古人对亲属的称呼 称谓语

古人对亲属的称呼 称谓语 1 、父母 (1)父母:父母是亲属中最重要的亲属，除“父母”、“双亲”、“二老”、“爹娘”等古今通用的合称外还有“高堂”、“严君”、“尊亲”、“严亲”、“两亲”、“亲闱”等以及文人笔下的“所生”、“椿萱”等对父母的代称。 (2)父、父亲:是对父亲古今习见的称呼，还可以称父亲为“公”、“翁”、“尊”、“大人”、“严君”、“爷”、“爹”、“爸”、“老子”等。 (3)尊:古代常见的敬称用语，称自己的父亲可称“家尊”，称对方的父亲则称“令尊”。 (4)爷:古代对成年男子较广义的称呼，宋代开始用作对祖父之称，魏晋南北朝就用作对父亲之称，或写作“耶”。 (5)母:是对母亲最常见的称呼。而在古代对母亲的称谓中，大都和“母”相似，又用作对成年妇女或老年妇女的泛称。其中较重要的有:“婆”、“娘”、“娘娘”、“姥”、“大人”、“妈”、“慈”、“家家”和“姊姊”等。 (6)继母:如果自己的母亲去世、离异或被父辈逐出，则称续娶之妻为继母、继亲、后母、假母、续母。 (7)出母:如果自己的母亲离家之后还能相见，则称为出母。 (8)生母:在古代一夫多妻制的家庭中，称自己的生身母亲为“生母”或 “本生母”。 (9)庶母:在古代一夫多妻制的家庭中，如果自己的生母是正妻，则称父亲之妾为“庶母”、“少母”、“诸母”、“妾母”。 (10)家家和姊姊:是中古时期对母亲的两种特殊称呼。 (11)姨: 在古代一夫多妻制的家庭中，无论自己的生母是妻或妾，对父亲的妾都可以称为“姨”、“姨姨”、“阿姨”。 ( 12 )义父:指是在自己的父亲之外再拜认某人为父，这个“义”字有外加、假、代、自愿等意。 ( 13 )义母:指是在自己的母亲之外再拜认某人为母。 2、祖辈 祖辈的亲属，按古代关于宗亲的范围，是从高祖开始。高祖以上的直系祖先则称为远祖、先祖、先人、鼻祖(鼻，始的意思)。 (1)祖:在古代，广义是指所有父辈以上的男性先辈，狭义则是指祖父。 (2)祖父:又称为“王父”、“大父”、“祖君”。在古代，“公”、“太公”、“翁”也可用来称呼祖父;如今对祖父最常见的称呼是“爷爷”。 (3)祖母:又可以称为“大母”、“王母”、 “重慈”。又因古人有妻有妾，所以祖母又有 “季祖母”、“庶祖母”、“妾祖母”之分。祖母之称古今通用。 (4)婆:是古代对成年妇女的很普遍的称呼，也可以用来称祖母。 (5)奶奶:是今天对祖母的普遍称呼，古代的使用较晚。作为称谓，“奶”最早是作为乳母之称，以后又用以称母亲，又作为对以婚妇女的较广义的称呼。 (6)堂祖父、从祖父、伯公、伯祖、伯翁、叔公、叔祖、叔翁等:这些是对祖父的兄弟的称谓。 (7)堂祖母、从祖母、伯婆、伯祖母、叔婆、叔祖母等:这些是对祖父兄弟妻子的称谓。 3、与父亲相关的亲属 (1)诸父、诸母:是对父亲的兄弟及其妻室的统称。 (2)世父:对父亲的兄弟的称谓，现在更多的场合是称“伯父”、“叔父”或简称“伯”、the provisions of Hunan province safety production supervision and management responsibilities > (Hunan Zhengban made 2013 No. 4), resolutely implement the safety production of the party with responsibility, a pair of responsibility. "Two is issued safety production administration and inspection to promote the responsibilities bear safety production supervision departments strictly and effectively assumed responsibility. The three is the establishment of enterprise production safety hidden With self correction self reporting system, promote the enterprises to implement the main responsibility for production safety. The four is the introduction of strengthening county safety production supervision ability construction work, promote safe production responsibility to the grassroots. 3, strict accountability and target management. Adhere to the "who is in charge, who is responsible for the pipe industry must pipes, pipe production and management must control safety management business must be safe" principle, the implementation of safe production supervision and stagnation to cure. "The leadership responsible system. Production safety of key towns, key enterprises and key problems, by the township government and the Department responsible for the stagnation led the lump sum, to tackle tough. To further increase the production