为笑柄，含有蔑视成分。
It is ridiculous to judge a foreign culture only by its food. 仅仅根据一个国家的饮食来评价该国家的文化是荒唐可笑的。
silly a.愚蠢的，傻的，指由于单纯或者头脑简单而显得愚蠢。a silly little boy傻小子
abundant, plentiful 这两个形容词都有“充足的”之意。
abundant a. (数量)充足的，常用于人、物产、资源、雨量等，含有“过多”之意。
Oil is in abundant supply in this country.这个国家石油供应十分充裕。
plentiful a.丰富的，充足的，常用于食物、收获、财产等，不能用48
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于时间、空间、思想等方面。
Eggs are plentiful at this moment.现在鸡蛋很多。
accent, tone, dialect 这三个名词意思相近，容易混淆。 accent n.口音，指某一地区语言的发音特征;重音。
He speaks English with a Spanish accent.他讲英语带有西班牙口音。
tone n.语气，音调，指说话人的口气或声音的高低、轻重等。
He speaks to his baby in soft tones.他用柔和的语调和他的婴儿说话。
dialect n.方言，土语，地方话，指一个地区人们所使用的语言。 the Yorkshire dialect约克郡方言the Sichuan dialect四川方言 access, assess 这两个词为一组“形近易混词”。
access n.接近，进入。
The people living in these apartments have free access to that
swimming pool.
住在这些公寓里的人可以免费地进入游泳池。
assess v.评估(财产，价值)。
I assessed how much it would cost to build a new apartment.我评估了一下建一套新的公寓要多少钱。
accommodate, afford, furnish 这一组动词都有“提供”的意思。
accommodate v.提供住宿、房间;适应，迎合，迁就。
This hotel can accommodate up to 500 guests.这家饭店可供500位来宾住宿。
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The company accommodated the customer's wish and sent the
delivery overnight
公司满足了顾客的愿望，连夜将货物发了出去。
afford v.负担，支付;当“提供”讲时，多用于指抽象事物的提供。 We can't afford that expensive sports car.我们买不起那辆昂贵的跑车。
The tall building affords a beautiful view of the ocean.从这幢高楼上可以看到大海的美丽景致。
furnish v.指提供生活或某种用途所需要的东西。
Reading furnishes the mind only with materials of knowledge, it
is thinking that makes what we read ours.阅读虽然为我们的思想提供了各种知识，然而只有思考才能将我们读到的内容变成自己的东西。 accomplishment, attainment, achievement 这三个名词都有“成就”的意思。
accomplishment n.成功，成就;才艺，修养。
Climbing that high mountain was an accomplishment for the hikers.
对于登山运动员来说，爬上了那座山就是成功。Being able to paint well
is just one of her accomplishments.画画得好只是她的许多才能之一。 attainment n.指学识和造诣(常用作复数);达到，到达。
a scholar of the highest attainments造诣极高的学者
achievement n.可指抽象的“成就”，或具体的“成绩”，与
accomplishment是同义词。
accuse, charge 两个动词都有“控诉，指控”之意，但它们后面所搭配的介词不同。
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accuse v.指控，控诉，与介词of连用。
The police accused him of theft.警察指控他犯有盗窃罪。
charge v.可以指因为小错而受的责备，也指因违法而受到控告，与介词with连用。
The police charged him with murder.警察指控他犯了谋杀罪。 acquire, attain, obtain, gain, earn, achieve, secure都有"获得，取得"在研当中屡次出现它们之间的辨析。
acquire v.多指经过努力逐步获得才能,知识,习惯等,也可用于对财物等的获得,该词强调"一经获得就会长期持有"的含义
It is through learning that the individual acquires many
habitual ways of reacting to situations.正是通过学习，个人才得以获得应付各种情况的习惯做法。
attain v.指经过不懈的努力获得未曾预料到的结果;也可指达到某一目标。
The salesperson attained his sales goal for the month.这名销售员完成了当月的销售目标。
obtain v.获得，买到，用于正式语体中。
He obtained the property with a bank loan.他通过向银行贷款买下了那份房产。
gain v.指通过较大努力获得某种利益或好处;亦可指军事上的武力夺取等。
An investor gains by buying stocks that go up in value.投资者通过所买股票价格上涨而得利润。
earn v.挣得，赢得，指因工作等而得到报酬或待遇。
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How much do you earn a week?你一星期挣多少钱,
achieve v.得到，获得，多指成就、目标、幸福的取得。
The movie star achieved success and wealth.这个影星取得了成功和财富。
secure v.得到;把,,拿到手，含有肯定占有难以得到的东西之意;使安全，保卫;作形容词比较常见，意为"安全的"。
A million signatures have been secured.已征集到了100万人的签名。
He secured the office before leaving it for the night.他晚上离开前锁好了办公室的门窗。
acute, critical, crucial, urgent 这一组形容词都有"严重的，重要的"意思。
acute a.剧烈的，严重的;急性的(病)。
An acute lack of food brought hunger to the Iraqi people.食品严重缺乏，伊拉克人民正在忍饥挨饿。
critical a.意为"关键的"，表示处于极度缺乏的状态或事件的转折点，与crucial相似。
与crucial的区别在于它对缺乏的或危急的程度有更准确的衡量;还指"批判性的，分析性的"。
It is critical that you study hard for the exam or you will fail
it.
为了考好你必须用功学习，否则你会不及格的。
crucial a.意为"决定性的，紧要关头的，至关重要的"，最为笼统，适用于上述两种情况。
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Improved consumer confidence is crucial to an economic recovery.
消费者信心的增强对经济的复苏是至关重要的。
urgent a.意为"紧迫的，急迫的，紧要的"，它不强调所指的问题是最重要的，仅强调"紧急的"状态。
We have an urgent need for help; we are running out of water.我们急需要帮助，我们的水就快要用光了。
adjust, regulate, rectify, amend, convert, alter, modify,
transform, vary
这九个动词都含有"调整、改变"的意思。 adjust v.一般指很小的改变或技术性的调整;修理。
I adjusted the air conditioner to stay cool.我调节了空调以保持凉爽。
regulate v.指根据规定或需要对某物(机器、钟表等)进行调整或调节，使之准确工作或运行;多含有"控制"之意。
Lights are used to regulate the traffic.红绿灯被用来管制交通。 rectify v.纠正，校正(错误、文章、
合同
劳动合同范本免费下载装修合同范本免费下载租赁合同免费下载房屋买卖合同下载劳务合同范本下载
等)。
He rectified the mistake in the contract by changing its wording.
他通过改变措辞纠正了合同里的错误。
amend v. (正式用语)指修改文件、法律、规范等。
The politicians amended the law to provide more jobs.政治家们修正了这项法律以提供更多的就业。
convert v.改变某事物的形式或用途，还可以指改变信仰尤其是宗教信仰。
Britain converted to a decimal currency system in 1971.英国
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于1971年改用十进制货币体系。
He's converted to Catholicism.他已经皈依天主教。
alter v.使事物在外观、性质、用途等方面稍作改变。
The tailor altered the waistband on my pants because it was too
tight.裁缝修改了我的裤腰因为它太紧了。
modify v.改变，修改，以使某物更趋完善，还可以用来表示态度、脾气、意见变得温和。
He was loud and angry, and his friends told him to modify his
behavior.
他粗声大气，脾气暴躁;朋友们告诉他要改变自己的举止。
transform v.指彻底、深远的改变，这种变化完全改变了外观或特性，使被改变的对象脱胎换骨。
Remodeling transformed an old, dark housesintosa cheerful one.
重新装修使这所陈旧昏暗的房子变得赏心悦目。
vary v.强调没有一定规则、陆续的变化或差异。
Air fares vary from one airline to another.航空公司的机票价格各不相同。
admit, confess, concede 这几个动词都有"承认"的意思。 admit v.指由于说服、再三追问而"承认"某一事实或过错。
I admit that you have a point.我承认你有理。
confess v.供认(罪行、过错等)，含有"坦白、招认"的意思。
He confessed his crimes to the judge.他向法官供认了他的罪行。 concede v.指曾想隐瞒或不愿意承认某一错误，但由于证据确凿而不得不勉强承认，还可以指"以退为进"的承认。
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The man who caused the accident finally conceded to the police
that he had done it.
造成这次交通事故的人最终向警察承认他是肇事人。
affiliate, link, attach, append 这一组动词都有"附加"的意思。
affiliate v.加入，成为,,一部分。
an affiliated middle school一所附属中学
link v.将人或物连接起来。
The crowd linked arms to form a barrier.群众臂挽着臂组成人墙。 attach v.将某物系在、贴在、附在另一物上。
I attached a note to my report with a paper clip.我用别针将一张字条别在报告的后面。
append v.增加，附加(与attach的意思比较接近)。
The lawyer appended two more pages to the contract.律师在合同后又附加了两页。
affirm, assert, allege, claim, announce, proclaim 这一组动词都有"声称"的意思。
affirm v.坚信不疑地肯定或宣称，是deny的反义词。
He affirmed his love for her.他发誓爱她。
assert v.指不管事实如何，主观自信地宣称，或者清楚有力地坚持某个
情况为事实。
She asserted that she was innocent .她宣称自己是无辜的。 allege v.在无真凭实据的情况下宣称、断定。
The suspect alleged that he had not been in the neighborhood at
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the time of the crime.
嫌疑犯声称案发时他不在现场。
claim v.要求，声称，断言。多指根据某种规定提出的要求或主张。
They claim that if more people rode bicycles to go to work there
would be fewer automobiles in the downtown section of the city.他
们生成如果有更多的人骑自行车上班的话，闹市区的汽车就会有所减少。
announce v.宣布，宣告。多指首次当众正式宣布某一主张或态度，常常
带有预告的意味。
The invention of the printing press announced the diffusion of
knowledge.
印刷术的发明宣告了知识普及时代的来临。
proclaim v.宣布;宣告(成立)。指经过深思熟虑后向大众宣布一个明确
的决定或判断，尤其指重大事件的宣布，多用于官方场合。
The president proclaimed an emergency when the war came.当战争来
临的时候总统宣布进入紧急状态。
aggravate, reinforce, increase, strengthen, intensify
这一组动词都有"加强"的意思。
aggravate v.加重(负担、罪行、病情等)，使之恶化。
I hurt my foot, then aggravated it by trying to walk too soon.
我的脚受伤了，而过早的下地走路又加重了伤情。
reinforce v.增援，一般用于军队或警察的行动;(以添加材料等)加固。
A police officer saw three thieves robbing a bank and radioed 56
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to reinforce him.
一位警察看到三个盗贼抢劫银行，用无线电话要求增援。
increase v.指数量上的增加。
The number of people has been increased.人数增加了。
strengthen v.加强，巩固，增强，相当于to become stronger。 Exercising every day strengthens the heart.每天锻炼可以提高心脏的功能。
Competition, they believe, strengthens the national character
rather than corrupt it.
人们认为竞争加强了民族性而不是破坏了它。
intensify v.使变得更强烈、剧烈，加剧，相当于to become more intense or intensive。
intensify colors加深色彩intensify hatred加深仇恨
alert, cautious, considerate 这一组形容词都表示"小心的，谨慎的"。
alert a.警惕的，留神的。
The hostess remained standing, alert to every guests' drinking
need.
女主人一直站在旁边，时刻准备给大家斟酒。
cautious a.细心的，谨慎的。
He has a cautious attitude about spending money.在花钱的问题上他态度谨慎。
considerate a.关心他人的，体贴的。
He is always considerate of others; he is kind and sympathetic.
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他总是很体谅他人，并且慈祥而富有同情心。
alive, live, living, lively 这一组形容词都跟"活"有关。
alive a.活着的，有活力的，常作表语，作定语时必须后置。
After the accident, he was barely alive.交通事故后，他奄奄一息。
all man alive所有活着的人
live a.活的，有活力的，现场直播的，
We watched the live broadcast of the opera on TV.我们通过电视观看了这部歌剧的实况。
living a.活着的，作定语可前可后，可修饰人也可修饰物。
Who is the world's greatest living artist?谁是现在还健在的世界上最伟大的艺术家,
living room起居室
lively a.活泼的，栩栩如生的。
She is a lively young girl, always laughing and doing things. 她是个活泼可爱的小姑娘，总是欢声笑语忙个不停。
alleviate, diminish, reduce, decrease, decline 这一组动词都有"减少，减轻"的意思。
alleviate v.在痛苦方面的减轻，缓和
The painkiller alleviated the pain.止疼药减缓了疼痛。
diminish v.指因为不断消耗，在数量方面缓慢减少，也指在素质或者价值的下降。
The supply of oil has diminished because of the war.由于战争58
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石油的供应减少了。
reduce v.指人为地使某物在数量或重量方面的减少或降低。
He reduced the amount of money they could spend.他缩减了他们的开销。
decrease v.指数量上的减少;力量或者强度的减弱。
The population decreased a lot last year.去年人口数量急剧下降。
decline v. (数目、价格、比率)下降;谢绝，婉言推辞;衰退，衰落。
Last year, the crime rate in Chicago has sharply declined.去年芝加哥的犯罪率明显下降。
He declined our invitation to dinner.他婉拒了我们请他吃饭的邀请。
allocate, separate, detach, divide 这一组动词都有"分开"的意思。
allocate v.分配，把,,拨给。
The city government allocated money for schools and the police
in this year's budget.
市政府在今年的预算中给学校和警察部门分配了资金。
separate v.人为地分开，使隔离开。
We separated the salad forks from the dinner forks.我们把沙拉叉与餐叉分隔开。
detach v.拆开组合的物体;远离，疏远。
We need a carpenter to detach this bookshelf from the wall.
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我们需要一名木匠将书架从墙上拆下来。
divide v.指将整体分为若干个部分。
The huge corporation dividedsintossmaller companies.这家特大公司分成一些较小的公司。
ambiguous, obscure, vague, unclear, dim 这一组形容词都有"模糊"的意思。
ambiguous a.意义含糊的，有歧义的，指因字、词、句有歧义而使人感到模糊不清、难以理解和把握。
His ambiguous directions confused us; we did not know which of
the two roads to take.
他的模棱两可的指导使我们很迷惑以至于我们不知道该走哪条路了。 obscure a.用于表达因光线不足而使人看不清楚。该词的引申意义可以表示语法、文字、记忆等因复杂、深奥、模棱两可而使人看不懂和无法理解。
The poetry of Ezra Pound is sometimes difficult to understand
because it contains so many obscure references.艾兹拉?庞德的诗有时候难以理解，因为诗歌中含有许多令人费解的典故。
vague a.含混的，不清楚的，多用于比喻意义，用来表示因逻辑关系不清、言辞笼统而导致的意义不清楚，该词也可表示轮廓形状的不清楚和模糊。
He has some vague ideas about what to do, but nothing specific
他大概知道他要做什么但没有具体的计划。
unclear a.指句意、字迹不清楚，使人难以看懂;不肯定的。
Unclear writing is difficult to understand.模糊的字迹使人难60
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以辨认。
It is unclear whether the economy will get better.经济是否好转仍不明朗。
dim a.光线暗淡的，看不清的;记忆力模糊的;不大可能的。 Don't work in dim light.不要在昏暗的光线下工作。
His changes of recovery from illness are dim.他康复的可能性十分渺茫。
amplify, enlarge, stretch, magnify, reinforce, expand
amplify v.扩大，增加，尤其指通过增强电压或电流使声音扩大;补充叙述(故事、事件等)。
We must ask you to amplify your statement.我们得请你对你的说法作进一步的说明。
enlarge v.扩大，多指具体物品如相片的放大。
enlarge photograph放大照片enlarge a house扩建房屋
stretch v. (有弹性地)伸展，延伸，并有可能超过限度;伸长、伸出(身体某部位)并绷紧肌肉(尤指在放松后或为了够着某物)The pullover stretched after I had worn it a few times.这件套头毛衣我穿了几次之后就撑大了。
Having finished their morning work, the clerks stood up behind
their desks, stretching themselves.完成了早间工作之后，职员们站到桌子后面伸伸懒腰。
magnify v.放大，指用透镜或显微镜使物体看上去大一些。
His eyeglasses magnify words so he can read them.他借助眼睛把字放大以便能够阅读。
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reinforce v.增援，加固。 expand v.指范围、体积的扩大、增大，也可以指内容或细节的充实。
The balloon expanded, then exploded.气球先是膨胀，然后就爆破了。
anger, fury, indignation, resentment 这一组名词都有"愤怒、生气"的意思。
anger n.气愤，生气，是一般用语。
After their argument, he expressed his anger by punching the
other man in the face.
