初中英语语法专题讲座07——动词[最新]

初中英语语法专题讲座07——动词[最新] * * * * * * * * * * * * 初中英语语法专题讲座——动词 一、一般现在时:【复习要点】 1. 一般现在时的构成: 表示动作中状态的词叫做动词。动词有五种形态:原形、第三人称单数形式、一般现在时是由动词的现在式来表示的，所谓动词的现在式，是指动词原形和过去式、过去分词、现在分词。 -s形式，后者用于第三人称单数的主语。例如:I study in a school near here. 我根据其在句中的功能，动词可分为四类:实义动词、系动词、助动词、情态动在附近的一所学校读书。My father often works far into the night. 父亲常常工作词。 到深夜。 注意:基本助动词只有三个:be, do, have, 他们没有词汇意义，只有语法作用，实义动词的否定式和疑问式要由助动词do / does来构成，例如:They don’t like 如协助构成进行体，完成体，被动态，否定句，疑问句等。例如:He is giving living in the city. 他们不喜欢住在城里。She doesn’t speak German very a lecture. 他在作报告He has made a plan. 他已经订了计划The small animals well. 她德语说得不太好。Do you watch TV on Sundays? 你每个星期天都看电are kept in the cages. 小动物都关在笼子里。 视吗,Where does he work? 他在哪里工作, 还可以根据其后是否带有宾语分为两类:及物动词和不及物动词。缩写形式分 别为vt. 和vi. 2. 一般现在时的基本用法:英语的动词从是否独立用作谓语来看，可以分为谓语动词和非谓语动词两种。? 表示经常性或习惯性的动作，常与always, usually, sometimes, often, every 所谓谓语动词，其实就是动词独立用作谓语时的形式;非谓语动词就是动词不day等时间状语连用。例如:We have an English class every day except 独立用作谓语时的形式。前者由动词的各种时态形式来表示，后者则由不定式、Thursday. 除了星期四，我们每天都上英语课。It often rains here in spring. 这分词和动名词来表示。英语谓语动词的八种时态、语态和几种变化形式如下:里春天经常下雨。They always go to Italy for their holidays. 他们总是去意大利 度假。Sometimes I come by train, but usually I come by car. 有时我乘火车来， 但是通常我乘汽车来。 八种时态 主动语态 被动语态 ? 表示现在的特征和状态，通常不带时间状语。例如:She likes bread, but she 一般现在时 do; does am; is; are done doesn’t like pizza. 她爱吃面包，而不爱吃比萨饼。Do you speak English? 你会 一般过去时 did; -ed was; were done 说英语吗, 一般将来时 will do will be done ? 表示客观真理、科学事实、格言等。例如:The sun always rises in the east. 太 现在进行时 am; is; are doing am; is; are being done 阳总是从东方升起。Twice three makes six. 2乘3等于6。 过去进行时 was; were doing was; were being done ? 在时间状语从句和条件状语从句中表示将来的动作或状态。例如:I will 现在完成时 have; has done have; has been done discuss this with you when we meet. 我们见面的时候，我会和你讨论这件事。 过去完成时 had done had been done We will not leave until we are asked to. 直到我们被要求离开，我们才会离开。 过去将来时 would do would be done If the weather is fine tomorrow, we shall go on a field trip. 如果明天天晴，我们 情态动词 情态动词+do 情态动词+be done 就去考察旅行。 They will stand by you even if you don’t succeed. 即便你不成功，他们也会支持建造 build built built 你。 燃烧 burn burnt / burned burnt / burned 买 buy bought bought 二、一般过去时: 抓住 catch caught caught 1. 一般过去时的构成: 选择 choose chose chosen 来 come came come 一般过去时是由动词的过去式来表示的，而动词的过去式是在动词原形的基础 价值 花费 cost cost cost 上变化的。动词的过去式可分为 规则 编码规则下载淘宝规则下载天猫规则下载麻将竞赛规则pdf麻将竞赛规则pdf 动词和不规则动词。规则动词的过去式变 切 cut cut cut 化如下: 挖 dig dug dug (1)一般情况下，动词词尾加-ed ，如:worked played wanted acted 做 do did done 画 draw drew drawn (2)以不发音的e结尾动词，动词词尾加-d，如:lived moved decided declined 做梦 dream dreamt/dreamed dreamt / dreamed hoped judged raised wiped 喝 drink drank drunk (3)以辅音字母 + y结尾的动词，把y变为i 再加-ed，如:studied tried copied 开车,驾驶 justified cried carried embodied emptied 注意:以元音字母 + y结尾的动词，直drive drove driven 接加-ed，如:played 吃 eat ate eaten (4)以一个辅音字母结尾的重读闭音节动词，双写词尾辅音字母，再加-ed，落下 fall fell fallen 如:stopped begged fretted dragged dropped planned dotted dripped 喂 feed fed fed 觉得 feel felt felt (5)不规则动词的过去式(过去分词)变化规律性不强，须多加记忆。 