safety index assessment, strict implementation of safe production of "one vote veto" award and recognition system, strengthen production safety incentive mechanism (four). Adhere to the political principles against unwholesome tendencies existence of the problem is not strict internal supervision. Over the years, the global leadership team members do not have any illegal and other bad records, but there are still not strict, the implementation does not survive the problem. A few leading cadres not strictly in accordance with the county Party committee, county government On strengthening style construction requirements and style construction safety supervision system of "ten prohibitions", to solve the people most concerned, the most direct, the most realistic problem of production safety as the starting point and goal of all work, to strengthen internal supervision on the way, in the perfect power control mechanism on "let things drift", get free in the political norms of leading cadres, some involving major principle problems of ambiguous attitude, major issues issues of right and wrong, it cannot stand up bravely, face to face, resolute struggle and discredit the views of the party in 2012. The style of the big consolidation activities, cadres and workers 6 people were “叔”。古人偶尔将几个叔父按伯、仲、叔、季的排行次序，分别称为“伯父”、“仲父”、“叔父”、“季父”。 (3)伯母、叔母:是对父亲的兄弟的妻室的称呼。 (4)从父:对父亲的叔伯兄弟可统称“从父”，又可分别称为“从伯”、“从叔”。 (5)姑:对父亲的姊妹可称为“姑”(沿用至今)，又可以称为“诸姑”、“姑姊”、“姑妹”，对已婚者一般都称为“姑母”、“姑妈”，与今不同的是偶尔也称“姑娘”。 (6)姑父:对姑母的丈夫，既可称为“姑父”、“姑丈”，又可以称为“姑婿”、“姑夫”。 (7)表兄弟:对姑母的子的称谓。 (8)表姊妹:对姑母的女的称谓。 4、与母亲相关的亲属 (1)外祖父:对母亲的父亲，称其为“外祖父”(与今同)，又可称为“外翁”、“外大人”、“家公”、“老爷”等。 (2)外祖母:对母亲的母亲，称为“外祖母”、“外婆”(与今同)，又称为“姥姥”、“老老”等。 (3)舅:对母亲的兄弟，古今均称“舅”，在不同场合，可加上一些修饰或补充性文字，如:“舅氏”、“舅父”、“嫡舅”、“元舅”、“堂舅”等。 (4)舅母:对舅父之妻的称谓。 (5)姨母:对母亲姊妹的称呼，先秦时称为“从母”，秦汉以来则称为“姨母”，或称为“姨娘”、“姨婆”、“姨妈”等。 (6)姨父:对姨母之夫称为“姨夫”或“姨父”。姨母之子女也称“表兄弟”、“表姊妹”。 (无论是舅父之女、姨母之女，还是姑母之女，都可以以“表兄弟”、“表姊妹”相称，古人统称为“诸表”。) 5、夫妻 (1)夫:或作“丈夫”，本是对成年男子的美称，但又用作夫妻之夫。“夫”加上其它附加成分的表示丈夫意的相关称谓很多 ，如:“夫子”、“夫君”、“夫主”、“夫婿”等。除此，还可以用“良人” 、“郎”、“丈人”、“君”、“老公”、“官人”、“汉子”等称呼丈夫。 (2)妻、妻子:是由古至今对妻的最主要的称呼。在妻之前加上各种附加成分，还有“贤妻”、“良妻”、“仁妻”、“令妻”、“娇妻”等。除此，还可用“妇”、“室”、“君”、“夫人”、“娘子”、“浑家”、“内”、“老婆”、“婆娘”、“太太”等来称呼。 6、与丈夫相关亲属 (1)公:也称公公，对丈夫之父，古称为“舅”，也称为“公”、“公公 ”。这些称呼正是今天称丈夫之父为“公”、“公公”、“老人公”的前身。 (2)婆:也称婆婆，对丈夫之母，古称为“姑”以及由“姑”派生出的“君姑”、“严姑”、“慈姑”、“阿姑”等。后又称“婆”、“婆婆”。 (3)舅姑、姑舅:是早期对丈夫父母的合称。近者称“公婆”。此外还有一个常见的称呼是“姑章”，或作“姑嫜”。 (4)伯叔:对丈夫的兄弟的称谓，与近代所称的“大伯”、“小叔”是一致的。 (5)小姑:对丈夫妹妹的称谓。 7、与妻子相关亲属 (1)岳丈:是对于妻子之父的称呼，古代还有“泰山”、“冰翁” 外舅” “外父”、“妻父”等代称。 