争吵之后，他一拳打在那个人的脸上以发泄怒气。
fury n.暴怒，大怒，程度较anger要强。
indignation n.义愤，尤其指出于道义上的激愤。
general indignation at the sudden steep rise in bus fares公共汽车票价突然猛增激起的公愤
resentment n.愤恨，怨恨，不满，是正式用语，尤指由于受侮辱或自尊心受到伤害后而产生的愤慨。
There was a feeling of resentment in the office after everyone's
pay was lowered.
大家的工资降低后，办公室里怨声载道。
apparent, evident, manifest, obvious, distinct 这一组形容词都有"明显的"之意。
apparent a.明显的，显而易见的，尤其指容易观察到或认识到的事物。
He is very unhappy, and it is apparent that he wants to leave 62
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now.他很不高兴，显然他现在想走了。
evident a.明白的，明显的，与apparent基本同意，多用于推理或由事实证明的事物。
It is evident that he is guilty; his fingerprints were found at
the crime scene.
显然他是有罪的，在犯罪现场发现了他的指纹。
manifest a.清楚的，明显的，多指根据外部特征或迹象便能看出或了解其意义，常作表语。
Her ability is manifest, but she is not attractive.她才能出众，但长相并不动人。
obvious a.明显的，显而易见的，含有无可辩白，不需证明之意。 It is obvious that that woman has had too much to drink.很显然，那个妇女酒喝的太多了。
distinct a.清楚的，明显的;不同的，独特的。修饰性质明显不同的东西。
Medical care has made a distinct improvement in his health.治疗已使他的健康有了明显的好转。
applaud, clap, commend, praise
applaud v.鼓掌，赞扬，指因精湛表演或某种行为得到别人的赞许，大声叫好或热烈鼓掌。
The boss applauded my efforts by praising my work.老板表扬了我的工作，对我的努力表示赞许。
clap v.拍打，其用法是clap one's hand=applaud,不能说applaud one's hands。
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clap sb.为某人鼓掌，clap sth.拍打某物
commend v.为正式用词，用于对具体功绩或成就表示嘉奖，通常指上级对下级、长辈对晚辈的赞赏。
The teacher commended the student for doing well on the exam.老师表扬学生们的考试成绩优异。
praise v.为一般用词，用于对某人的优秀品质表示钦佩羡慕;赞颂，赞美。
A supervisor praised the employee for her good work.一位主管称赞这位员工的工作做得不错。
Survivors of the crash praised God for saving them.坠机事件的幸存者赞颂上帝使他们得救。
area, district, region, vicinity, zone 这一组名词都有"区域"的意思。
area n.泛指面积较大的地区;面积;专业领域。
The New York area has high rents.纽约地区房租很高。
district n.行政区划的小范围地区。如Xicheng district北京西城区
region n.行政区划上更大的地区，如"自治区";身体部位。
The northeast region of the USA includes New York and the six New England states.
美国东北部包括纽约和新英格兰地区的那六个州。
vicinity n.周围地区，附近地区。
The police were alerted that the escaped criminal might be in the vicinity.
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警察都十分警惕因为逃跑的罪犯就藏在附近地区。
zone n.指特定的地方、地带。
The city passed a law to create a business zone on some empty land.
市政府通过法律，在一些空地上开辟商业区。 assembly, conference,
congress, rally, seminar, session, summit, symposium
这一组名词都表示"会议"的意思。
assembly n.集合，集会。
The assembly of students takes place in the auditorium.学生们在
大礼堂举行集会。
conference n. (专门性的)会议，讨论会。
The conference on international economic problems met in Geneva.关于世界经济问题的会议在日内瓦召开。
congress n.代表大会，(美国的)国会。
Congress passes laws that must be obeyed by the people.美国国会通过的法律，人民一定要遵守。
rally n. (鼓舞士气的)集会;群众性集会。
The football coach called a rally to build up the team's
excitement for the next game.
足球教练召开了一个动员会，以便鼓舞士气打好下次比赛。
seminar n. (大学的)研究班，研讨会。
During summer vacations some teachers attend seminars at college.
暑假里，一些教师在学院里参加研究班。
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session n. (一届)会议，回合。
the autumn session of Parliament议会的秋季会议
summit n.最高级会议，峰会(通常为领导人参加)。
Next year, the summit will be held in Vienna.明年将在维也纳举行最高级会谈。
symposium n. (学术、科研方面的)座谈会，专题报告会。
The symposium on SARS research lasted two days.非典型性肺炎研究的研讨会持续了两天。
assessment, estimate, evaluation
这一组名词都有"评估"的意思。
assessment n.评估,估价，常常表示对于财产、价值的评估。
We have a low assessment on our property.我们对我们的资产评估很低。
estimate n.估计，强调进行评估得出的结果，常与动词give搭配。 The mechanic gave me a rough estimate of two or three hundred dollars
for the repairs to my car.机械师给我的汽车修理费的粗略估计是200或300美元。
evaluation n. (对于能力，价值、工作业绩的)评价，估价，常带有肯定的、正确的含义。
He gave a positive evaluation of our scientific research.他对于我们的科学研究给予了积极的评价。
associate, ally, combine, unite 这一组词都有"联合"的意思。
associate v.交往，结交;联系，联想。多指平等友好的合作，后接with，表示与某人交往或合作，后接in表示在某个方面合作。 We associate 66
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with our neighbors at church.在教堂里，我们同邻居交往。
ally v.使结盟，使联姻，多与with搭配。
Several political parties allied with each other against higher
taxes.几个政治党派联合起来反对提高税收。
combine v.联合，化合，混合，多指为了某个目的将不同的人或物混合而成一个整体。
The girl combined sugar, butter, and flour to made the dough.小姑娘把糖、黄油和面粉混合到一起做成面团。
unite v.联合，合并，团结，尤指不同的事物或人组成统一体，强调结果的一致性。
The nation united against its enemy.国民团结一致共同对敌。 average, common, general, universal, usual 这一组形容词都有"普通"的意思。
average a.普通的，一般的，它强调的是一般水准或普通水准;通常在有数字出现的情况下，表示"平均的"。
The average runner can run 2 miles in fifteen minutes.跑步者15分钟内平均跑两英里。
common a.常见的，普通的，不足为奇的，有时引申为"平凡的"，强调事物的共同性。另外，它还有"公共的，共同的"之意。
Car accidents are a common occurrence.交通事故是很普通的事件。 general a.普通的，一般的，表示涉及到各方面，强调整体性而非个别和例外，该词的反义词为particular。
In general, the economy is doing well now.总的来说，现在的经济形式还不错。
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universal a.普遍的，比general语气更强，有"全然没有例外"的意思。 Poverty is a universal problem all over the world.贫困是世界各地普遍存在的问题。
usual a.通常的，惯常的，强调"习惯性的，符合规章制度的"，是个一般用语。
award, reward
award v.指正式地或官方地颁发，授予，给予;也可以指法庭裁决给予。后面可跟双宾语。
The school principal awarded a prize in history to the best
student.学校校长将历史奖授予最出色的学生。
reward v.酬劳，奖赏，回报，通常指因做了某一件事或提供了某种服务而应得到报酬或酬谢，其后一般以人或人的行为作宾语。后跟with用来说明以何物作为报酬。
I will reward to the person who returns my lost dog.我将出50美元，酬谢帮我找回丢失的狗的人。
aware, conscious
aware a.知道的，意识到的，强调感官对外界事物的意识。
He was aware of his mistake.他意识到自己的错误。
conscious a.有意识的，意识到的，一般指内心所意识到的。
The salesman is conscious of the fact that he must increase
sales.销售员意识到他必须增加销售量。
base, foundation, ground 这一组名词都有"基础"的意思。
base n.指具体的有形的基础，也可指物体的底部、基部;基地，总部。
They use their apartment in New York as a home base from which
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they travel frequently.
他们把纽约的公寓作为他们频繁出行的大本营。
foundation n.本义指建筑物的地基，含有坚实的基础的意思;基金会。 The foundation for our house is made of cement.我们房子的地基是水泥打下的。
ground n.地面，土地，也指地域，水底，海底。
basic, elementary, fundamental
basic a.基本的，基础的，既可用于具体事物，也可用于抽象事物。 He has a basic understanding of the problem.他对问题有基本的了解。
elementary a.初步的，初级的。 elementary school小学
fundamental a.根本性的，一般只用于抽象的事物;必要的，必须的。 Honesty is a fundamental principle in dealing with others.诚实是与别人相处的基本原则。
beam, chuckle, giggle, grin, jeer, laugh, roar, sneer
这一组都有"笑"的意思，而它们之间的差别也是明显的。
beam v.本义指照耀，放光，引申为"微笑"，是正式用语，指面带喜悦或笑容，暗示对他人的友好或内心的满足。
She beamed with happiness.她高兴得眉开眼笑。
chuckle v. (书面语)吃吃的笑，抿嘴笑，轻声笑，多指因得意或领会到某事中的趣味而暗自发笑。
She does not laugh out loud; she only chuckles.她没有笑出声来，只是抿嘴而笑。
giggle v.咯咯地笑，痴笑，傻笑，多指女人和孩子由于紧张、被逗乐、
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尴尬时所发出的笑声。
The schoolgirls giggled when the famous football player
walkedsintostheir classroom.当这个著名的足球运动员走进教室时，女生们都咯咯地笑起来。
grin v.露齿而笑指人因高兴、满足、轻蔑等咧开嘴露齿地笑。He grinned at his mother.他冲他的妈妈咧嘴一笑。
jeer v.讥笑，嘲笑，其同义词是mock。
The crowd jeered when the boxer was knocked down.当那个拳手被人打倒时，人群开始嘲笑他。
laugh v.笑，大笑，用于一般的笑或出声的大笑。
roar v.怒吼，咆哮，引申为放声大笑，哄堂大笑。
He roared when he heard the joke.听完这个笑话，他哈哈大笑。 sneer v.冷笑，嘲笑，指以语言、表情、和声调表示轻蔑或嘲弄。
He sneered at the offer and said it was two low.他对报价嗤之以鼻，说它太低了。
bewilder, puzzle, confuse, embarrass, perplex 这一组词都有"迷惑"的意思。
bewilder v.使困惑，使茫然，强调非常困惑，通常表现为心理和智力的紊乱，语气最重。
He was fired without warning and is completely bewildered about
the reason.
他没有得到事先警告就被开除了，完全不明白是什么原因。
When the farmers visited the city for the first time, they were
bewildered by its complicated traffic system.当这些农夫们第一次70
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到城里的时候，他们对城市复杂的交通系统感到迷惑不解。
puzzle v.使迷惑，感到不解，强调不理解或解决不了。
Where the sunken treasure is puzzles explorers. 沉没宝藏的下落令探险家们大惑不解。
confuse v.一般用语，使混乱，使糊涂，强调因混淆而使人产生迷乱。
He sent the wrong reports because he confused them with other
ones。
他发错了报告，因为他把它们同另外一些报告混淆在一起了。
embarrass v.使窘迫，使为难，使困惑，有令人不快、难为情和内心混乱的意味。
Her boyfriend embarrassed her by teasing her about her new
hairstyle in front of others.
她的男友在别人面前嘲笑她的新发型，使她感到难堪。
perplex v.使杂乱，使疑虑，使不安。
The new tax laws perplex me.新税收法律使我很费解。
blame, condemn, reproach, scold 这一组动词都有"责怪"的意思。 blame v.责怪，把,,归咎于。
You can't blame anyone in case you fail the exam.万一你考试不及格，你不能怪罪任何人。
condemn v.谴责，用于比较正式的、严肃的场合。
The wife condemned her husband for drinking too much.妻子因丈夫贪杯而责怪他。
reproach v. (书面语)责备，表示不满。
His teacher reproached him for not doing his homework.老师责
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备他不做作业。
scold v.责骂，训斥。
blunder, error, mistake 这一组词都表示"错误"。
blunder n. (因为无知、疏忽犯下的)大错，愚蠢的错误。
I think that I committed a blunder in asking her because she
seemed very upset by my question.这位女士由于我的问题感到很难过，我感觉到犯了一个大错。
error n.指判断、计算或行为上的错误，也可指智力或道义上的错误。 The accident was the result of human error.这事故是人为的错误造成的。
mistake n.误会，误解;(粗心、遗忘所导致的)错误。
I took your bag instead of mine by mistake.我错拿了你的手提包。
brittle, fragile, frail, crisp, invalid
这一组形容词都有"弱"的意思。
brittle a.易碎的，易损坏的，通常是指坚硬的东西。
The bones of elderly people become brittle and easily broken.老年人的骨头变得脆弱，很容易骨折。
fragile a.常常修饰使用时必须小心才不会破碎的东西，也引申为体弱的，虚弱的。
He 's feeling a bit fragile after last night's party.他参加了昨晚的聚会以后，现在感觉有些虚弱
frail a. (指人)体弱的，虚弱的，也可以指东西易碎的。
His mother has grown old and frail.他母亲已经年老体弱.
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crisp a.指食品的松脆;清新的，爽快的;活跃的，有生气的，干净利落的。
crisp biscuit松脆的饼干
The student gave a clear, crisp answer to the teacher's question.
学生干净利落地回答了老师的问题。
invalid a.不正确的，缺乏证据的;无效的，作废的。作名词时，表示病弱者，伤残者，久病者。
Your ideas about the first humans are interesting but invalid.你关于最早的人类的观点很有意思，但是缺乏证据。
A bad car accident made him an invalid.一次严重的车祸使他变成了残疾。
boundary, border, frontier, rim, verge
这几个名词都有"边界"的意思。
boundary n.边界;界线。多指作为界线的标识物等。
The fence marks the boundary between my land and hers.这道栅栏是我的地和她的地的分界线。
border n.较宽的边缘，边界，多指两国或两地之间的分界处附近的边缘地区、边界地带;也可以指物体的边缘等。
We crossed the Mexican bordersintosthe USA.我们穿过墨西哥边界进入美国境内。
frontier n.边界，边境，边疆，指靠近边界(boundary)的区域;也可引申为"未开发的领域"，"(学术的)前沿"等。
The American West was still a frontier a century ago.一个世纪以前美国西部还是一片边疆。
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She is a biochemist who works on the frontiers of biology.她是从事生物学前沿研究的生化学家。
rim n.边，边缘，尤指圆形或近似圆形的物体的边缘。
verge n. (道路、花坛等长着草的)边缘，引申为"某事即将发生之际"。
on the verge of war战争爆发之际
brief, concise, curt, succinct 这一组形容词都有"简短的"意思。
brief a.简明扼要的，简短的，指时间短暂，办事利索，态度明了等;有时含有"虽短但却不失全面"的意味。
The manager made a brief statement to open the meeting.经理致了简短的开幕词。
concise a. (文字等的)简要、精练，常含有保留主要部分的意思。
His letter was concise, omitting everything not pertinent to the
job.