打仗 fight fought fought 找到 find found found 原形动词 中文意思 过去式 过去分词 飞 fly flew flown 唤醒 awake awoke / awaked awoke / awaked 忘记 forget forgot forgot/ forgotten 忍受 出生 bear bore born / borne 冻结 freeze froze frozen 击打 beat beat beaten 得到 get got got / gotten 变得 成为 become became become 给 give gave given 开始 begin began begun 去 go went gone 咬 bite bit bit / bitten 长大 grow grew grown 吹 blow blew blown 绞死 hang hanged hanged 打断 break broke broken 悬挂 hang hung hung 带来 bring brought brought 有 说 have had had say said said 听 看 hear heard heard see saw seen 躲藏 卖 hide hid hid / hidden sell sold sold 打击 送 hit hit hit send sent sent 抓 拿 摇 hold held held shake shook shaken 伤害 射击 hurt hurt hurt shoot shot shot 保持 关闭 keep kept kept shut shut shut 知道 唱 know knew known sing sang sung 放 下沉，沉没 lay laid laid sink sank sunk 领导 坐 lead led led sit sat sat 学习 睡 learn learnt / learned learnt / learned sleep slept slept 离开 嗅 , 闻 leave left left smell smelled / smelt smelled / smelt 借出 说 lend lent lent speak spoke spoken 让 花费 let let let spend spent spent 撒谎 站 lie lied lied stand stood stood 躺 偷 lie lay lain steal stole stolen 丢失 扫 lose lost lost sweep swept swept 制做 游泳 make made made swim swam swum 意思是 拿 mean meant meant take took taken 遇见 教 meet met met teach taught taught 误解, 弄错 告诉 mistake mistook mistaken tell told told 误解，误会 想 misunderstand misunderstood misunderstood think thought thought 付钱 扔 pay paid paid throw threw thrown 放 知道 put put put understand understood understood 读 醒 read read read wake woke / waked woke/waked/ woken 骑 穿 ride rode ridden wear wore worn 响铃 赢 ring rang rung win won won 上升 写 rise rose risen write wrote written 跑 run ran run 2. 一般过去时的基本用法: ? 表示过去某时或某时段内发生的动作或情况，常常带有表示过去时间的状a. be going to 表示近期,眼下就要发生的事情,will 表示的将来时间则较远一些,语，如:yesterday, two days ago, last month, just now, a moment ago, the other day, 如: He is going to write a letter tonight. He will write a book one day. in 2000等。例如:It was Tuesday yesterday. 昨天是星期二。When did you meet b. be going to 表示根据主观判断将来肯定发生的事情,will 表示客观上将来势him? Ten minutes ago. 你什么时候遇见他的, 10分钟以前。We lived in a 必发生的事情. He is seriously ill. He is going to die. He will be twenty years old. small town for about five years. 我们在一个小城里住了大约5年。 ? 表示过去的习惯性动作，通常带有表示频度的状语。例如:He always carried c. be going to 含有"计划,准备"的意思,而 will 则没有这个意思,如: She is going an umbrella with him. 他总是带着一把伞。He was often late for school last to lend us her book. He will be here in half an hour. term. 上个学期他常常上学迟到。She went out shopping once a week, in the d.在有条件从句的主句中,一般不用 be going to, 而多用 will, 如: If any beasts evenings.她每周一次晚上出去采购。 comes at you, I'll stay with you and help you. ?.go，come，start，move，sail，leave，arrive，stay，live, fly,等可用进行时态三、一般将来时: 表示按计划即将发生的动作，例如:I'm leaving for Beijing我要去北京 1. 一般将来时的构成: ?.“be to+动词原形”表示按计划要发生的事或征求对方意见。例如:Are we to 一般将来时由“助动词shall / will，动词原形”构成，shall用于第一人称，willgo on with this work?我们继续干吗,The boy is to go to school tomorrow.这个男用于第二、第三人称。美国英语在陈述句中不论什么人称一律使用will，英国 孩明天要去上学。 英语现在也有这种趋势。shall / will在口语中可以略作’ll，如:I’ll, You’ll, He’ll, ?(“be about to+动词原形”表示即将发生的动作，意为:很快，马上。后面一She’ll, It’ll, They’ll等等。 般不跟时间状语。例如:We are about to leave.我们马上就走。 ?(某些词，如come，go，leave，arrive，start，get，stay，live, 等的一般现2. 一般将来时的用法: 在时也可表示将来。例如:The meeting starts at five o'clock.会议五点开始 He ?.一般将来时的基本用法:表示将来要发生的动作或情况，常常带有表示将gets off at the next stop.他下一站下车。 来时间的状语，如:tomorrow, next week, in two days, from now on, soon, in 2050等。例如:He will come back soon. 他很快就会回来的。It will be Tuesday 四、过去将来时: tomorrow. 明天是星期二。We shall / will not be there till eleven. 我们要到111. 过去将来时的构成: 点钟才会到那里。When will the train arrive? 火车什么时候到, 过去将来时有两种基本形式:“助动词would ，动词原形”和“was / were going 注意:shall有时在疑问句中，用来有礼貌地征询对方的意见。例如:Shall I open the window? Yes, please. (= Would you like me to„?) 