他的信写得简明扼要，省略掉了所有与该项工作无关的部分。
curt a.三言两语的，简短的，常含有"草率"的意思。
He asked his boss a question, but got a curt reply , "I have no
time for you now!"
他问老板一个问题，但是老板草率的说:"我没时间搭理你。"
succinct a.简明的，简洁的，简练的，尤指用词简练，除含有concise的意思外，还有经过压缩的或简化的意思。
succinct summary of the argument论点的概要
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75 bush, shrub, jungle 这一组词均与树木有关。
bush n.矮树丛。
shrub n.有木茎的灌木，灌木丛。
jungle n.热带稠密的雨林或丛林。
certify, rectify, testify, verify这是一组形近易混词。
certify v.证明，声称是真的。 He certified it was his wife's
handwriting.他证明那是他妻子的手迹。
rectify v.改正，纠正;整顿。
He rectified the mistake in the contract by changing its wording.
他通过改变措辞纠正了合同里的错。
testify v. (在法庭上)宣誓作证;表明。
He is the only person who can testify in this case, because the
other witnesses were killed mysteriously.由于其他的证人已经被神秘地杀害，他成为这件案例中唯一可以作证的人。
verify v. (用事实)证实或核实。
I verified the store's address by calling to check it.我打电话询问，以核实商店的地址。
compel, constrain, force, oblige
这一组动词都有"强迫"的意思。
compel v.强迫，迫使，常表示运用权利、力量迫使对方做某事;有时也表示"别无办法，不得不做"。
His illness compelled him to stay in bed.他的病迫使他卧床休息。
constrain v.力劝，强迫，与compel意思相近，但更多强调内心情
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感(如道德、怜悯等)的强迫和限制作用，一般用于正式的场合。
As an artist he didn't consider himself constrained by the same
rules of social conduct as other people.他认为自己是艺术家，不必象一般人那样要受到社会行为
准则
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的约束。
force v.强迫,迫使,暴力威胁的意味较浓，常用于被动语态。
The thief forced her to hand over the money.强盗逼迫她把钱交出来。
oblige v. (因法律、习俗等)强迫，迫使，常常用于被动。
We are obliged to stop the car at a red light.我们遇到红灯时必须停车。
complaint, disorder 这两个词都有"疾病"的意思。
complaint n.疾病(主要指病人去看病时向医生描述的病症，既可以是小病、慢性病，也可以是传染性疾病);抱怨，埋怨，不满。 a heart complaint心脏病
disorder n. (精神或肉体的)疾病(着重于身心、机能的失调、不平衡);骚乱，动乱;混乱，杂乱。
a disorder of the digestive system消化系统疾病
complement, supplement，append 这三个名词都有"补充"的意思。
complement n.补充，补充物，主要指补充不足使之完美。
Rice makes an excellent complement to a curry dish.有咖喱的菜配米饭最棒。
supplement n.增补，补充，补贴，主要指另外补加，增补。
One year after we made our report, we had to add a supplement 76
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to cover new events.
我们在报告完成一年之后，必须增补一个包含新事件的附加部分。 append n.附加，添上或补充某事物(尤指文字)。
The lawyer appended two more pages to the contract.律师在合同后又附加了两页。
component, element, factor, ingredient 这一组名词都有"组成成分"的意思。
component n.零部件;(某事物的)组成部分;成分。
Tires, the engine, the body, and the seats are component of a
car.
轮胎，引擎，车身以及坐椅都是一辆汽车的零部件。
element n.元素;组成部分，方面;某特定类型的人或群体，分子。 The elements hydrogen and oxygen combine to form water.氢元素和氧元素构成了水。
He belongs to a bad element in this city.他属于这个城市的坏分子。
factor n.因素，要素，侧重指原因。
Endurance is an important factor in success in sports.耐力是体育比赛成功的一个重要因素。
ingredient n.原料，成分，要素。
Flour, milk, butter and yeast are some ingredients in bread.面粉、牛奶、黄油和酵母是做面包的一些原料。
comprise, compose, consist, constitute, include 这一组动词都有"组成，包含"的意思。
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comprise v.包含，包括，由,,组成(整体);组成，构成。
Our company's product line comprises 2,500 different items. 我们公司的生产线是由2,500个不同的组成部分构成的。
compose v.构成(整体)，组成;由,,组成(后接of，常用于被动语态);创作(作曲、诗歌等)。
The committee was composed mainly of teachers and parents.委员会主要由教师和学生家长组成。
consist v.组成，构成,由,,组成(后接of，常用于主动语态);(后接in)在于，存在于。
The problem consists of two parts.问题由两部分组成。
The beauty of the plan consists in its simplicity.这计划的好处就在于简单易行。
constitute v.构成，组成(整体)。
Crime and illegal drugs constitute the city's major problems. 犯罪和非法毒品买卖是这个城市面临的主要问题。
include v.包括，包含，把,,列入。
The conference delegates included representatives from abroad.大会代表中有来自海外的代表。
concentrate, focus 这两个动词都有"集中"的意思。
concentrate v.集中，集中精力(后接on，宾语可以是具体或抽象的东西);浓缩，压缩。
During exams, students concentrate hard on answering the
questions.考试期间，同学们集中精力回答问题。
focus v.集中(于某事物);将(注意力等)集中于,,(后接on，宾语78
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一般不是具体的东西)。
Please focus your minds on the following problem.请集中考虑以下问题。
confinement, limitation, restraint 这一组名词都有"限制，局限"的意思。
confinement n.限制，囚禁(于某地或某种境地)。
The prisoner was sentenced to three months' solitary confinement.
那犯人被判处单独监禁三个月。
limitation n.限制，局限;(能力的)缺点，弱点。
That employee has limitations on what work he can do.那个雇员能做的工作有限。
restraint n.克制，抑制;约束措施。
Even though the mother was very angry, she acted with restraint
and didn't yell at her child.
即使母亲很生气，她仍克制自己没有向孩子大吼。
considerable, considerate 这是一对形近易混的形容词。 considerable a.相当大的，相当多的;值得考虑的。
That family owns a considerable amount of land.那个家族拥有大量的土地。
considerate a.考虑周到的，体贴的，后面常跟of结构。
He is always considerate of others; he is kind and sympathetic.
他总是很体谅别人，他很慈善并且富有同情心。
conserve, preserve, reserve 这是一组形近易混词，且都有"保存"的意思。
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conserve v.保存，保藏，保护(强调节约)。 In winter, some people
conserve energy by lowing the heat at night.冬天，为节约能源有些人在夜里把暖气调小。 preserve v.保护;维持;保养;防止(食物)腐败(强调使不受破坏)。
The government preserves the rights of the individual person.政府保护个人的权利不受侵犯。
reserve v.保留，储备(强调为某一特殊目的);订(座位)，预定。 We are reserving these seats for my parents.我们把这些座位留给我的父母。
continual, continuous, constant, incessant 这一组形容词都有"不断的，不停的"的意思。
continual a.连续不断的;频繁的。表示时断时续的发生。
That dog's barking is a continual annoyance.那条狗不停地叫，真是烦死人了。
continuous a.不停的，连续不断的，强调中间不停顿。
Our homes and offices need a continuous supply of electricity.我们的家庭以及办公室需要不间断的供电。
constant a.不断的，经常的，强调始终如一地经常出现。
Everything in the universe is in constant motion.宇宙中的万物都在不断地运动。
incessant a.不停的，持续不断的，强调令人厌烦地重复出现，中间有可能有停顿。
Incessant noise makes me appreciate silence.持续不断的噪声骚扰使我喜欢安静的环境。
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convert v.转变，变换，含有"使某人改变观点"的意思。
He wants to convert to Catholicism.他要皈依天主教。
invert v.使颠倒，使倒转，使反向。常常表示位置、顺序、方向等的颠倒。
The baby inverted the cup and spilled her orange juice.婴儿把杯子打翻，弄洒了里面的橙汁。
revert v.归还，恢复原状。指回到原来的状态或情形。
John gave his brother a house, and when his brother died,
ownership reverted back to John.
约翰送给他的哥哥一所房子，当他的哥哥去世后，房子的所有权重新归于约翰。
transform v.改变，转变，指形状、颜色、大小、性质等的改变。
A little paint will soon transform the old house.刷一点油漆很快就会使这所旧房子大为改观。
credible, credulous, plausible 这一组形容词都有"可信的"意思。
credible a.可信的，可靠的。
That the student told the teacher a credible story that she
missed classes because she was sick.
那个学生跟老师讲了实情，她没来上课是因为她病了。
credulous a.轻信的，易于相信的。
She was credulous when she listened to the salesman and bought
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the car for too much money.
她很容易轻信别人，竟然听信那个销售员的话以高价买了那辆车。 plausible a.似乎有理的(可信的)。常带有怀疑的意思。
Even though it is a plausible explanation, I am not completely
convinced.
虽然这个解释合理，但仍不可能使我完全相信。
decline, refuse, reject, deny 这组动词都有"拒绝"的意思。 decline v.婉言拒绝，谢绝，相当于refuse politely，主要用于拒绝有关社交活动的邀请或要求帮助的请求，后接名词或动词不定式，主语只能是人。
I invited her to join us, but she declined.我邀请她和我们在一起，可是她婉言谢绝了。
refuse v.是比较普通的用词，表示"拒绝"，含有非常坚决地、不客气地拒绝的意思。
reject v.抛弃，不采纳，主语可以是人或物，后接名词，不能接动词不定式。
He asked her to go to the movies three times, and each time she
rejected him.
他三次约她去看电影但每一次都被拒绝
deny v.否认，否定，其后可接名词，代词或that从句。
The defendant denied the accusations made against him in court.
被告在法庭上否认了对他的指控。
deduce, induce, reduce这是一组形近易混词。
deduce v.推断，推理，演绎。
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My friend becomes quiet when his girlfriend is angry with him;
today he is quiet and so I deduce she is angry.我的朋友在他的女朋友生他的气的时候就会变得沉默，今天他很沉默，所以我推断她生气了。 induce v.引诱，劝;引起，导致。
We couldn't induce the old lady to travel by air.我们无法劝说那位老太太坐飞机去。
reduce v.减轻，减小;降低。
He reduced his weight by 20 pounds by eating less and exercising.
他通过节食和运动，体重减轻了20磅。
delay, postpone 这两个词都有"延迟"之意。
delay v.延期，延缓，耽搁，常指由于不可避免的障碍等原因而延期。 Her late arrival delayed the start of the meeting.她的迟到使会议延迟开始。
postpone v.耽搁，暂缓，常指将某事放置一边，等到另一事发生或一定时间后再做。
Our meeting for today was postponed until next week.我们今天的会议推迟到下周举行。
demonstrate, illustrate 这两个词都有"说明"的意思。
demonstrate v.多指通过具体动作或物体进行演示、示范、表演、展示等以达到说明或解释的目的。
This salesman demonstrated how to cook with a pressure cooker.这个推销员当众演示如何用压力锅煮东西。
illustrate v.强调通过举例、列图表或比较等方式来说明道理。
The teacher illustrated the history lesson by telling a story 83
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about George Washington.
那个老师通过乔治?华盛顿的故事来讲述他的历史课。
disappear, vanish, fade 这一组词都有"消失"的意思。 disappear v.消失，不见;灭绝，不复存在。是个一般用语。
The little dog was just there, then he disappeared.那条小狗刚才就在那里，然后就不见了。
vanish v.消失，不见，指突然间化为乌有，强调非常彻底地、神秘莫测地消失、失踪。
The man ransintosthe shop and vanished from sight.那个男子跑到了商店里，然后就消失了。
fade v.指衣服的颜色褪色，声音的逐渐消失。
The wallpaper has faded from red to pale pink.墙纸从红色褪成了淡粉色。
decline, decrease, diminish, reduce 这一组动词都有"减少"的意思。
decline v. (数量、数字、价格、比率)下降，下落。
Last year, the crime rate in Chicago has sharply declined.去年芝加哥的犯罪率明显下降。
decrease v.减少，减小，强调逐渐地下降或减少的过程。
diminish v. (力量、势力)减弱，减少，强调由于某种原因而减少，这种减少可以造成能够为人们所察觉的后果或损失。
The need to take action has diminished.已经没有多少需要采取行动的必要性了。
reduce v.是及物动词，指通过人为的
方法
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在数量、规模、范围等方84
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面减少，也可以指在地位、重要性方面降低等级。
He reduced his weight by 20 pounds by eating less and exercising.
他通过节食和运动，体重减轻了20磅。
deviate, distract, divert 这三个词都有"转移"的意思。 deviate v.背离，偏离。多指脱离正轨或正题等。
He deviated from society by becoming a drug addict.他成为一名吸毒者，从而违背了社会道德准则。
distract v.使分心，分散(注意力、心理等)。常带有不能专心的意思。
Noise distracts him, so he can't study for exams.喧闹声分散了他的注意力，所以他无法进行考试的复习。
divert v.转移，使转向，着重改变后的结果，后常接介词from。
A loud noise diverted everyone's attention from their work.一声巨响转移了每个人的工作注意力。
dip, immerse, submerge 这几个词都有"浸，浸入"的意思。
dip v.浸，浸染，蘸。多指短时地将某物部分地浸到液体中，有小心翼翼的意思。
The artist dipped his brush in the paint.艺术家拿画笔蘸了蘸颜料。
immerse v.沉浸，使沉浸于。指全部浸泡在液体中达一段时间，也可指一种氛围。
Students immerse themselves in their studies.同学们在专心致志地学习。
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submerge v.浸没，淹没。多指全部浸没在水下达一定深度。
The girl was submerged in the shallow end of the pool.女孩泡在水池的浅水区一端。
divide, separate 这两个动词都有"分开"的意思。
divide v.分开，划分，指把整体分成若干部分，也表示"疏远"的意思，常用结构为"divide,from"。
The huge corporation dividedsintossmaller companies.这家大公司分成了一些较小的公司。
separate v.作及物动词时，意思是"分隔"，指把原来连接在一起或靠近的东西分隔开来，常用结构为"separate,from";作不及物动词时，表示"分散，分别"。
duty, obligation, responsibility duty n.指道义上的责任，强调自觉性，作可数名词时指本职工作的任务。
His duty is to see that the business runs well.他的职责是保证生意良好运转。
obligation n.指合同或法律上规定的"责任，义务"，强调其约束力。 Parents have a legal obligation to ensure that their children are
provided with efficient education suitable to their age.父母有法律上的义务确保其子女受到适合其年龄的有效教育。
responsibility n.职责，强调对后果要负责任的意思。
His father is ill, and he has the responsibility of caring for
him.他的父亲病了，他有责任照顾他。
eject, inject, project 这是一组形近易混词。
eject v.跳出，喷出，弹射出。
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The pilot ejected from the falling airplane.飞行员从坠落的飞机中弹射出去。
inject v.注射。
The nurse injected some medicinesintosthe patient with a needle.
护士用注射器给患者打针。
project v.伸出，突出;预计，预报;投射，放映。
The balcony projects out beyond the wall of the house.阳台从房子的墙壁上突出来。
The government projects that the defence budget will increase by
20%
政府预计国防预算将增长百分之二十。
eligible, illegible
eligible a.享有权利的，具备资格的。
He graduated from high school with good grades, so he is
eligible to enroll in the state college.他以优异的成绩从中学毕业，所以他有资格就读于州立大学。
illegible a.很难看懂的，难以辨认的。
The writing is illegible; I cannot read what it says.字迹不清楚，我看不清上面写的是什么。
eminent, imminent 这是一组形近易混词。
eminent a.著名的，卓越的，接触的。
He is eminent in the field of linguistics.他在语言学领域很有名。
imminent a.即将发生的，迫在眉睫的，临近的。
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The wedding date is imminent, so we must send invitations.婚礼迫近，所以我们必须发放请柬了。
emotion, feeling, passion, sensation, sentiment 这一组名词都有"感情"的意思。
emotion n.情感，感情，指喜怒哀乐等较激动的情绪，表示某物引起的激动。
He felt mixed emotions when he thought of her.当他想起她时便产生一种复杂的感情。
feeling n.指一般的情绪、感觉，它一般不反映感情的本质和强度。 passion n.激情，热情，欲望，极度的仇恨，指强烈的爱好、愤怒或情欲。
He spoke with passion about the love of freedom.他满腔热情地谈论着对自由的热爱。
sensation n.指人体感官受到外部刺激时产生的感觉，知觉。
When she watched the film, she had the sensation that she was in
a moving car.她看电影时，感觉自己正坐在一辆开动的汽车上。
sentiment n.思想感情，情绪，感情色彩，指由于某种思想唤起的感情，强调主观作用，有时候也带有理智成分。
When our grandmother died, we remembered her life with strong
sentiment.当祖母逝世时，我们深深地怀念她的一生。
encourage, excite, inspire, motivate, stimulate 这一组动词都有"鼓励、刺激"的意思。
encourage v.鼓励,促进,含有"使增强勇气或给予希望"的意味
He encouraged his son to go to good college.他鼓励他的儿子上88
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名牌大学。
excite v.指使人感到激动、兴奋;煽动，鼓动。
The band played louder and excited the audience.乐队演奏得更响亮了，使观众兴奋起来。
inspire v.鼓舞,激发,影响，常常带有"启迪，启发"的意思。
My mother inspires us with stories of her difficult childhood.我的妈妈给我们讲童年时的艰苦生活以激励我们。
motivate v.激发，促动，强调激起动机去做某事。
A desire to go to medical school motivates her to study hard
everyday.她希望上医学院，这成了她每天努力学习的动力。
stimulate v.刺激，激发，促进，强调刺激反应的结果。 Cold air stimulates me.冷空气刺激我振作起来。
equal, equivalent, identical 这一组形容词都有"相同的，相等的"的意思。
equal a.(数字、数量、权力、价值)相等的;(指人)胜任的
Those two tables are of equal length这两张桌子一样长
It is a big responsibility to take on, so I hope he 's equal to
the task.
要担负的责任很大，我希望他能够胜任这项任务。
equivalent a.相等的，相同的.与equal基本可以互换使用。
The two computers are equivalent in speed.这两台计算机在运算速度上是相同的。
identical a.同一的，完全相同的。
The boys are identical twins.这两个男孩子是一模一样的双胞胎。
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equipment, facility, instrument
equipment n.指生产、研究所需要的设备、装置，如各种机器和器材，是不可数名词。
a factory with modern equipment具有现代化设备的工厂
facility n.指较大的设施、设备，尤指公用的、为大众带来便利的设备。
The facility at that club includes tennis courts and a swimming
pool.
那家俱乐部的体育设施包括网球场地和一个游泳池。
instrument n.乐器，仪器，为某个用途而使用的工具。
As a flexible actor, he can perform, sing, dance and play
several kinds of musical instruments.
作为一个多才多艺的演员，他既可以表演，又会唱歌跳舞，还能够演奏不同种类的乐器。
essential, indispensable, necessary
essential a.表示属于某事物的要素或特征是"主要的，核心的，本质的，必不可少的"。
The essential point is we must do what the contract says.核心的一点是我们必须按照合同的规定去做。
indispensable a.强调客观上是必不可少的，否则就无法维持生命或做不成某一件事。
Warm clothing is indispensable in cold weather.在寒冷的天气里，厚衣服是必不可少的。
necessary a.是一般用语，强调从主观上看是必须的，不可避免的。 90
91 exceed, surpass, transcend 这一组动词都有"超过"的意思。 exceed v.多于，大于，超过，多指数量或允许的限度。
Sales of the new product exceeded our estimates.新产品的销售超出了我们的预计。
surpass v.优于或超过某人(某物)。
The runner surpassed his old record by 10 seconds.跑步运动员比他过去的记录提高了10秒。
transcend v.超出或超越，一般指超越经验、常识、普通能力等，强调难以为大众理解。
The nature of God transcends of human comprehension.上帝的本质难以为人们所理解。
faint, feeble, fragile, weak
faint a.虚弱的眩晕的，指人在特定场合感觉到的虚弱，通常不是天生体质上的虚弱而是由于某种原因造成的暂时的情况。
The summer sun was so strong that she felt faint.夏天的阳光太强烈了，她感觉到眩晕。
feeble a.虚弱的，无力的，常用来形容人的声音或行为。
The elderly lady has become feeble and unable to care herself.这个老太太已经很虚弱了，无法照顾她自己。
fragile a.脆弱的，易碎的，指物体容易打碎，或人体质虚弱、容易受伤害。
That dish is fragile, so be careful.那个盘子容易碎，所以千万小心。
weak a.这组词中应用范围最广的一个，既可以指身体虚弱的，无力
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的，也可引申为在力量、权力、技能、影响等方面有欠缺或软弱。
The patient is losing blood and becoming weak.病人在失血，身体开
始虚弱下去。
feasible, practicable, practical, pragmatic
feasible a.可行的行得通的，用来表示实施后可以成功的
Your work plan is feasible, so we can build the bridge immediately.
你的
工作计划
幼儿园家访工作计划关于小学学校工作计划班级工作计划中职财务部门工作计划下载关于学校后勤工作计划
是可行的，所以我们可以马上修建那座桥。
practicable a.能实施的，可行的，只表示一种可能性，但是实施后的效
果不一定理想。
Their marriage was so bad that divorce seemed the only practicable solution.
他们的婚姻是如此的糟糕以至于离婚似乎是唯一可行的解决办法。
practical a.实践的，实用的，实际的，指未经过实践检验的事物，如计
划、项目等。
She felt that most of what she learned in the course was of no
practical use.
她感到在课上学到的大部分知识都没有实际用途。
pragmatic a.讲究实际的，实用的，务实的，强调用常识解决实际问题，
不追求不切实际的目标。
He would like to be a doctor, but he has a pragmatic attitude
and realizes that he cannot afford medical school.他想成为一名医
生，但是他很实际，知道自己上不起医学院。
gaze, gape, glance, glare, glimpse, peer, peep, stare 这92
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一组动词都含有"看"的意思。
gaze v.凝视，注视，指由于好奇、感叹、长时间目不转睛地看。
She gazed at her beautiful new diamond ring.她凝视着自己的这颗美丽崭新的钻戒。
gape v. (张着嘴、瞪大眼睛)呆看，强调一种吃惊的状态。
The children gaped at the big elephant in the zoo.在动物园，孩子们张大了嘴巴呆呆地看着大象。
glance v. (粗略地、随便地)一瞥，看一眼。
He glanced over the letter he had just received.他把刚收到的那封信粗略地看了一遍。
glare v.怒目而视，强调怀有敌意或在气愤的情绪下看;眩目地照射。 The woman glared at the man after he shouted rudely at her.那男人粗暴地冲她大声喊叫，她也怒目而视。
glimpse v.与glance意思相近，短促地看一眼，一瞥。
peer v.指眯起眼睛仔细看，尤指看不清楚的情况下;费力地看，凝视。
Being somewhat short-sighted, she has the habit of
peering at people.
因为有点近视，她有眯着眼睛看人的习惯。
peep v.窥视，偷看。 The mother peepedsintosthe bedroom to see if
her child was asleep.
母亲偷偷向卧室看了一下，看她的孩子是否
睡着了。
stare v.凝视，盯着指由于好奇、惊讶、赞叹等原因而瞪大眼睛长时间地、直接地注视，常常含有粗鲁无礼的意思。
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I told my son to stop staring at that fat woman; it wasn't nice.
我告诉儿子不要盯着那个胖女人，那样看人不礼貌。
historical, historic 这两个形容词都和"历史"有关系。
historical a.历史上的，有关历史的，史学方面的，以历史为基础的。
The French Revolution was of freat historical importance.法国革命具有重要的历史意义。
historic a.历史上著名的，重要的。
a historic meeting between two leaders两个领袖间的历史性会晤
hospitality, hostility 这是一组形近易混词。
hospitality n.热情招待，殷勤好客。
We enjoyed the hospitality of friends at their country home. 朋友们在乡下的居所热情地招待了我们使我们过得很愉快
hostility n.来自与形容词hostile(不友善的，敌对的)，敌意，对抗。
You can feel the hostility coming from that man.你可以感觉到那个人的敌意。
hypercritical, hypocritical
hypercritical a.吹毛求疵的，批评苛刻的。
He is so hypercritical that he corrects every mistake his
students made.
他很苛刻，对于学生的每个错误都要纠正。
hypocritical a.虚伪的，伪善的。
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hypocritical behaviour伪善的行为
ignore, neglect, omit, overlook 一组动词都有"忽略"的意思。
ignore v.忽视，不理睬，指有意识地拒绝。
She saw him coming but she ignored him.她看见他走过来，但是装作没看见。
neglect v.忽视，忽略，疏忽，指无意识地忽视或忘记。
He neglected to make repairs in his house.他忘记了修理房子。 omit v.遗漏，忽略，忘记，指由于疏忽而忘记，也可以表示因不利或不好而被忽略等。
She omitted several steps in the experiment and it failed.她在实验中遗漏了几个步骤，结果实验失败了。
overlook v.忽略，疏漏，指有意识地遗漏，也可以指无意识地忽略。 The mother overlooked her little boy's bad behavior.那位母亲忽视了她的小儿子的不良行为。
imaginable, imaginary, imaginative
imaginable a.可想象的，往往作后置定语，所修饰的名词前常加all，every，only或形容词的最高级。
In her painting, she has used every color imaginable.在她的绘画中，她用了所以可以想象的到的色彩。
imaginary a.虚构的，想象中的。
The child has an imaginary friend.那个孩子有个假想中的朋友。 imaginative a.富于想象力的。
an imaginative writer富于想象力的作家
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imitate, intimate, intimidate 这是一组形近易混词。
imitate v.模仿，仿效;复制，仿造。
The boy imitates his father's way of talking.那个男孩模仿他父亲说话的样子。
intimate a.亲密的;温馨的，舒适的。
We have had an intimate friendship since we were young.我们自年轻时代起就建立了亲密的友谊。
intimidate v.恐吓，威胁。
An older boy intimidated the little children when he took their
lunch money.
一个年龄大一点的男孩恐吓那些小孩子，并且抢走了他们的午饭钱。 imperial, imperious
imperial a.帝国的，帝王的;帝王般的，威严的;英制的(非公制的度量衡制，如磅，加仑，品脱等)。
the imperial guards帝国卫士
imperious a.傲慢的，专横的。
The strict father showed an imperious attitude toward his
children.那个严厉父亲对孩子的态度很专横。
imply, infer
imply v. (从言语或态度中)暗示，暗指(某种事情)。
The Secretary of the Treasury implied that interest rates would
go down.财政大臣暗示利率将下降。
infer v. (根据已知事实)推断，推理。
I infer from your smile that you are happy.从你的笑容可以看96
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出你很高兴。
industrial, industrious 这是一组形近易混词。
industrial a.工业的，产业的，来自于名词industry。
Industrial production is up this year; but agriculture is weak
今年的工业产值上升了，但是农业依然薄弱。
industrious a.勤奋的，忙碌的。
She started her own business and is now very industrious.她自己开了一家公司，因此很忙碌。
initial, original, primitive
initial a.开始的，最初的，强调处于事物的起始阶段，也可以指位于开头地方的。
My initial good opinion of him changed with time.时间长了我对他最初的好印象改变了。
original a.最初的，最早的;原版的，原物的。指按顺序是首位的，在此前不再有更为原始的同类的东西;也指原件的，原物的，非仿造的东西。
This is the original piano on which the composer created some of
his greatest works.
就是在这架钢琴上，这位作曲家创作出了他的一些伟大的作品。
primitive a.原始的，上古的，早期的，指处于人类生命或事物发展的早期阶段，也可以指自然的或简朴的。
Primitive tribes live in the Amazon River basin.原始部落居住在亚马逊河盆地。
interfere, intervene, interrupt, disturb 这几个词都有"
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干扰"的意思。
interfere v.干涉，妨碍。常指干涉或妨碍他人(的事)，着重指有影响，当"干涉"讲时，后多接in，当"妨碍，打扰"时后多接with。Eg: It's unwise to interfere between husband and wife.干涉别人夫妇间的事是不明智的
intervene v.干涉，干预，较为正式，常指带有行动的干预;此外，还有"调停"的意思。
Would you intervene if you saw a parent hit a child?要是你看到家长打孩子你会干预吗,
interrupt v.打扰，打断，阻碍。常有"使,,停止(中断)"的意思。 His speech was constantly interrupted by applause.他的讲话频频被掌声所打断。
disturb v.打扰，妨碍。常指失去了正常的状态或导致困难产生。 Bad dreams disturbed her sleep.噩梦妨碍她的睡眠。
invaluable, valueless
invaluable a.无价的，非常宝贵的，相当于priceless。
Your help in moving the big refrigerator was invaluable.你帮忙搬那个大冰箱，你的帮助是可贵的。
valueless a.没有价值的，相当于worthless。
That bracelet is a cheap, valueless piece of jewelry.那个手镯是一件便宜的、不值钱的首饰。
jealous, envious
jealous a.妒忌的，暗含有憎恶与不好的感情。
He gets jealous when other man talks to his girlfriend.当别的98
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男人和他的女朋友说话时间]，他会很嫉妒。
envious a.羡慕的,强调攀比心理所造成的羡慕。
He is envious of my new car and wants one like it.他很羡慕我的新车，也想要一辆同样的。
judicial, judicious 这是一组形近易混词。
judicial a.司法的，法律的，法庭的。
The judicial system settles arguments between people.司法系统解决人与人之间的争端。
judicious a.果断的，明智的，是个正式用语。
He made a judicious decision to save money for his old age.他做了一个明智的决定，要为他的晚年攒钱。
minor, inferior, secondary, subordinate 这一组形容词都有"次等"的意思。
minor a较少的，较小的，较次要的，常含有轻微的但并非不重要的意思。
We agreed on everything in the contract, even minor points. 我们对合同中的一切问题甚至是细枝末节都达成了一致
inferior a.次等的，较劣的，差的，当"下级"讲时，强调职位的高低;当"次等"讲时，指素质、质量等的低劣。
Most wine from Switzerland is inferior to wine from France.产于瑞士的葡萄酒多数要比法国的差。
secondary a.第二等的，次要的，强调在重要性或顺序上处于第二位。 My job is of secondary importance to my health.我的工作比起身体来说不那么重要。
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subordinate a.次要的，从属的，下级的，强调主次地位或支配和隶属的关系。
He was always friendly to his subordinate officers.她对下级官员一向和蔼可亲。
opt, apt 这是一对形近易混词。
opt v.选择，抉择，后接for。
She opted for a winter vacation, instead of one in summer.她选择了在冬天休假而不是夏天。
apt a.易于,,的，(后接to);恰当的，贴切的。
She is apt to make mistakes if you pressure her too much.如果你给她施加的压力过大，她就很容易出错。
rational, reasonable
rational a.理性的，区别于无理性;理智的，区别于感情用事的。 The rational thing to do was to take the sick man to a doctor.理智的做法是送病人去看医生。
reasonable a.有道理的，公平合理的，或指人讲道理的。
That man works very hard, so it is reasonable for him to ask for
more money.