我把窗户打开好吗,好，to ，动词原形”。 请吧。 2. 过去将来时的基本用法: ?.一般将来时的其他用法: ?. “be going to+动词原形” 一般将来时是以现在时间为基点来看将来。如果说话人以过去某时为基点来看注意:be going to 与 will 的区别:将来，这就需要使用过去将来时。过去将来时多用于宾语从句(包括间接引语)， 表示从句动作发生在主句动作之后。例如: ?. “would+动词原形”。常表示按计划或安排即将发生的事。例如:He said he 4 以,ie结尾的动词，把变成y再加,ing 例如:lie -- lying tie --- tying die would come to see me.他说他要来看我。He told me he would go to Beijing.他告--- dying 诉我他将去北京。 2. 现在进行时的基本用法: ?. “was/ were + going to+动词原形”。常可用来表示按计划或安排即将发生的?. 表示说话时正在进行的动作，常与now, at the moment等时间状语连用，事。例如:She said she was going to start off at once.她说她将立即出发。I was told 有时，句首有look, listen等词提示。例如:What are you doing now? I am cleaning that he was going to return home.有人告诉我他准备回家。 the window. 你现在正在做什么,我正在擦窗户。Uncle Wang is making a new 此结构还可表示根据当时情况判断有可能但不一定会发生某事。例如:It kite at the moment. 王伯伯此刻正在制作一个新式风筝。Look! The students of seemed as if it was going to rain. Class Five are having an English lesson. 看～五班的学生正在上英语课。看来好像要下雨。 ?. come， go， leave， arrive， start等动词可用过去进行时代替过去将来时。?.表示现阶段正在进行的动作，常与now, these days等时间状语连用。例如:例如:He said the train was leaving at six the next morning.他说火车将于第二天He is now living in Australia. 目前他正住在澳大利亚。(动作具有暂时性。请早晨六点离开。 比较:He lives in Australia. 他定居在澳大利亚。I am working in a computer ?.条件状语从句和时间状语从句中须用一般过去时代替过去将来时。例如:I company right now. 我眼下正在一家电脑公司工作。How are you getting along didn’t know when she would come，but when she came I would let you know.我不these days? 这些天来你过得好吗, 知道她什么时候来，但她来了我会告诉你。The teacher said that it would be very ?.有时，现在进行时可以表示按计划安排将要发生的动作，特别是使用表示difficult to make progress if I didn’t work hard.老师说，如果我不努力学习的话，位置转移的动词时，如go, come, leave, start, arrive等。例如:We are going to 就很难取得进步。 Rome next week. 下周我们准备去罗马。Mr. Black is leaving Shanghai in a few 五、现在进行时: days. 过几天，布莱克先生就要离开上海了。When are you starting? 你什么时 候动身, 1. 现在进行时的构成: ?.现在进行时往往带有感情色彩，使描述显得生动，有时还可以和always, 现在进行时由“助动词be (am / is / are)，现在分词”构成。现在分词的构成规则forever等词连用。例如:I am now living in a very pleasant house. 我现在住在如下: 一座非常舒适的房子里。(表示满意)We are missing you very much. 我们非?.一般情况下，直接在动词后加,ing 例如:work -- working sleep -- sleeping 常想念你。(表示挚爱)She is always helping me in the kitchen. 她总是帮我干 厨房活。(表示赞扬)You are always saying that. 你总是说那样的话。(表示study -- studying ?.动词以不发音的,e结尾，要去,e加,ing 例如:take --- taking make --- 不满)She is always changing her clothes. 她总是换不同的衣服。(表示厌烦) making dance -- dancing ?.重读闭音节的动词，要双写词尾字母，再加,ing 例如:cut --- cutting put -- 六、过去进行时: putting begin -- beginning swim—swimming run?running stop—stopping 注意:fix -- fixing1. 过去进行时的构成:过去进行时由“助动词be (was / were)，现在分词”构 成。 ?.强调不久前完成的动作对现在产生的影响，常与just, already, yet(用于否定2. 过去进行时的基本用法: 句和疑问句)连用，谓语动词用瞬时性动词。例如:He has just gone out. (= He ?.表示过去某一时刻正在进行的动作，常用的时间状语有:at that moment, at is not here now.) 他刚刚出去。I have already finished my lunch. (= I need no ten o’clock last night, (at) this time yesterday, when I came in等等。例如:What more food.) 我已经吃过午饭了。Have you heard the news yet? (= Do you know were you doing at seven last night? I was watching TV. 昨晚7点钟你在做什 what the news is?) 你听到这个消息了吗,么,我在看电视。When I arrived, Tom was talking on the phone. 我到达时，汤?.强调直到现在为止的生活经历，常与never, ever(用于否定句和疑问句)，姆正在打电话。 (only) once, twice, three times等连用，可以用how many times提问。谓语动词?.表示过去某阶段正在进行或暂时性的动作,常用的时间状语有:at that time, 用延续性动词。例如:He has never been late for school. 他上学从未迟到过。all the morning，the whole evening, all day yesterday等。例如:At that time he was Have you ever climbed that mountain? Yes, several times. 那座山你爬过吗,爬working in Sydney. 那时，他正在悉尼工作。I was writing a letter between 8:00 过，爬过好几次呢。How many times have you been to England? Only once. 你and 9:00 last Sunday morning. 上周日早晨8—9点之间我(一直)在写信。What 去过英国几次,只去过一次。 was he researching all day last Sunday? 上周日他一整天都在研究什么, 3. 现在完成时的“未完成”用法: ?.过去进行时表示感情的色彩:与现在进行时相似，过去进行时也可表示满意、表示动作或状态从过去某时开始，一直延续至今，可能刚刚结束，也可能继续称赞、惊讶、厌恶等感情的色彩，也通常与 always, forever等副词连用。如:下去。常与for短语、since短语或since从句连用，可以用how long提问。谓They were always quarrelling. 他们老是吵架。The boy was continually asking 语动词用延续性动词。例如:How long have you lived here? I have lived here for questions. 这个男孩子老是问东问西的。 about ten years. 你在这里住多久了,我在这里住了大约10年了。We have been ?.过去进行时和一般过去时的比较:前者常表示动作尚未完成，后者则表示very busy since the new term began. 新学期开始以来，我们很忙。I haven’t seen 动作已经完成。请比较: him again since November. 自11月以来我就没有再见过他。(see虽然不是延I was reading a book that evening. 那天晚上我(一直)在读书。(读了一些，但续性动词，但其否定式却可以表示一种延续的状态。) 没读完)I read a book that evening. 那天晚上我读了一本书。(已经读完)注意: ?. 瞬间动词又称为终止性动词或非延续性动词，它表示的动作不能延续，也 就是说动作一旦发生就立即结束，并产生某种结果。延续性动词表示的动作不七、现在完成时: 但可以延续，而且可以产生持久的影响。 1. 现在完成时的构成: leave?be away, borrow?keep, buy?have, begin/start?be on, die?be dead, 现在完成时由“助动词have / has ，过去分词”构成。规则动词的过去分词由“动move to?live in, finish?be over, join?be in/be a member of, open sth.?be open 词原形，-ed”构成，其构成规则可见“一般过去式”的有关内容。 close?be closed catch/get a cold?have a cold arrive?be here fall asleep?be asleep 2. 现在完成时的“已完成”用法: ?. for和since 的区别: 表示动作在不久前已经完成，但与现在的情况有联系。它有以下两个具体用法: since 用来说明动作的起始时间，即从某时间点开始，for用来说明动作的延续have been to意思是“去过(某地)”，即have traveled to and returned from。时间长度，即多长时间，时间段。如:I have lived here for five years.我住在这have gone to意思是“去了(某地)”，即have traveled to。换句话说，have been 儿有五年了。I have lived here since five years ago.我五年前就住在这儿。to的行为者现在在本地，have gone to的行为者现在不在本地。请比较: They have been to the farm. 他们去过农场。(已返回) They have gone to the farm. 他?.since 的四种用法: 们去农场了。(未返回) 1)since +过去某时间点，主句用现在完成时态。如:He has been here since 1999.八、过去完成时: 他从1999年一直在这儿。 2)since+一段时间+ ago，表示“自„„时间前开始至今”， 主句用现在完成1. 过去完成时的构成:过去完成时由“助动词had ，过去分词”构成。 时态。如:He has been here since five years ago.他从五年前以来就在这儿。 2. 过去完成时的基本用法: 3)since +一般过去时从句。主句用现在完成时态。例如:Many things have changed since you left.自从你离开以来，许多事情发生了变化。 过去完成时与现在时间没有联系，它主要表示在过去某一时间以前发生的动4)It is/has been +一段时间+since 从句。例如:It is/has two years since I came here.作，即“过去的过去”。 ? “已完成”用法:表示一个动作在过去某一时间或某一动作之前就已完成，时我来这儿2年了。 间状语常用by yesterday, by the end of last week, by the time he was ten, before I 4. 现在完成时与一般过去时的比较: came等。根据两个动作发生的先后顺序不同，过去完成时可以用在主句中，?.这两种时态都表示动作发生在过去，但是，现在完成时强调动作与现在的也可以用在从句中。例如:By the end of last month, he had only finished half of 联系，如对现在产生的影响或延续到现在，等等。而一般过去时则只表示动作the work. 到上月底为止，他只完成了工作的一半。By the time the doctor arrived, 发生在过去，与现在没有联系。请比较:I have lost my key. 我丢了钥匙。(现the patient had died. 到医生到来时，病人已经去世了。I hadn’t learnt any English [1]在还未找到，因而不能开门。) I lost my key yesterday. 我昨天丢了钥匙。(现before I came here. 我来这里以前没有学过英语。I found your coat after you 在是否找到，不得而知。) He has lived there all his life. 他在那里住了一辈子。had left the house. 你离开屋子以后，我找到了你的外衣。 (现在还活着) He lived there all his life. 他一辈子都在那里住的。(现在已在宾语从句中也经常使用过去完成时，表示从句动作先于主句动作发生。例如:去世) I thought I had seen him before. 我原以为我以前见过他。He said that the rain ?.现在完成时所表示的动作除了与现在有联系外，还应当是可以再次重复的had stopped. 他说雨已经停了。 动作。而一般过去时则只表示动作已经发生过，并不涉及该动作是否可以再次? “未完成”用法:表示一个动作在过去某一时间以前就已开始，一直延续到这重复。例如，“你看过那部电影吗,”这句话就可能有两种说法:Have you seen 一过去时间，并有可能继续下去。常于for, since引导的短语或从句连用。