那个人工作努力，所以他要求加薪是合情合理的。
refrain, restrain, constrain
refrain v.抑制，禁止，强调抑制一种冲动，是正式用语，为不及物动
词，后接介词from。
Students refrain from smoking in the classroom.学生们克制住不在
教师抽烟。
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restrain v.抑制，约束，指通过管束阻止某事发生，是及物动词，其习
惯用法是restrain sb. (sth.) from doing。
She restrains her dog by walking him on a leash.溜狗时，她牵着狗来限制它的活动。
constrain v.强迫，力劝，是及物动词。
A law constrains the government from spending more money than it
takes in.法律限制政府开支大于收入。
respectable, respectful, respective 这是一组形近易混词。
respectable a.值得尊敬的，有好名声的。
They are respectable people who are liked and trusted in their
town.他们在家乡是受人们敬爱和信任的人。
respectful a.尊敬他人的，恭敬的。
Students and teachers should have a respectful attitude toward
each other.师生应该相互彬彬有礼。
respective a.单个的，分别的。
revolve, evolve, involve
revolve v.旋转，转动。 The room began to revolve , then he fainted.屋子开始旋转，然后他就昏倒了。
evolve v.发展，演变。 Agriculture evolved slowly over thousands of years.几千年来，农业发展得很缓慢。
involve v.需要，包含;使卷入，牵涉。
Getting a driver's licence involves learning how to drive, studying the rules of the road, and taking a test.要得到驾驶执照需
要学习开车，学习交通规则，还要经过考试。
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sanction, sanitation
sanction n.认可，准许，批准。I need my parents' sanction to stay out late.我晚回家需要得到父母的批准。
sanitation n.公共卫生，环境卫生，卫生设备。
Strict sanitation is used in businesses such as barber shops and restaurants.
在理发店和餐馆等营业场所执行严格的公共卫生制度。
scenery, scene, view, landscape 这一组名词都有"景色"的意思。
scenery n.风景，景色，舞台布景，强调从美的角度看，某个国家或地区的
总体外貌。
Each year, we spend our vacation in the mountains and enjoy the scenery.
我们每年到山区渡假，并欣赏那里的风景。
scene n.指从远处看到的某一具体景色、景象，也可以指人物的活动场
面;(犯罪的)地点，现场。
They stood gazing the happy scene of children playing in the park.
他们站在那里，注视着孩子们在公园里玩耍的场景。
view n.指从远处或窗户看到的视野范围内的风景;观点，看法。 Our house has a view of the park.我们的房子可以看到公园的景色。
landscape n. (自然的)风景，景色;风景画。
The landscape seen from the mountains is green and beautiful.站在群山之巅看到的是一片美丽的绿色。
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sensible a.有知觉的，可感知的;明智的。
The patient was speechless but still sensible.病人虽然不能说话但仍然有知觉。
sensitive a.敏感的，灵敏的。
This film is sensitive to light.这种胶片对光很敏感。
sentimental a.多愁善感的，感伤的。The novel has scenes full of
love and loss; it is so sentimental!
小说有多处场景充满爱情的悲欢离合真是感伤啊～
sensational a.耸人听闻的，令人激动的。
I read a sensational story about a ten-year-old mother.我听到一则耸人听闻的故事:十岁女孩做妈妈。
technological, technical 这是一组形近易混词。
technological a.技术上的。 a major technological breakthrough主要技术性突破
technical a.技术的，工艺(学)的;专门的，深奥的。
The banker made some technical points about the economy in his speech.
银行家在他的关于经济的演说中提出了几个很专业的论点。
transaction, transition, transmission, transformation, transfer 考研和CET-6中经常出现的形近易混词。
transaction n.交易行为，处理。
Transactions of shares on the stock exchange were up today.
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今天证券交易所的股票成交额上升了。transition n. (从一种情况到另
一种的)过渡，更替。
The transition from high school to college can be difficult for students.
对于学生来说，从中学到大学的过渡会是困难的。
transmission n.传播(比如疾病);广播。
The transmission of germs can occur by contact, breathing, and eating.细菌通过接触、呼吸和饮食传播。
transformation n. (外观或性质的)改变，改观，转变。His character
seems to have undergone a complete transformation since his marrige.他结婚之后性格判若两人。
transfer n.转移，转让;(工作的)调动;(旅途中的)换乘，改变路线。
The club's goalkeeper isn't happy here, and has asked a transfer.这个足球俱乐部的守门员在此过得不愉快，已经要求转会到其他俱乐部。
2004年考研英语易混淆词汇比较记忆
作者:北京新东方学校考研翻译主讲教师
金威
考研《新大纲》要求考生应掌握5300个左右的英语词汇。这听起来是一个不小的数字，令很多同学隐约地感到了一种负担。其实，我们都对下面的这些数字并不陌生:考生们在中学阶段就已经掌握了大约1800个词汇，而大学英语四级考试所要求的词汇量是4200个，大学英语六级的词汇要求是5500多个。如果单纯从数字上推理的话，对于那些通过了六级考试的同学，考研词汇应该是a piece of cake;即使是英语四级水平的同学，以现有的词汇量为基础，再增加1000个左右的单词量也就符合104
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了考研对词汇的要求，而1000个单词对于很多同学来说就相对轻松很多。比如，一个掌握了四级词汇的同学，每天学习30到50个单词，那么35天甚至20天后，一个具有四级水平同学的词汇量理论上应该提高到了考研的水平。
而在英语学习的实践中，词汇量的真正提高并非是数字的简单推理。反映在考研英语上，很多勤奋得令我为之动容的考生，在背烂了若干本考研词汇书之后仍然无法正确做题，并且在写作文的时候经常词义混淆，词不达意。这里的原因是多方面的:有的同学背单词只讲进度而忽略了质量，比如有的同学一天可以强记100个单词，但是对于单词词义的理解只停留在词汇书所提供的汉语意思上，而所背的单词在上下文语境中的确切含义以及单词的感情色彩、使用场合、介词搭配等一概不问;有的同学只知道某个单词的一、两个意思，而考研大纲中规定的该单词的其它意思却不甚了解，试问有多少同学注意到school除了“学校，学院”的意思之外，还有“学派，派别”的意思，而考研试题当中不乏对于“学派”这一意思的考察;有的同学学习词汇缺乏方法的指引，比如说，很多同学不知道很多考研词汇是来自于拉丁语，而掌握这些单词可以借助词根和词缀，从而会事半功倍。如此种种，不一而足。
更重要的一点是很多同学只知认词，不知辨词。知道一个单词的词义是不够的，考生还应该知道这个词与其它词，尤其是同义词和近义词的区别。而这些容易混淆的单词往往是考点所在，也是考生的难以掌握的地方。有时同义词间的区别非常的细小，甚至可能完全取决于英美人的语言习惯。而且，英语中的同义词相当丰富，两个或两个以上的词在某个语境中可以构成同义词，但在另一语境中却不构成同义的词群。因此同义词的记忆比较困难。而准确使用同义词、近义词能避免文章的枯燥和累赘;另一
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方面，各类英语考试包括硕士研究生英语入学考试大多要求考生能辨析同义词、近义词的细小差别，正确指出它们在语言表达、使用场合方面的不同。如果孤立地、单个地进行记忆，必然缺乏系统，事倍功半。而同义联想的方法，即通过收集和整理同义词，将它们放在一起集中记忆，可以大大提高记忆的速度和效果。其实，英语中两个意思绝对相同的单词是很难找到的，所谓的同义词实际上就是近义词而已，一个或几个同义词在意义或文体方面总会有不同程度的差异，如果平时学习词汇时认真辨析这些词，体会它们的细微差别，考试的时候就会有备而来，信心十足。
鉴于上述分析，我总结了复习当中出现的近义词、易混淆词供考生反复记忆，使大家免去了费时费力又不得要领的查找之苦，从而节约了宝贵的复习时间。使用这套词汇辨析的同学，应该是那些已经对于考研词汇学习过至少一遍，又期待进一步针对考试而掌握重点考词的同学。鉴于做题也是巩固所学词汇的不可忽略的重要组成部分，尽管自2002年起，词汇已经不作为一个单独的部分出现在试卷中，还是摘录了8套考研词汇题，希望同学们在做题过程中巩固所学词汇，辨析易混词汇，并进一步体会出题思路。
abide, adhere, conform, comply
这四个研究生入学考试中的高频考词都有“遵守”的意思，但是它们的搭配不同。
abide v.后接by表示“遵守，同意”。
I will abide by the director' decision.我将遵从主任的决定。 adhere v.后接to表示“遵守”。(当然adhere一词的其它意思如“坚持;粘附”也经常被考到。)
Car drivers must adhere to the rules of driving.汽车司机必须106
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遵守驾驶规则。
conform v.后接to表示“遵守，符合”。
All individuals are required to conform to the laws made by
their governments.每个人都应该遵守政府制订的法律。
comply v.后接with表示“遵守，服从”，用于正式的场合。
Our company complies with governmental regulations on paying
taxes.我们公司遵守政府有关纳税的规定。
abnormal, uncommon, disordered
这三个单词都有“反常的”之意，在考研和CET-6当中经常让考生们辨析
它们的细微差别。
abnormal a.不正常的，反常的(但并非罕见)，指行为或现象(如气候)的
异常。
His body temperature has been abnormal for 3 days, the highest
point reaching 40.5 degree centigrade.他的体温三天来一直都不正常，
最高的时候达到40.5摄氏度。(尽管身体发烧不正常，但生活中也时有发
生。)
uncommon a.罕见的，不平常的，指很少经历或很少见到的状况;特别
的，出色的。
Hurricanes are uncommon in England.飓风在英国非常罕见。
That is uncommon instant coffee; it tastes great!那速溶咖啡质量
上乘，味道好极了～
disordered a.混乱的，杂乱的;(精神或身体)有病的。
We couldn't understand her disordered presentation.我们听不明白
她条理不清的陈述。
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abolish, cancel, eliminate, dispose, erase, exclude, extinguish
这一组动词都有“取消，除掉”的意思。
abolish v.指对法律、习俗、制度的废除;完全破坏。
The government abolished the tax on alcohol.政府取消了酒税。 cancel v.对预先安排的某种活动(如旅行、计划、会议等)的取消;删去(字、句)。
The meeting has been cancelled because of the flu.会议由于流感而取消了。
eliminate v.指消除、淘汰已经存在但是现在不需要的东西。
The losing team was eliminated from further competition.失利的那个队被淘汰了，不能参加下一阶段的比赛。
The doctor helped him eliminate toxins from the intestine.医生帮助他排出肠中毒素。
dispose v.处理，处置;表示“除掉、扔掉”时常与of连用。(这一点需要注意。)
After your picnic, please dispose of the litter.野餐后请清除掉垃圾。
erase v.除去，擦掉，指有意识地除去字迹、声音等。
I erased the music on the tape before recording on the tape
again.我在往磁带上录音之前先消掉了上面的音乐。
exclude v.排斥;排除,不包括在内,与include互为反义词。
The restaurant excludes anyone who is not properly dressed from
entering.衣冠不整者不得进入该餐馆。
extinguish v.熄灭，扑灭(火);使沉默，使暗淡。
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Firefighters extinguished a big fire.消防队员扑灭了大火。 abstract, digest, outline, summary
这一组名词都有“要点，摘要”的意思。
abstract n.概要，摘要，尤其指对学术论文或法律论据作的简述。 I have read the abstract of his book.我已经读了他的书的概要。 digest n. (篇幅较长的)摘要，文摘，它是对原文的浓缩而不是对原文的简单解释，浓缩后仍保持原文的顺序、重点和风格。
Reader's Digest《读者文摘》
outline n.要点，大纲，概要。
She made an outline of ideas she wanted to present in her talk.
她把自己要谈的想法列了一个提纲。
summary n.总结，摘要，指用寥寥数语概括文章或者讲话的要点，不考虑原文的风格。
absurd, ridiculous, silly
这一组形容词都有“愚蠢，可笑”的意思。
absurd a.荒谬的，可笑的，指因不符合常识、违反真理或不合逻辑而令人发笑。
There was an absurd idea that the earth was flat and motionless.