例the film? (用现在完成时，指那部电影仍在放映，还可以去看。) Did you see 如:By six o’clock they had worked for 12 hours. 到6点钟为止，他们已经工作the film? (用一般过去时，指那部电影的映期已过，看不到了。) 了12个小时。He said that he had been in England for 10 years. 他说他在英国住 了10年。I met Mr. Lee last week. We had known each other since our 5. have been to与have gone to的比较: schooldays. 上周我遇到李先生，我们上学时就相识了。 九、现在完成进行时: boy was made to work twelve hours a day. 这个男孩被迫每天干十二个小时的 活。Every day I am made to have an egg and some milk. 我每天不得不吃一个鸡现在完成进行时指一个从过去就开始一直延续到现在并由可能继续下去的动 蛋，喝一些牛奶。作,它具有现在完成时和现在进行时双重特征,结构是:“have/has + been +动词相关链接:have, make, let等使役动词和see, hear, listen to, look at, watch, notice, 的现在分词”。如:I have been swimming in the cold water for about two hours.(我observe 等感官动词都可接不带to的不定式作宾补。help后可带to,也可不带to。已经在冰冷的水里游了将近两个小时)/ How long have you been waiting 如:Let him do whatever he wishes to do. 他想干什么就让他干吧。Did you see here?(你在这里一直等了多久,) him go out? 你看见他出去了吗,I often help my mother (to) do some housework. 我经常帮助妈妈做些家务。 十、初中阶段“动词+宾语+宾语补足语”用法举例: 4、“make，宾语，,-ed(过去分词作宾补)”这个结构指宾语接受后面的那个【宾语补足语概念早知道】有些及物动词后接宾语时，还需要加一个词或短语动作，表示被动的意思，意为 “使某人 / 某事被……”。如:The strange noise 来补充说明宾语的情况，这样的词或短语我们称之为宾语补足语。宾语补足语made us frightened. 奇怪的声音使我们感到恐惧。The good news made us excited. 这个好消息使我们兴奋。 可以是名词、形容词、副词、介词短语、动词不定式、V-ed形式或V-ing形式 友情提示:通常情况下，make后的宾语是反身代词时，作宾补的动词要用过等。 去分词，即:make oneself，V-ed (heard, known, understood)。如:He couldn't , “make+宾语+宾语补足语”句型: make himself heard above the noise of the traffic. 在交通嘈杂声中他无法使自己 的声音提高到让别人听到。I think it is difficult to make myself understood.我想让make用作使役动词表示 “使;使成为” 时，可跟复合结构，即“make+宾语+ 别人理解我太难了. 宾语补足语”，其中的宾语补足语可以是不带to的不定式、过去分词、形容词 但有时，根据句子意思也可用其他形式。如:The little child stood on the chair 或名词。现将make的复合宾语结构小结如下: to make himself look taller. 那个小孩儿站在椅子上，使他看上去更高些。1、“make，宾语，n.” 意为“使、让某人 / 某物(成为)……”。如:We made him captain of our football team. 我们推选他作我们足球队队长。We made him our 友情提示:现在分词作宾补和不带 to 的不定式作宾补的区别是:现在分词一monitor. 我们选他当班长。 般表示动作正在进行，而不带 to 的不定式则一般表示动作已经完成。如:I saw 2、“make，宾语，adj.” 意为 “使某人 / 某事(变得)……”。如:The news that him putting his hand into his pocket. (动作正在进行) I saw him put his hand into our team had won made us very happy. 我们队赢了的消息使我们大家非常高兴。 his pocket. (动作已经完成) We must make the rivers clean. 我们必须净化河水。 友情提示:当宾语是不定式短语或从句时，多用it作形式宾语。如:The heavy , “have+宾语+宾语补足语”句型: rain made it impossible for us to go out. 大雨使得我们无法出去。 动词have后面的宾语补足语有三种不同的形式: 3、“make，宾语，do sth.”(不带to的不定式)”意为 “使某人做某事”。如:What 1(“have+宾语+动词不定式(短语)”结构要求用动词不定式短语作宾语补足makes the grass grow? 什么东西使得草生长,Our teacher makes us feel more 语，而且动词不定式(短语)不能带to，意为“让某人做某事”。这种结构中confident. 老师使得我们感到更自信了。 的have，在含义和用法上与作使役动词用的make差不多。例如: I’ll have my 友情提示:在被动语态中，此类结构中省略的动词不定式 to 要还原。如:The sister sing an English song.我将让我妹妹唱一首英语歌。 “leave+宾语+宾补”结构中leave作为及物动词，可以表示“使保留，让……处2(“have+宾语+现在分词(短语)”结构要求用现在分词(短语)作宾语补足于(某种状态、某地等)”。其后接形容词、分词、不定式、介词短语、名词或句语，其含义也是“让某人做某事”，但与动词不定式(短语)作宾语补足语有 子等补足语。 a. leave，宾语，宾补(形容词)例如:would you please leave the door open for me? 区别:动词不定式(短语)强调的是动作的全过程，而现在分词(短语)强调 的是动作正在进行中。这种结构中的have在含义和用法上与“keep+宾语+现请你为我把门开着，好吗, 在分词”结构中的keep基本相同。例如:Don’t have the boy standing outside.b. leave，宾语，宾补(分词) 例如:He has left me waiting for a long time. 他(别让孩子站在外面。) 让我等了好长时间。That man left the bike mended. 那人没修那辆自行车。 3(“have+宾语+过去分词(短语)”结构要求用过去分词(短语)作宾语补足 语。它有三种不同的含义: c. leave，宾语，宾补(介词短语)例如:You must leave him at home. 你必须1)表示请别人做某事。例如: My watch doesn’t work.. I’m going to have it 把他留在家里。 repaired.(我的手表坏了，我想请人修理一下。) , “find+宾语+宾语补足语”句型: 2)表示遭遇到某事。例如:She had her bike stolen.(她的自行车被人偷了。) “find，宾语，宾语补足语”结构在初中英语教材中频繁出现，现将其常见结3)表示完成某事。例如:We must have this work finished by Saturday.(我们一 构归纳如下: 定要在星期六以前完成这项工作。)1、find，宾语，名词(词组)。例如:The teacher found the girl a good singer(老 师发现这个女孩是个出色的歌手。We found it a difficult problem(我们发现这, “keep+宾语+宾语补足语”句型: 是一个难题。 keep 用作及物动词常用句型为“ keep+宾语+宾语补足语”，意为“使……保持某2、find，宾语，形容词。例如:Many people found English more and more 种状态”，可分为以下三种情况: useful(很多人发现英语越来越有用。They found the boy very clever(他们发现1、“keep+宾语+形容词/副词”的句型，Keep在此句型中表示“使(人或物)保持在这个男孩很聪明。 (某一状态)”的意思。如:He always keeps his room clean.他总是把他的房间保3、find，宾语，副词。例如:When I rang up Mike，I found him out(我给迈克持得干干净净的。Keep the door closed, please.请关上门。The other students in the 打电话时，发现他出去了。 class keep their eyes closed.班上的其他学生闭上了眼睛。 4、find，宾语，介词短语。例如:I found the cat under the desk(我发现那只猫 +介词短语。如:Please keep your hands behind your back.请把手2、keep+宾语在桌子底下。We found Lin Tao at home(我们发现林涛在家里。 放在背后。:They must keep their hands behind their backs.他们必须把手放在背5、find，宾语，现在分词。例如:When I went into her room，I found her reading 后。 Don't you want to keep me in the classroom? 你是不是叫我一直呆在教室里a book(我走进她房间时，发现她在看一本书。The girl found a purse lying on the 不出去?ground(这位姑娘发现地上有一个钱包。 3、keep+宾语+V-ing(现在分词) 如:Don't keep them working day and night.6、find，宾语，过去分词。例如:The next morning，the old man found himself 不要让他们不分白天黑夜的工作。covered with an old coat(第二天早晨，老人发现自己身上盖着一件旧大衣。 , “leave+宾语+宾语补足语”句型: 7、当不定式作find的宾语时，通常用it作形式宾语，真正的宾语则放在宾语 补足语之后。例如:He found it very difficult to solve the problem(他发现要解分析:本题后半句“just now”意为“刚才”，很明显要用“一般过去时”，因此前句决这个问题很难。You will find it difficult to get along with him. 你会发现他这个如用“现在进行时”就不妥，造成句意逻辑上的错误。前句用“现在完成时”才对。人很难相处。 所以本题答案应该选:A 2. This kind of fridge _____ very well. A sell B sells C are sold D is sold 【知识再巩固】 分析:在英语中，表达某物销路不错，要用表示“特点”的“一般现在时”形式，a) 用括号中所给动词的适当形式填空。 而不能用“被卖”这种被动语态形式来表示。由于本句主语“this kind of fridge”1. We found the room _______ (crowd) with people. 是单数第三人称，所以本题答案应该选:B 2. The officer ordered the soldiers _______ (stand) in line. 3. What ___ Mr. Smith? He looks worried so much. A happens with B happens to C 3. We will never get all the work _______ (finish). happened with D happened to 4. I noticed Lucy _______ (come) out from the office sadly just now. 分析:在英语中，“发生”通常可译为“happened”或“took place”，要注意它不能5. The police told the kids _______ (not play) in the streets. 变“被动语态”。本题之意是“史密斯先生发生了什么事,他显得很焦虑。”因此，b) 单项选择: “发生”不能用表示经常行为的“一般现在时”形式，应该用“一般过去时”的6. I _______ my purse at home this morning. A. missed B. lost C. left D. let “happened to sb.”固定词组来表达。所以本题答案应该选:D 4. _____ clothes are usually _____ near a fire in winter. 7. This morning I _______. A Washed, hung B Washed, hanged C Washing, hung D Washing, hanged A. cut my hair B. have my hair cut C. had cut my hair D. had my hair cut分析:“washed”意为“被洗过的”，可以修饰“衣服”;“washing”意为“正在洗的”， 它该修饰人、不该修饰“衣服”。后句意为“被挂在火炉旁”，该用过去分词“hung”8. It’s hot in the room. Please keep the windows_______. 才对。“hanged”也是“hang”的过去分词，但是它的意思是“被绞死”。所以本题 A. open B. opened C. to open D. opening 答案应该选:A 9. We all think him _______. 5. The book _____ by me. I _____ it to a friend of mine. A. is good B. be good C. like a good man D. a good man A is written, sent B is written, have sent 10. She was never seen _______ again. A. late B. was late C. to be late D. be lateC was written, sent D was written, have sent 分析:“书是被某人写的”、“书是在某地方被写的”都是表示发生在以前的动作， 该用一般过去时被动语态。