过去曾经有一种荒谬的观点认为地球呈扁平状而且静止不动。
ridiculous a.荒唐可笑的，指因为愚昧无知而令人发笑并成为笑柄，含有蔑视成分。
It is ridiculous to judge a foreign culture only by its food.仅仅根据一个国家的饮食来评价该国家的文化是荒唐可笑的。
silly a.愚蠢的，傻的，指由于单纯或者头脑简单而显得愚蠢。
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a silly little boy傻小子
abundant, plentiful
这两个形容词都有“充足的”之意。
abundant a. (数量)充足的，常用于人、物产、资源、雨量等，含有“过多”之意。
Oil is in abundant supply in this country.这个国家石油供应十分充裕。
plentiful a.丰富的，充足的，常用于食物、收获、财产等，不能用于时间、空间、思想等方面。
Eggs are plentiful at this moment.现在鸡蛋很多。
accent, tone, dialect
这三个名词意思相近，容易混淆。
accent n.口音，指某一地区语言的发音特征;重音。
He speaks English with a Spanish accent.他讲英语带有西班牙口音。
tone n.语气，音调，指说话人的口气或声音的高低、轻重等。
He speaks to his baby in soft tones.他用柔和的语调和他的婴儿说话。
dialect n.方言，土语，地方话，指一个地区人们所使用的语言。 the Yorkshire dialect约克郡方言the Sichuan dialect四川方言 access, assess
这两个词为一组“形近易混词”。
access n.接近，进入。
The people living in these apartments have free access to that
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swimming pool.住在这些公寓里的人可以免费地进入游泳池。
assess v.评估(财产，价值)。
I assessed how much it would cost to build a new apartment.我评估了一下建一套新的公寓要多少钱。
accommodate, afford, furnish
这一组动词都有“提供”的意思。
accommodate v.提供住宿、房间;适应，迎合，迁就。
This hotel can accommodate up to 500 guests.这家饭店可供500位来宾住宿。
The company accommodated the customer's wish and sent the
delivery overnight.公司满足了顾客的愿望，连夜将货物发了出去。 afford v.负担，支付;当“提供”讲时，多用于指抽象事物的提供。 We can't afford that expensive sports car.我们买不起那辆昂贵的跑车。
The tall building affords a beautiful view of the ocean.从这幢高楼上可以看到大海的美丽景致。
furnish v.指提供生活或某种用途所需要的东西。
Reading furnishes the mind only with materials of knowledge, it
is thinking that makes what we read ours.阅读虽然为我们的思想提供了各种知识，然而只有思考才能将我们读到的内容变成自己的东西。 accomplishment, attainment, achievement
这三个名词都有“成就”的意思。
accomplishment n.成功，成就;才艺，修养。
Climbing that high mountain was an accomplishment for the
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hikers.对于登山运动员来说，爬上了那座山就是成功。
Being able to paint well is just one of her accomplishments.画画得好只是她的许多才能之一。
attainment n.指学识和造诣(常用作复数);达到，到达。
a scholar of the highest attainments造诣极高的学者
achievement n.可指抽象的“成就”，或具体的“成绩”，与accomplishment是同义词。
accuse, charge
两个动词都有“控诉，指控”之意，但它们后面所搭配的介词不同。 accuse v.指控，控诉，与介词of连用。
The police accused him of theft.警察指控他犯有盗窃罪。
charge v.可以指因为小错而受的责备，也指因违法而受到控告，与介词with连用。
The police charged him with murder.警察指控他犯了谋杀罪。 acquire, attain, obtain, gain, earn, achieve, secure
这一组动词都有"获得，取得"的意思，在考研和CET-6当中屡次出现它们之间的辨析。
acquire v.多指经过努力逐步获得才能,知识,习惯等,也可用于对财物等的获得,该词强调"一经获得就会长期持有"的含义
It is through learning that the individual acquires many
habitual ways of reacting to situations.正是通过学习，个人才得以获得应付各种情况的习惯做法。
attain v.指经过不懈的努力获得未曾预料到的结果;也可指达到某一目标。
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The salesperson attained his sales goal for the month.这名销售员完成了当月的销售目标。
obtain v.获得，买到，用于正式语体中。
He obtained the property with a bank loan.他通过向银行贷款买下了那份房产。
gain v.指通过较大努力获得某种利益或好处;亦可指军事上的武力夺取等。
An investor gains by buying stocks that go up in value.投资者通过所买股票价格上涨而得利润。
earn v.挣得，赢得，指因工作等而得到报酬或待遇。
How much do you earn a week?你一星期挣多少钱,
achieve v.得到，获得，多指成就、目标、幸福的取得。
The movie star achieved success and wealth.这个影星取得了成功和财富。
secure v.得到;把,,拿到手，含有肯定占有难以得到的东西之意;使安全，保卫;作形容词比较常见，意为"安全的"。
A million signatures have been secured.已征集到了100万人的签名。
He secured the office before leaving it for the night.他晚上离开前锁好了办公室的门窗。
acute, critical, crucial, urgent
这一组形容词都有"严重的，重要的"意思。
acute a.剧烈的，严重的;急性的(病)。
An acute lack of food brought hunger to the Iraqi people.食
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品严重缺乏，伊拉克人民正在忍饥挨饿。
critical a.意为"关键的"，表示处于极度缺乏的状态或事件的转折点，与crucial相似。
与crucial的区别在于它对缺乏的或危急的程度有更准确的衡量;还指"批判性的，分析性的"。
It is critical that you study hard for the exam or you will fail
it.为了考好你必须用功学习，
则你会不及格的。
crucial a.意为"决定性的，紧要关头的，至关重要的"，最为笼统，适用于上述两种情况。
Improved consumer confidence is crucial to an economic recovery.
消费者信心的增强对经济的复苏是至关重要的。
urgent a.意为"紧迫的，急迫的，紧要的"，它不强调所指的问题是最重要的，仅强调"紧急的"状态。
We have an urgent need for help; we are running out of water.我们急需要帮助，我们的水就快要用光了。
adjust, regulate, rectify, amend, convert, alter, modify,
transform, vary
这九个动词都含有"调整、改变"的意思。
adjust v.一般指很小的改变或技术性的调整;修理。
I adjusted the air conditioner to stay cool.我调节了空调以保持凉爽。
regulate v.指根据规定或需要对某物(机器、钟表等)进行调整或调节，使之准确工作或运行;多含有"控制"之意。
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Lights are used to regulate the traffic.红绿灯被用来管制交通。 rectify v.纠正，校正(错误、文章、合同等)。
He rectified the mistake in the contract by changing its wording.
他通过改变措辞纠正了合同里的错误。
amend v. (正式用语)指修改文件、法律、规范等。
The politicians amended the law to provide more jobs.政治家们修正了这项法律以提供更多的就业。
convert v.改变某事物的形式或用途，还可以指改变信仰尤其是宗教信仰。
Britain converted to a decimal currency system in 1971.英国于1971年改用十进制货币体系。
He's converted to Catholicism.他已经皈依天主教。
alter v.使事物在外观、性质、用途等方面稍作改变。
The tailor altered the waistband on my pants because it was too
tight.裁缝修改了我的裤腰因为它太紧了。
modify v.改变，修改，以使某物更趋完善，还可以用来表示态度、脾气、意见变得温和。
He was loud and angry, and his friends told him to modify his
behavior.他粗声大气，脾气暴躁;朋友们告诉他要改变自己的举止。
transform v.指彻底、深远的改变，这种变化完全改变了外观或特性，使被改变的对象脱胎换骨。
Remodeling transformed an old, dark housesintosa cheerful one.重新装修使这所陈旧昏暗的房子变得赏心悦目。
vary v.强调没有一定规则、陆续的变化或差异。
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Air fares vary from one airline to another.航空公司的机票价格各不相同。
admit, confess, concede
这几个动词都有"承认"的意思。
admit v.指由于说服、再三追问而"承认"某一事实或过错。
I admit that you have a point.我承认你有理。
confess v.供认(罪行、过错等)，含有"坦白、招认"的意思。
He confessed his crimes to the judge.他向法官供认了他的罪行。 concede v.指曾想隐瞒或不愿意承认某一错误，但由于证据确凿而不得不勉强承认，还可以指"以退为进"的承认。
The man who caused the accident finally conceded to the police
that he had done it.造成这次交通事故的人最终向警察承认他是肇事人。 affiliate, link, attach, append
这一组动词都有"附加"的意思。
affiliate v.加入，成为,,一部分。
an affiliated middle school一所附属中学
link v.将人或物连接起来。
The crowd linked arms to form a barrier.群众臂挽着臂组成人墙。 attach v.将某物系在、贴在、附在另一物上。
I attached a note to my report with a paper clip.我用别针将一张字条别在报告的后面。
append v.增加，附加(与attach的意思比较接近)。
The lawyer appended two more pages to the contract.律师在合同后又附加了两页。
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这一组动词都有"声称"的意思。
affirm v.坚信不疑地肯定或宣称，是deny的反义词。
He affirmed his love for her.他发誓爱她。
assert v.指不管事实如何，主观自信地宣称，或者清楚有力地坚持某个情况为事实。
She asserted that she was innocent .她宣称自己是无辜的。 allege v.在无真凭实据的情况下宣称、断定。
The suspect alleged that he had not been in the neighborhood at
the time of the crime.嫌疑犯声称案发时他不在现场。
claim v.要求，声称，断言。多指根据某种规定提出的要求或主张。 They claim that if more people rode bicycles to go to work there
would be fewer automobiles in the downtown section of the city.他们生成如果有更多的人骑自行车上班的话，闹市区的汽车就会有所减少。
announce v.宣布，宣告。多指首次当众正式宣布某一主张或态度，常常带有预告的意味。
The invention of the printing press announced the diffusion of
knowledge.印刷术的发明宣告了知识普及时代的来临。
proclaim v.宣布;宣告(成立)。指经过深思熟虑后向大众宣布一个明确的决定或判断，尤其指重大事件的宣布，多用于官方场合。
The president proclaimed an emergency when the war came.当战争来临的时候总统宣布进入紧急状态。
aggravate, reinforce, increase, strengthen, intensify
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这一组动词都有"加强"的意思。
aggravate v.加重(负担、罪行、病情等)，使之恶化。
I hurt my foot, then aggravated it by trying to walk too soon.我的脚受伤了，而过早的下地走路又加重了伤情。
reinforce v.增援，一般用于军队或警察的行动;(以添加材料等)加固。
A police officer saw three thieves robbing a bank and radioed to
reinforce him.一位警察看到三个盗贼抢劫银行，用无线电话要求增援。
increase v.指数量上的增加。
The number of people has been increased.人数增加了。
strengthen v.加强，巩固，增强，相当于to become stronger。 Exercising every day strengthens the heart.每天锻炼可以提高心脏的功能。
Competition, they believe, strengthens the national character
rather than corrupt it.人们认为竞争加强了民族性而不是破坏了它。 intensify v.使变得更强烈、剧烈，加剧，相当于to become more intense or intensive。
intensify colors加深色彩intensify hatred加深仇恨
alert, cautious, considerate
这一组形容词都表示"小心的，谨慎的"。
alert a.警惕的，留神的。
The hostess remained standing, alert to every guests' drinking
need.女主人一直站在旁边，时刻准备给大家斟酒。
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cautious a.细心的，谨慎的。
He has a cautious attitude about spending money.在花钱的问题上他态度谨慎。
considerate a.关心他人的，体贴的。
He is always considerate of others; he is kind and sympathetic.
他总是很体谅他人，并且慈祥而富有同情心。
alive, live, living, lively
这一组形容词都跟"活"有关。
alive a.活着的，有活力的，常作表语，作定语时必须后置。
After the accident, he was barely alive.交通事故后，他奄奄一息。
all man alive所有活着的人
live a.活的，有活力的，现场直播的，
We watched the live broadcast of the opera on TV.我们通过电视观看了这部歌剧的实况。
living a.活着的，作定语可前可后，可修饰人也可修饰物。
Who is the world's greatest living artist?谁是现在还健在的世界上最伟大的艺术家,
living room起居室
lively a.活泼的，栩栩如生的。
She is a lively young girl, always laughing and doing things.她是个活泼可爱的小姑娘，总是欢声笑语忙个不停。
alleviate, diminish, reduce, decrease, decline
这一组动词都有"减少，减轻"的意思。
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alleviate v.在痛苦方面的减轻，缓和
The painkiller alleviated the pain.止疼药减缓了疼痛。
diminish v.指因为不断消耗，在数量方面缓慢减少，也指在素质或者价值的下降。
The supply of oil has diminished because of the war.由于战争石油的供应减少了。
reduce v.指人为地使某物在数量或重量方面的减少或降低。
He reduced the amount of money they could spend.他缩减了他们的开销。
decrease v.指数量上的减少;力量或者强度的减弱。
The population decreased a lot last year.去年人口数量急剧下降。
decline v. (数目、价格、比率)下降;谢绝，婉言推辞;衰退，衰落。
Last year, the crime rate in Chicago has sharply declined.去年芝加哥的犯罪率明显下降。
He declined our invitation to dinner.他婉拒了我们请他吃饭的邀请。
allocate, separate, detach, divide
这一组动词都有"分开"的意思。
allocate v.分配，把,,拨给。
The city government allocated money for schools and the police
in this year's budget.市政府在今年的预算中给学校和警察部门分配了资金。
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separate v.人为地分开，使隔离开。
We separated the salad forks from the dinner forks.我们把沙拉叉与餐叉分隔开。
detach v.拆开组合的物体;远离，疏远。
We need a carpenter to detach this bookshelf from the wall.我们需要一名木匠将书架从墙上拆下来。
divide v.指将整体分为若干个部分。
The huge corporation dividedsintossmaller companies.这家特大公司分成一些较小的公司。
ambiguous, obscure, vague, unclear, dim
这一组形容词都有"模糊"的意思。
ambiguous a.意义含糊的，有歧义的，指因字、词、句有歧义而使人感到模糊不清、难以理解和把握。
His ambiguous directions confused us; we did not know which of
the two roads to take.他的模棱两可的指导使我们很迷惑以至于我们不知道该走哪条路了。
obscure a.用于表达因光线不足而使人看不清楚。该词的引申意义可以表示语法、文字、记忆等因复杂、深奥、模棱两可而使人看不懂和无法理解。
The poetry of Ezra Pound is sometimes difficult to understand
because it contains so many obscure references.艾兹拉?庞德的诗有时候难以理解，因为诗歌中含有许多令人费解的典故。
vague a.含混的，不清楚的，多用于比喻意义，用来表示因逻辑关系不清、言辞笼统而导致的意义不清楚，该词也可表示轮廓形状的不清楚和
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模糊。
He has some vague ideas about what to do, but nothing specific.
他大概知道他要做什么，但没有具体的计划。
unclear a.指句意、字迹不清楚，使人难以看懂;不肯定的。
Unclear writing is difficult to understand.模糊的字迹使人难以辨认。
It is unclear whether the economy will get better.经济是否好转仍不明朗。
dim a.光线暗淡的，看不清的;记忆力模糊的;不大可能的。 Don't work in dim light.不要在昏暗的光线下工作。
His changes of recovery from illness are dim.他康复的可能性十分渺茫。
amplify, enlarge, stretch, magnify, reinforce, expand
amplify v.扩大，增加，尤其指通过增强电压或电流使声音扩大;补充叙述(故事、事件等)。
We must ask you to amplify your statement.我们得请你对你的说法作进一步的说明。
enlarge v.扩大，多指具体物品如相片的放大。
enlarge photograph放大照片enlarge a house扩建房屋
stretch v. (有弹性地)伸展，延伸，并有可能超过限度;伸长、伸出(身体某部位)并绷紧肌肉(尤指在放松后或为了够着某物)。
The pullover stretched after I had worn it a few times.这件套头毛衣我穿了几次之后就撑大了。
Having finished their morning work, the clerks stood up behind
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their desks, stretching themselves.完成了早间工作之后，职员们站到桌子后面伸伸懒腰。
magnify v.放大，指用透镜或显微镜使物体看上去大一些。
His eyeglasses magnify words so he can read them.他借助眼睛把字放大以便能够阅读。
reinforce v.增援，加固。
expand v.指范围、体积的扩大、增大，也可以指内容或细节的充实。 The balloon expanded, then exploded.气球先是膨胀，然后就爆破了。
anger, fury, indignation, resentment
这一组名词都有"愤怒、生气"的意思。
anger n.气愤，生气，是一般用语。
After their argument, he expressed his anger by punching the
other man in the face.争吵之后，他一拳打在那个人的脸上以发泄怒气。 fury n.暴怒，大怒，程度较anger要强。
indignation n.义愤，尤其指出于道义上的激愤。
general indignation at the sudden steep rise in bus fares公共汽车票价突然猛增激起的公愤
resentment n.愤恨，怨恨，不满，是正式用语，尤指由于受侮辱或自尊心受到伤害后而产生的愤慨。
There was a feeling of resentment in the office after everyone's
pay was lowered.大家的工资降低后，办公室里怨声载道。
apparent, evident, manifest, obvious, distinct
这一组形容词都有"明显的"之意。
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apparent a.明显的，显而易见的，尤其指容易观察到或认识到的事物。
He is very unhappy, and it is apparent that he wants to leave
now.他很不高兴，显然他现在想走了。
evident a.明白的，明显的，与apparent基本同意，多用于推理或由事实证明的事物。
It is evident that he is guilty; his fingerprints were found at
the crime scene.显然他是有罪的，在犯罪现场发现了他的指纹。 manifest a.清楚的，明显的，多指根据外部特征或迹象便能看出或了解其意义，常作表语。
Her ability is manifest, but she is not attractive.她才能出众，但长相并不动人。
obvious a.明显的，显而易见的，含有无可辩白，不需证明之意。 It is obvious that that woman has had too much to drink.很显然，那个妇女酒喝的太多了。
distinct a.清楚的，明显的;不同的，独特的。修饰性质明显不同的东西。
Medical care has made a distinct improvement in his health.治疗已使他的健康有了明显的好转。
applaud, clap, commend, praise
applaud v.鼓掌，赞扬，指因精湛表演或某种行为得到别人的赞许，大声叫好或热烈鼓掌。
The boss applauded my efforts by praising my work.老板表扬了我的工作，对我的努力表示赞许。
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clap v.拍打，其用法是clap one's hand=applaud,不能说applaud one's hands。
clap sb.为某人鼓掌，clap sth.拍打某物
commend v.为正式用词，用于对具体功绩或成就表示嘉奖，通常指上级对下级、长辈对晚辈的赞赏。
The teacher commended the student for doing well on the exam.老师表扬学生们的考试成绩优异。
praise v.为一般用词，用于对某人的优秀品质表示钦佩羡慕;赞颂，赞美。
A supervisor praised the employee for her good work.一位主管称赞这位员工的工作做得不错。
Survivors of the crash praised God for saving them.坠机事件的幸存者赞颂上帝使他们得救。
area, district, region, vicinity, zone
这一组名词都有"区域"的意思。
area n.泛指面积较大的地区;面积;专业领域。
The New York area has high rents.纽约地区房租很高。
district n.行政区划的小范围地区。如Xicheng district北京西城区
region n.行政区划上更大的地区，如"自治区";身体部位。
The northeast region of the USA includes New York and the six New England states.美国东北部包括纽约和新英格兰地区的那六个州。
vicinity n.周围地区，附近地区。
The police were alerted that the escaped criminal might be in
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the vicinity.警察都十分警惕因为逃跑的罪犯就藏在附近地区。
zone n.指特定的地方、地带。
The city passed a law to create a business zone on some empty land.市政府通过法律，在一些空地上开辟商业区。 assembly, conference,
congress, rally, seminar, session, summit, symposium
这一组名词都表示"会议"的意思。
assembly n.集合，集会。
The assembly of students takes place in the auditorium.学生们在
大礼堂举行集会。
conference n. (专门性的)会议，讨论会。
The conference on international economic problems met in Geneva.关于世界经济问题的会议在日内瓦召开。
congress n.代表大会，(美国的)国会。
Congress passes laws that must be obeyed by the people.美国国会
通过的法律，人民一定要遵守。
rally n. (鼓舞士气的)集会;群众性集会。
The football coach called a rally to build up the team's
excitement for the next game.足球教练召开了一个动员会，以便鼓舞士气打好下次比赛。
seminar n. (大学的)研究班，研讨会。
During summer vacations some teachers attend seminars at college.
暑假里，一些教师在学院里参加研究班。
session n. (一届)会议，回合。
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the autumn session of Parliament议会的秋季会议
summit n.最高级会议，峰会(通常为领导人参加)。
Next year, the summit will be held in Vienna.明年将在维也纳举行最高级会谈。
symposium n. (学术、科研方面的)座谈会，专题报告会。
The symposium on SARS research lasted two days.非典型性肺炎研究的研讨会持续了两天。
assessment, estimate, evaluation
这一组名词都有"评估"的意思。
assessment n.评估,估价，常常表示对于财产、价值的评估。
We have a low assessment on our property.我们对我们的资产评估很低。
estimate n.估计，强调进行评估得出的结果，常与动词give搭配。 The mechanic gave me a rough estimate of two or three hundred dollars
for the repairs to my car.机械师给我的汽车修理费的粗略估计是200或300美元。
evaluation n. (对于能力，价值、工作业绩的)评价，估价，常带有肯定的、正确的含义。
He gave a positive evaluation of our scientific research.他对于我们的科学研究给予了积极的评价。
associate, ally, combine, unite
这一组词都有"联合"的意思。
associate v.交往，结交;联系，联想。多指平等友好的合作，后接with，表示与某人交往或合作，后接in表示在某个方面合作。
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We associate with our neighbors at church.在教堂里，我们同邻居交往。
ally v.使结盟，使联姻，多与with搭配。
Several political parties allied with each other against higher
taxes.几个政治党派联合起来反对提高税收。
combine v.联合，化合，混合，多指为了某个目的将不同的人或物混合而成一个整体。
The girl combined sugar, butter, and flour to made the dough.小姑娘把糖、黄油和面粉混合到一起做成面团。
unite v.联合，合并，团结，尤指不同的事物或人组成统一体，强调结果的一致性。
The nation united against its enemy.国民团结一致共同对敌。 average, common, general, universal, usual
这一组形容词都有"普通"的意思。
average a.普通的，一般的，它强调的是一般水准或普通水准;通常在有数字出现的情况下，表示"平均的"。
The average runner can run 2 miles in fifteen minutes.跑步者15分钟内平均跑两英里。
common a.常见的，普通的，不足为奇的，有时引申为"平凡的"，强调事物的共同性。另外，它还有"公共的，共同的"之意。
Car accidents are a common occurrence.交通事故是很普通的事件。 general a.普通的，一般的，表示涉及到各方面，强调整体性而非个别和例外，该词的反义词为particular。
In general, the economy is doing well now.总的来说，现在的经128
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济形式还不错。
universal a.普遍的，比general语气更强，有"全然没有例外"的意思。
Poverty is a universal problem all over the world.贫困是世界各地普遍存在的问题。
usual a.通常的，惯常的，强调"习惯性的，符合规章制度的"，是个一般用语。
award, reward
award v.指正式地或官方地颁发，授予，给予;也可以指法庭裁决给予。后面可跟双宾语。
The school principal awarded a prize in history to the best
student.学校校长将历史奖授予最出色的学生。
reward v.酬劳，奖赏，回报，通常指因做了某一件事或提供了某种服务而应得到报酬或酬谢，其后一般以人或人的行为作宾语。后跟with用来说明以何物作为报酬。
I will reward to the person who returns my lost dog.我将出50美元，酬谢帮我找回丢失的狗的人。
aware, conscious
aware a.知道的，意识到的，强调感官对外界事物的意识。
He was aware of his mistake.他意识到自己的错误。
conscious a.有意识的，意识到的，一般指内心所意识到的。
The salesman is conscious of the fact that he must increase
sales.销售员意识到他必须增加销售量。
base, foundation, ground
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这一组名词都有"基础"的意思。
base n.指具体的有形的基础，也可指物体的底部、基部;基地，总部。
They use their apartment in New York as a home base from which
they travel frequently.他们把纽约的公寓作为他们频繁出行的大本营。 foundation n.本义指建筑物的地基，含有坚实的基础的意思;基金会。
The foundation for our house is made of cement.我们房子的地基是水泥打下的。
ground n.地面，土地，也指地域，水底，海底。
basic, elementary, fundamental
basic a.基本的，基础的，既可用于具体事物，也可用于抽象事物。 He has a basic understanding of the problem.他对问题有基本的了解。
elementary a.初步的，初级的。elementary school小学
fundamental a.根本性的，一般只用于抽象的事物;必要的，必须的。 Honesty is a fundamental principle in dealing with others.诚实是与别人相处的基本原则。
beam, chuckle, giggle, grin, jeer, laugh, roar, sneer
这一组都有"笑"的意思，而它们之间的差别也是明显的。
beam v.本义指照耀，放光，引申为"微笑"，是正式用语，指面带喜悦或笑容，暗示对他人的友好或内心的满足。
She beamed with happiness.她高兴得眉开眼笑。
chuckle v. (书面语)吃吃的笑，抿嘴笑，轻声笑，多指因得意或领130
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会到某事中的趣味而暗自发笑。
She does not laugh out loud; she only chuckles.她没有笑出声来，只是抿嘴而笑。
giggle v.咯咯地笑，痴笑，傻笑，多指女人和孩子由于紧张、被逗乐、尴尬时所发出的笑声。
The schoolgirls giggled when the famous football player
walkedsintostheir classroom.当这个著名的足球运动员走进教室时，女生们都咯咯地笑起来。
grin v.露齿而笑，指人因高兴、满足、轻蔑等咧开嘴露齿地笑。 He grinned at his mother.他冲他的妈妈咧嘴一笑。
jeer v.讥笑，嘲笑，其同义词是mock。
The crowd jeered when the boxer was knocked down.当那个拳手被人打倒时，人群开始嘲笑他。
laugh v.笑，大笑，用于一般的笑或出声的大笑。
roar v.怒吼，咆哮，引申为放声大笑，哄堂大笑。
He roared when he heard the joke.听完这个笑话，他哈哈大笑。
sneer v.冷笑，嘲笑，指以语言、表情、和声调表示轻蔑或嘲弄。 He
sneered at the offer and said it was two low.他对报价嗤之以鼻，说
它太低了。
bewilder, puzzle, confuse, embarrass, perplex
这一组词都有"迷惑"的意思。
bewilder v.使困惑，使茫然，强调非常困惑，通常表现为心理和智力的
紊乱，语气最重。
He was fired without warning and is completely bewildered about
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the reason.他没有得到事先警告就被开除了，完全不明白是什么原因。
When the farmers visited the city for the first time, they were
bewildered by its complicated traffic system.当这些农夫们第一次到
城里的时候，他们对城市复杂的交通系统感到迷惑不解。
puzzle v.使迷惑，感到不解，强调不理解或解决不了。
Where the sunken treasure is puzzles explorers.沉没宝藏的下落令
探险家们大惑不解。
confuse v.一般用语，使混乱，使糊涂，强调因混淆而使人产生迷乱。
He sent the wrong reports because he confused them with other ones.
他发错了报告，因为他把它们同另外一些报告混淆在一起了。
embarrass v.使窘迫，使为难，使困惑，有令人不快、难为情和内心混乱
的意味。
Her boyfriend embarrassed her by teasing her about her new
hairstyle in front of others.她的男友在别人面前嘲笑她的新发型，使
她感到难堪。
perplex v.使杂乱，使疑虑，使不安。
The new tax laws perplex me.新税收法律使我很费解。
blame, condemn, reproach, scold
这一组动词都有"责怪"的意思。
blame v.责怪，把,,归咎于。
You can't blame anyone in case you fail the exam.万一你考试不及格，你不能怪罪任何人。
condemn v.谴责，用于比较正式的、严肃的场合。
The wife condemned her husband for drinking too much.妻子因132
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丈夫贪杯而责怪他。
reproach v. (书面语)责备，表示不满。
His teacher reproached him for not doing his homework.老师责备他不做作业。
scold v.责骂，训斥。
blunder, error, mistake
这一组词都表示"错误"。
blunder n. (因为无知、疏忽犯下的)大错，愚蠢的错误。
I think that I committed a blunder in asking her because she
seemed very upset by my question.这位女士由于我的问题感到很难过，我感觉到犯了一个大错。
error n.指判断、计算或行为上的错误，也可指智力或道义上的错误。 The accident was the result of human error.这事故是人为的错误造成的。
mistake n.误会，误解;(粗心、遗忘所导致的)错误。
I took your bag instead of mine by mistake.我错拿了你的手提包。
brittle, fragile, frail, crisp, invalid
这一组形容词都有"弱"的意思。
brittle a.易碎的，易损坏的，通常是指坚硬的东西。
The bones of elderly people become brittle and easily broken.老年人的骨头变得脆弱，很容易骨折。
fragile a.常常修饰使用时必须小心才不会破碎的东西，也引申为体弱的，虚弱的。
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He 's feeling a bit fragile after last night's party.他参加了昨晚的聚会以后，现在感觉有些虚弱。
frail a. (指人)体弱的，虚弱的，也可以指东西易碎的。
His mother has grown old and frail.他母亲已经年老体弱.
crisp a.指食品的松脆;清新的，爽快的;活跃的，有生气的，干净利落的。
crisp biscuit松脆的饼干
The student gave a clear, crisp answer to the teacher's question.
学生干净利落地回答了老师的问题。
invalid a.不正确的，缺乏证据的;无效的，作废的。作名词时，表示病弱者，伤残者，久病者。
Your ideas about the first humans are interesting but invalid.你关于最早的人类的观点很有意思，但是缺乏证据。
A bad car accident made him an invalid.一次严重的车祸使他变成了残疾。
boundary, border, frontier, rim, verge
这几个名词都有"边界"的意思。
boundary n.边界;界线。多指作为界线的标识物等。
The fence marks the boundary between my land and hers.这道栅栏是我的地和她的地的分界线。
border n.较宽的边缘，边界，多指两国或两地之间的分界处附近的边缘地区、边界地带;也可以指物体的边缘等。
We crossed the Mexican bordersintosthe USA.我们穿过墨西哥边界进入美国境内。
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frontier n.边界，边境，边疆，指靠近边界(boundary)的区域;也可引申为"未开发的领域"，"(学术的)前沿"等。
The American West was still a frontier a century ago.一个世纪以前美国西部还是一片边疆。
She is a biochemist who works on the frontiers of biology.她是从事生物学前沿研究的生化学家。
rim n.边，边缘，尤指圆形或近似圆形的物体的边缘。
verge n. (道路、花坛等长着草的)边缘，引申为"某事即将发生之际"。
on the verge of war战争爆发之际
brief, concise, curt, succinct
这一组形容词都有"简短的"意思。
brief a.简明扼要的，简短的，指时间短暂，办事利索，态度明了等;有时含有"虽短但却不失全面"的意味。
The manager made a brief statement to open the meeting.经理致了简短的开幕词。
concise a. (文字等的)简要、精练，常含有保留主要部分的意思。 His letter was concise, omitting everything not pertinent to the job.
他的信写得简明扼要，省略掉了所有与该项工作无关的部分。 curt a.三言两语的，简短的，常含有"草率"的意思。
He asked his boss a question, but got a curt reply , "I have no
time for you now!"他问老板一个问题，但是老板草率的说:"我没时间搭理你。"
succinct a.简明的，简洁的，简练的，尤指用词简练，除含有concise
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的意思外，还有经过压缩的或简化的意思。
succinct summary of the argument论点的概要
bush, shrub, jungle
这一组词均与树木有关。
bush n.矮树丛。
shrub n.有木茎的灌木，灌木丛。
jungle n.热带稠密的雨林或丛林。
certify, rectify, testify, verify
这是一组形近易混词。
certify v.证明，声称是真的。
He certified it was his wife's handwriting.他证明那是他妻子的手迹。
rectify v.改正，纠正;整顿。
He rectified the mistake in the contract by changing its wording.