如过说“书是被用英语写的”，那就是指书的特点了，参考答案:1. crowded 2. to stand 3. finished 4. come 5. not to play 6-10 CDADC 就该用一般现在时被动语态了。后半句意为“我把它寄给朋友了”是强调现在书 不在我这里。不是强调过去寄的，不该用一般过去时，而该用现在完成时。这【考题分析】 种类型的时态，学生最容易错，千万要注意。英语中有许多动作是以前发生的、 但没有时间状语的句子都用“现在完成时”表达。所以本题答案应该选:D1. Look. Mary _____ a nice dog. She _____ it just now. A has drawn, drew B drew, has drawn C is drawing, drew D is drawing, has drawn 6. Mr. Jackson ___ the city quite well since he ___ in the city for a couple of years. A. is B. was C. has been D. will be 分析:宾语从句表示一个客观事实或客观真理时，其时态不受主句时态的限制 而使用一般现在时。答案:A A knows, was B has known, was C knows, has been D has known, has been 11. SARS ______ by SARS patients’ breathing, coughs and sneezes(喷嚏). 分析:本句中的“since”不是“自从”之意，因此，前半句与后半句用“现在完成 时”和“一般现在时”的形式做是错误的。本句中的“since”意为“由于”，与“as”近A. were spread (传播) B. was spread C. are spread D. is spread 分析:SARS(呼吸系统障碍综合症)是一种的疾病名称缩写词，视为单数，义。根据句意，“熟悉城市”是表示杰克逊先生的“特点”，要用“一般现在时”表 达;“他来到这个城市有两、三年了”是表示到现在为止的结果情况，要用“现接单数谓语动词。本句指一般的传播途径，并非指某一次，所以不用过去时。 答案:D在完成时”表达。所以本题答案应该选:C 7. Could you tell me ___? 12. Lei Feng ______ always ______ of others when he______ in the army. A how to do it B why do it C how to do D what to do it 分析:由于“do”通常用作及物动词，因此要注意它有否宾语。要避免“C”的没A. is, thinking, was B. was, thinking, was C. did, think, is D. was, thinking, was 有宾语和“D”的重叠宾语的错误。“B”是不定式遗漏了“to”，所以本题答案应该 选:A 关于“do”的这种特点很重要，为了熟记它，可以背一句口诀:“how to 分析:此句带有一种赞赏的感情色彩，称赞雷锋总是(always)想着别人这一 习惯性动作，因此think of 应用进行时。答案:D do it, what to do” 8. English is his favorite subject. He can _____ it very fluently. ,巩固练习, A say B talk C speak D tell 分析:由于后句“it”指的是“English”，因此要用动词“speak”才对。所以本题答一、用所给动词的正确时态填空: 案应该选“C”。“talk”是不及物动词，后面不跟宾语。“speak”既可作不及物动词1. Please don’t get off the bus until it __________ (stop). 用，也可作及物动词，宾语只能是语言。“tell”的宾语有限;有“tell a story”、“ tell 2. Mr. Brown will go fishing if it __________ (not rain) tomorrow. the difference”、“ tell the truth”、“ tell a lie”等。say一般作及物动词用，着重说3. Bill is strict with himself. He never (leave) today’s work for tomorrow. 话的内容，它的宾语可以是名词，代词或宾语从句。例如:say it in English. 4. About 400 years ago, Galileo(伽利略) proved that the earth __________ (go) 9. Please _____ the city map before you go sightseeing. around the sun. A look at B have a look C watch D read5. You may go fishing if your work __________ (finish). 分析:在英语中，“看”在不同场合有不同的译法。“look at”意为“粗略地看”;6. Everyone in our class __________ (worry) about the coming exam. “have a look”意为“看一下”，其后不能跟宾语;watch表示“观看”，常用于看7. Nanjing is one of the most beautiful cities in China. It __________ (attract) 电视或看比赛等词组中。“看书”、“看地图”都要用动词“read”，意为“阅读”、“查large numbers of tourists. 看”。所以本题答案应该选:D 8. My brother likes English very much. He ________ (practise) reading every day. 10. The teacher told us yesterday that December 25 ______ Christmas Day. 9. Young people usually __________ (prefer) pop music to traditional one. A. were driving B. drive C. have driven D. will drive 5. At Susan’s office ______ at nine o’clock. 10. Someone __________ (call) you this morning when you __________ (be) out. A. starts work B. work starts C. works start D. starts the work 6. I beg your pardon? I ______ quite catch it. 11. They __________ (not leave) until you come back. A. didn’t B. wouldn’t C. don’t D. can’t 12. Let’s hurry up. It __________ (rain) very soon. 7. It ______ my sister’s birthday the day after tomorrow. She ______ a party. 