他通过改变措辞纠正了合同里的错。
testify v. (在法庭上)宣誓作证;表明。
He is the only person who can testify in this case, because the
other witnesses were killed mysteriously.由于其他的证人已经被神秘地杀害，他成为这件案例中唯一可以作证的人。
verify v. (用事实)证实或核实。
I verified the store's address by calling to check it.我打电话询问，以核实商店的地址。
compel, constrain, force, oblige
这一组动词都有"强迫"的意思。
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compel v.强迫，迫使，常表示运用权利、力量迫使对方做某事;有时也表示"别无办法，不得不做"。
His illness compelled him to stay in bed.他的病迫使他卧床休息。
constrain v.力劝，强迫，与compel意思相近，但更多强调内心情感(如道德、怜悯等)的强迫和限制作用，一般用于正式的场合。
As an artist he didn't consider himself constrained by the same
rules of social conduct as other people.他认为自己是艺术家，不必象一般人那样要受到社会行为准则的约束。
force v.强迫,迫使,暴力威胁的意味较浓，常用于被动语态。
The thief forced her to hand over the money.强盗逼迫她把钱交出来。
oblige v. (因法律、习俗等)强迫，迫使，常常用于被动。
We are obliged to stop the car at a red light.我们遇到红灯时必须停车。
complaint, disorder
这两个词都有"疾病"的意思。
complaint n.疾病(主要指病人去看病时向医生描述的病症，既可以是小病、慢性病，也可以是传染性疾病);抱怨，埋怨，不满。
a heart complaint心脏病
disorder n. (精神或肉体的)疾病(着重于身心、机能的失调、不平衡);骚乱，动乱;混乱，杂乱。
a disorder of the digestive system消化系统疾病
complement, supplement，append
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这三个名词都有"补充"的意思。
complement n.补充，补充物，主要指补充不足使之完美。
Rice makes an excellent complement to a curry dish.有咖喱的菜配米饭最棒。
supplement n.增补，补充，补贴，主要指另外补加，增补。
One year after we made our report, we had to add a supplement to
cover new events.我们在报告完成一年之后，必须增补一个包含新事件的附加部分。
append n.附加，添上或补充某事物(尤指文字)。
The lawyer appended two more pages to the contract.律师在合同后又附加了两页。
component, element, factor, ingredient
这一组名词都有"组成成分"的意思。
component n.零部件;(某事物的)组成部分;成分。
Tires, the engine, the body, and the seats are component of a
car.轮胎，引擎，车身以及坐椅都是一辆汽车的零部件。
element n.元素;组成部分，方面;某特定类型的人或群体，分子。 The elements hydrogen and oxygen combine to form water.氢元素和氧元素构成了水。
He belongs to a bad element in this city.他属于这个城市的坏分子。
factor n.因素，要素，侧重指原因。
Endurance is an important factor in success in sports.耐力是体育比赛成功的一个重要因素。
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ingredient n.原料，成分，要素。
Flour, milk, butter and yeast are some ingredients in bread.面粉、牛奶、黄油和酵母是做面包的一些原料。
comprise, compose, consist, constitute, include
这一组动词都有"组成，包含"的意思。
comprise v.包含，包括，由,,组成(整体);组成，构成。
Our company's product line comprises 2,500 different items.我们公司的生产线是由2,500个不同的组成部分构成的。
compose v.构成(整体)，组成;由,,组成(后接of，常用于被动语态);创作(作曲、诗歌等)。
The committee was composed mainly of teachers and parents.委员会主要由教师和学生家长组成。
consist v.组成，构成,由,,组成(后接of，常用于主动语态);(后接in)在于，存在于。
The problem consists of two parts.问题由两部分组成。
The beauty of the plan consists in its simplicity.这计划的好处就在于简单易行。
constitute v.构成，组成(整体)。
Crime and illegal drugs constitute the city's major problems.犯罪和非法毒品买卖是这个城市面临的主要问题。
include v.包括，包含，把,,列入。
The conference delegates included representatives from abroad.大会代表中有来自海外的代表。
concentrate, focus
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这两个动词都有"集中"的意思。
concentrate v.集中，集中精力(后接on，宾语可以是具体或抽象的东西);浓缩，压缩。
During exams, students concentrate hard on answering the
questions.考试期间，同学们集中精力回答问题。
focus v.集中(于某事物);将(注意力等)集中于,,(后接on，宾语一般不是具体的东西)。
Please focus your minds on the following problem.请集中考虑以下问题。
confinement, limitation, restraint
这一组名词都有"限制，局限"的意思。
confinement n.限制，囚禁(于某地或某种境地)。
The prisoner was sentenced to three months' solitary confinement.
那犯人被判处单独监禁三个月。
limitation n.限制，局限;(能力的)缺点，弱点。
That employee has limitations on what work he can do.那个雇员能做的工作有限。
restraint n.克制，抑制;约束措施。
Even though the mother was very angry, she acted with restraint
and didn't yell at her child.即使母亲很生气，她仍克制自己没有向孩子大吼。
considerable, considerate
这是一对形近易混的形容词。
considerable a.相当大的，相当多的;值得考虑的。
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That family owns a considerable amount of land.那个家族拥有大量的土地。
considerate a.考虑周到的，体贴的，后面常跟of结构。
He is always considerate of others; he is kind and sympathetic.
他总是很体谅别人，他很慈善并且富有同情心。
conserve, preserve, reserve
这是一组形近易混词，且都有"保存"的意思。
conserve v.保存，保藏，保护(强调节约)。
In winter, some people conserve energy by lowing the heat at
night.冬天，为节约能源有些人在夜里把暖气调小。
preserve v.保护;维持;保养;防止(食物)腐败(强调使不受破坏)。 The government preserves the rights of the individual person.政府保护个人的权利不受侵犯。
reserve v.保留，储备(强调为某一特殊目的);订(座位)，预定。 We are reserving these seats for my parents.我们把这些座位留给我的父母。
continual, continuous, constant, incessant
这一组形容词都有"不断的，不停的"的意思。
continual a.连续不断的;频繁的。表示时断时续的发生。
That dog's barking is a continual annoyance.那条狗不停地叫，真是烦死人了。
continuous a.不停的，连续不断的，强调中间不停顿。
Our homes and offices need a continuous supply of electricity.我们的家庭以及办公室需要不间断的供电。
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constant a.不断的，经常的，强调始终如一地经常出现。
Everything in the universe is in constant motion.宇宙中的万物都在不断地运动。
incessant a.不停的，持续不断的，强调令人厌烦地重复出现，中间有可能有停顿。
Incessant noise makes me appreciate silence.持续不断的噪声骚扰使我喜欢安静的环境。
convert, invert, revert, transform
这一组动词都有"转变"的意思。
convert v.转变，变换，含有"使某人改变观点"的意思。
He wants to convert to Catholicism.他要皈依天主教。
invert v.使颠倒，使倒转，使反向。常常表示位置、顺序、方向等的颠倒。
The baby inverted the cup and spilled her orange juice.婴儿把杯子打翻，弄洒了里面的橙汁。
revert v.归还，恢复原状。指回到原来的状态或情形。
John gave his brother a house, and when his brother died,
ownership reverted back to John.约翰送给他的哥哥一所房子，当他的哥哥去世后，房子的所有权重新归于约翰。
transform v.改变，转变，指形状、颜色、大小、性质等的改变。
A little paint will soon transform the old house.刷一点油漆很快就会使这所旧房子大为改观。
credible, credulous, plausible
这一组形容词都有"可信的"意思。
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credible a.可信的，可靠的。
That the student told the teacher a credible story that she
missed classes because she was sick.那个学生跟老师讲了实情，她没来上课是因为她病了。
credulous a.轻信的，易于相信的。
She was credulous when she listened to the salesman and bought
the car for too much money.她很容易轻信别人，竟然听信那个销售员的话以高价买了那辆车。
plausible a.似乎有理的(可信的)。常带有怀疑的意思。
Even though it is a plausible explanation, I am not completely
convinced.虽然这个解释合理，但仍不可能使我完全相信。
decline, refuse, reject, deny
这组动词都有"拒绝"的意思。
decline v.婉言拒绝，谢绝，相当于refuse politely，主要用于拒绝有关社交活动的邀请或要求帮助的请求，后接名词或动词不定式，主语只能是人。
I invited her to join us, but she declined.我邀请她和我们在一起，可是她婉言谢绝了。
refuse v.是比较普通的用词，表示"拒绝"，含有非常坚决地、不客气地拒绝的意思。
reject v.抛弃，不采纳，主语可以是人或物，后接名词，不能接动词不定式。
He asked her to go to the movies three times, and each time she
rejected him.他三次约她去看电影但每一次都被拒绝
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deny v.否认，否定，其后可接名词，代词或that从句。
The defendant denied the accusations made against him in court.
被告在法庭上否认了对他的指控。
deduce, induce, reduce
这是一组形近易混词。
deduce v.推断，推理，演绎。
My friend becomes quiet when his girlfriend is angry with him;
today he is quiet and so I deduce she is angry.我的朋友在他的女朋友生他的气的时候就会变得沉默，今天他很沉默，所以我推断她生气了。 induce v.引诱，劝;引起，导致。
We couldn't induce the old lady to travel by air.我们无法劝说那位老太太坐飞机去。
reduce v.减轻，减小;降低。
He reduced his weight by 20 pounds by eating less and exercising.
他通过节食和运动，体重减轻了20磅。
delay, postpone
这两个词都有"延迟"之意。
delay v.延期，延缓，耽搁，常指由于不可避免的障碍等原因而延期。 Her late arrival delayed the start of the meeting.她的迟到使会议延迟开始。
postpone v.耽搁，暂缓，常指将某事放置一边，等到另一事发生或一定时间后再做。
Our meeting for today was postponed until next week.我们今天的会议推迟到下周举行。
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145 demonstrate, illustrate
这两个词都有"说明"的意思。
demonstrate v.多指通过具体动作或物体进行演示、示范、表演、展示等以达到说明或解释的目的。
This salesman demonstrated how to cook with a pressure cooker.这个推销员当众演示如何用压力锅煮东西。
illustrate v.强调通过举例、列图表或比较等方式来说明道理。 The teacher illustrated the history lesson by telling a story about
George Washington.那个老师通过乔治?华盛顿的故事来讲述他的历史课。
disappear, vanish, fade
这一组词都有"消失"的意思。
disappear v.消失，不见;灭绝，不复存在。是个一般用语。
The little dog was just there, then he disappeared.那条小狗刚才就在那里，然后就不见了。
vanish v.消失，不见，指突然间化为乌有，强调非常彻底地、神秘莫测地消失、失踪。
The man ransintosthe shop and vanished from sight.那个男子跑到了商店里，然后就消失了。
fade v.指衣服的颜色褪色，声音的逐渐消失。
The wallpaper has faded from red to pale pink.墙纸从红色褪成了淡粉色。
decline, decrease, diminish, reduce
这一组动词都有"减少"的意思。
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decline v. (数量、数字、价格、比率)下降，下落。
Last year, the crime rate in Chicago has sharply declined.去年芝加哥的犯罪率明显下降。
decrease v.减少，减小，强调逐渐地下降或减少的过程。
diminish v. (力量、势力)减弱，减少，强调由于某种原因而减少，这种减少可以造成能够为人们所察觉的后果或损失。
The need to take action has diminished.已经没有多少需要采取行动的必要性了。
reduce v.是及物动词，指通过人为的方法在数量、规模、范围等方面减少，也可以指在地位、重要性方面降低等级。
He reduced his weight by 20 pounds by eating less and exercising.
他通过节食和运动，体重减轻了20磅。
deviate, distract, divert
这三个词都有"转移"的意思。
deviate v.背离，偏离。多指脱离正轨或正题等。
He deviated from society by becoming a drug addict.他成为一名吸毒者，从而违背了社会道德准则。
distract v.使分心，分散(注意力、心理等)。常带有不能专心的意思。
Noise distracts him, so he can't study for exams.喧闹声分散了他的注意力，所以他无法进行考试的复习。
divert v.转移，使转向，着重改变后的结果，后常接介词from。
A loud noise diverted everyone's attention from their work.一声巨响转移了每个人的工作注意力。
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147 dip, immerse, submerge
这几个词都有"浸，浸入"的意思。
dip v.浸，浸染，蘸。多指短时地将某物部分地浸到液体中，有小心翼翼的意思。
The artist dipped his brush in the paint.艺术家拿画笔蘸了蘸颜料。
immerse v.沉浸，使沉浸于。指全部浸泡在液体中达一段时间，也可指一种氛围。
Students immerse themselves in their studies.同学们在专心致志地学习。
submerge v.浸没，淹没。多指全部浸没在水下达一定深度。
The girl was submerged in the shallow end of the pool.女孩泡在水池的浅水区一端。
divide, separate
这两个动词都有"分开"的意思。
divide v.分开，划分，指把整体分成若干部分，也表示"疏远"的意思，常用结构为"divide,from"。
The huge corporation dividedsintossmaller companies.这家大公司分成了一些较小的公司。
separate v.作及物动词时，意思是"分隔"，指把原来连接在一起或靠近的东西分隔开来，常用结构为"separate,from";作不及物动词时，表示"分散，分别"。
duty, obligation, responsibility
duty n.指道义上的责任，强调自觉性，作可数名词时指本职工作的
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任务。
His duty is to see that the business runs well.他的职责是保证生
意良好运转。
obligation n.指合同或法律上规定的"责任，义务"，强调其约束力。
Parents have a legal obligation to ensure that their children are
provided with efficient education suitable to their age.父母有法律
上的义务确保其子女受到适合其年龄的有效教育。
responsibility n.职责，强调对后果要负责任的意思。
His father is ill, and he has the responsibility of caring for
him.他的父亲病了，他有责任照顾他。
eject, inject, project
这是一组形近易混词。
eject v.跳出，喷出，弹射出。
The pilot ejected from the falling airplane.飞行员从坠落的飞机中
弹射出去。
inject v.注射。
The nurse injected some medicinesintosthe patient with a needle.
护士用注射器给患者打针。
project v.伸出，突出;预计，预报;投射，放映。
The balcony projects out beyond the wall of the house.阳台从房子
的墙壁上突出来。
The government projects that the defence budget will increase by
20% .政府预计国防预算将增长百分之二十。
eligible, illegible
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eligible a.享有权利的，具备资格的。
He graduated from high school with good grades, so he is
eligible to enroll in the state college.他以优异的成绩从中学毕业，所以他有资格就读于州立大学。
illegible a.很难看懂的，难以辨认的。
The writing is illegible; I cannot read what it says.字迹不清楚，我看不清上面写的是什么。
eminent, imminent
这是一组形近易混词。
eminent a.著名的，卓越的，接触的。
He is eminent in the field of linguistics.他在语言学领域很有名。
imminent a.即将发生的，迫在眉睫的，临近的。
The wedding date is imminent, so we must send invitations.婚礼迫近，所以我们必须发放请柬了。
emotion, feeling, passion, sensation, sentiment
这一组名词都有"感情"的意思。
emotion n.情感，感情，指喜怒哀乐等较激动的情绪，表示某物引起的激动。
He felt mixed emotions when he thought of her.当他想起她时便产生一种复杂的感情。
feeling n.指一般的情绪、感觉，它一般不反映感情的本质和强度。 passion n.激情，热情，欲望，极度的仇恨，指强烈的爱好、愤怒或情欲。
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He spoke with passion about the love of freedom.他满腔热情地谈论
着对自由的热爱。
sensation n.指人体感官受到外部刺激时产生的感觉，知觉。
When she watched the film, she had the sensation that she was in a moving car.她看电影时，感觉自己正坐在一辆开动的汽车上。
sentiment n.思想感情，情绪，感情色彩，指由于某种思想唤起的感情，强
调主观作用，有时候也带有理智成分。
When our grandmother died, we remembered her life with strong sentiment.当祖母逝世时，我们深深地怀念她的一生。
encourage, excite, inspire, motivate, stimulate
这一组动词都有"鼓励、刺激"的意思。
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