13. Mr. Smith told me that there _____ (be) a talk on American history tonight. ____ you ____ (come)? A. is going to be, will have B. will be, is having 14. Nobody could tell exactly how far light __________ (travel) in a year.C. will be, is going to have D. will have, is going to be 8. We ______ to the zoo if it ______ tomorrow. 15. __________ we __________ (go) to the party together this afternoon?A. will go, snow B. won’t go, snows C. don’t go, snows D. didn’t go, snowed 16. How long ago __________ dinosaurs __________ (disappear) from the earth?9. I ______ along the river when I ______ someone ______ for help. A. walked, heard, calling B. was walking, heard, called 17. The little boy is playing in the street. Who __________ (take) him here?C. was walking, heard, calling D. am walking, hear, calling 10. When will they be back? They ______ back until the work ______ finished. 18. It seemed that those people __________ (start) repairing the road. 19. We _________ just ________ (step) out when the telephone ________ (ring).A. aren’t, is B. won’t be, will be C. aren’t, will be D. won’t be, is 11. I ______ a meal when you ______ me. 20. In about 600 years’ time, each person __________ (have) only one half to one A. cooked, were ringing B. was cooking, rang C. was cooking, were ringing D. cooked, rang square meter of space to live in. 12. What book ______ you ______ when I ______ you at four yesterday afternoon? 二、选择填空: 1. Frank last ___ to the doctor about six months ago. B. did, read, sawA. did, read, was seeing A. goes B. has gone C. gone D. went C. were, reading, saw D. were, reading, was seeing 2. I like my new bike. It____ very well. 13. He said he ______ to draw a plane on the blackboard at that time. A. rides B. is riding C. is ridden D. has ridden A. tries B. tried C. was trying D. will try 3. I don’t know if his uncle ______. I think he ______ if it doesn’t rain. 14. It was Friday evening. Mr. and Mrs. Green ______ ready to fly to England.A. will come, comes B. will come, will come C. comes, comes D. comes, will come A. are getting B. get C. were getting D. got 4. They usually ______ to town on Saturdays. 15. While she ______ TV, she ______ a very strange sound outside the room. A. was watching, was hearing B. watched, was hearing C. watched, heard D. was watching, heard 16. His parents wanted to know how he ______ on with his new classmates. A. was getting B. gets C. is getting D. will get 17. A girl ______ my pen drop when she ______ me. A. saw, was passing B. was seeing, passed C. was seeing, passes D. was seeing, was passing 18. He ______ his father on the farm the whole afternoon last Saturday. A. helps B. would help C. was helping D. is helping 19. We ______ a discussion when there ______ a know on the door. A. are having, is B. have, is C. were having, was D. had, was20. They ______ to see me while I ______ supper. A. called, was having B. called, had had C. were calling, was having D. call, have had 参考答案: 一、 1. stops 2. doesn’t rain 3. leaves 4. goes 5. finishes 6. worries 7. attracts 8. practises 9. prefer 10. called, were 11. will not leave 12. is going to rain 13. would be, Will, come 14. travels 15. Shall, go 16. did, disappear 17. took 18. would start 19. were, stepping, rang 20. will have 二、 1—5 DABBB 6—10 ACBCD 11—15 BCCCD 16—20 AACCA