the provisions of Hunan province safety production supervision and management responsibilities > (Hunan Zhengban made 2013 No. 4), resolutely implement the safety production of the party with responsibility, a pair of responsibility. "Two is issued safety production administration and inspection to promote the responsibilities bear safety production supervision departments strictly and effectively assumed responsibility. The three is the establishment of enterprise production safety hidden With self correction self reporting system, promote the enterprises to implement the main responsibility for production safety. The four is the introduction of strengthening county safety production supervision ability construction work, promote safe production responsibility to the grassroots. 3, strict accountability and target management. Adhere to the "who is in charge, who is responsible for the pipe industry must pipes, pipe production and management must control safety management business must be safe" principle, the implementation of safe production supervision and stagnation to cure. "The leadership responsible system. Production safety of key towns, key enterprises and key problems, by the township government and the Department responsible for the stagnation led the lump sum, to tackle tough. To further increase the production safety index assessment, strict implementation of safe production of "one vote veto" award and recognition system, strengthen production safety incentive mechanism (four). Adhere to the political principles against unwholesome tendencies existence of the problem is not strict internal supervision. Over the years, the global leadership team members do not have any illegal and other bad records, but there are still not strict, the implementation does not survive the problem. A few leading cadres not strictly in accordance with the county Party committee, county government On strengthening style construction requirements and style construction safety supervision system of "ten prohibitions", to solve the people most concerned, the most direct, the most realistic problem of production safety as the starting point and goal of all work, to strengthen internal supervision on the way, in the perfect power control mechanism on "let things drift", get free in the political norms of leading cadres, some involving major principle problems of ambiguous attitude, major issues issues of right and wrong, it cannot stand up bravely, face to face, resolute struggle and discredit the views of the party in 2012. The style of the big consolidation activities, cadres and workers 6 people were (2)岳母:对妻子之母的称谓，或称为“丈母”。 (3)姑、外姑:早期用来对妻子之母的称呼。 (4)舅舅:对妻子兄弟的称呼，或称为“舅”、“舅爷”、“舅子”等，还称为“内兄”、“内弟”、“妻兄”、“妻弟”等。 (5)姨:对妻子的姊妹的称呼，或称“大姨”、“小姨”，也称为“妻妹”、“内妹”。 8、兄弟及与其相关亲属 (1)兄:又称为“昆”。今天则可用“哥”来称呼兄长。有兄弟数人的情况下，称呼中必须表示出排行，或以数字为排行，或用伯、仲、叔、季这些排行常用语等。(“哥”，古代是用得十分广泛的称呼，可以称父、称兄、称弟、称子。) (2)嫂:对兄的妻子的称谓，或称“嫂嫂”。 (3)弟:是对与兄相对者的称呼。 (4)弟媳:对弟的妻子的称谓，或称“弟妹”。 (5)侄:对兄弟的子女最常见的称呼，也可直接称之为“兄子”、“兄女”，或称为“从子”、“从女”、“犹子”、“犹女”。 9、姊妹及与其相关亲属 (1)女兄、女弟:古代对姊妹的称谓，或直接称姊妹为兄弟。“姊”又称“姐”，与姊相对者称为“妹”。 (2)姊夫、妹夫:对姊妹的丈夫的称呼，也可称为“姊婿”、“妹婿”。 (3)甥:对姊妹之子最普遍的称呼，还称为“外甥”、“甥女”、“外甥女”。 10、子女及与其相关亲属 (1)子:在古代是一个使用范围较广的称呼，秦汉以后主要用作儿子之称。 自己之子可称为“犬子”、“孽子”、“不孝子”等，别人之子又可称为“令子”、“良子”、“不凡子”、“贤子”等。除此，还可用“男”、“子息”、“贱息”、“儿子”、“儿郎”、“儿男”等来称呼子。若有几个儿子则有“长子”、“次男”、“幼子”等称呼。 (2)女:对女儿的主要称呼。对别人的女儿往往称为“爱”或“嫒”，也称为“令嫒”、“闺嫒”。 (3)义子、义女:指不是自己生育的，而是收养的子女，又称“养子”、“养女”、“假子”。同时还有一个常见的代称“螟蛉”。 (4)媳妇:对儿子之妻的称呼。最初只称为“妇”，后因儿子又称为“息”，所以子之妻又称为“息妇”，或写作“媳妇”。 (5)婿:对女儿丈夫的称呼，或称为“女婿”、“子婿”、“郎婿”、“快婿”等。除此，女儿之夫还可以被称为“女夫”、“半子”、“东床”“令坦”。 女婿到了岳丈家，除了岳父、岳母可以称“贤婿”之类，岳家一般人都尊称其为“姑爷”、“姑老爷”。 (6)孙:对儿子的子女的称呼，或称“孙息”、“孙枝”。“孙”又分为“孙儿”、“孙女”，“孙女”又称为“女孙”。 (7)外孙:对女儿的子女的称呼。女姓还可称为“外孙女”。 老师称:恩师、夫子。 皇族称谓: 皇帝 公元前221年，秦王嬴政统一六国后，自认为"德兼三皇，功高五帝"，称"始皇帝"，从此历代封建君主都称皇帝。 万岁 皇帝的代名词，一种说法认为在朝贺时对君主经常使用，久而久之，便成了皇帝的尊称;另一种说法认为是从西汉元封元年(公元前110年)汉武帝登华山后，由他开始用"万岁"自称，而相沿下来的。 天子 古代君王的尊称。夏、商、周代，天子的正号是王，如周武王即可被称天子;在秦汉至清代，天子则指皇帝。所谓"天子"，意指君主君临天下，犹天之子。 皇后 皇帝的正妻称皇后。秦汉以后历代沿称。 太上皇 帝王尊其父为太上皇;历代皇帝传位于太子，并自称太上皇;天子之父参与国政，the provisions of Hunan province safety production supervision and management responsibilities > (Hunan Zhengban made 2013 No. 4), resolutely implement the safety production of the party with responsibility, a pair of responsibility. "Two is issued safety production administration and inspection to promote the responsibilities bear safety production supervision departments strictly and effectively assumed responsibility. The three is the establishment of enterprise production safety hidden With self correction self reporting system, promote the enterprises to implement the main responsibility for production safety. The four is the introduction of strengthening county safety production supervision ability construction work, promote safe production responsibility to the grassroots. 3, strict accountability and target management. Adhere to the "who is in charge, who is responsible for the pipe industry must pipes, pipe production and management must control safety management business must be safe" principle, the implementation of safe production supervision and stagnation to cure. "The leadership responsible system. Production safety of key towns, key enterprises and key problems, by the township government and the Department responsible for the stagnation led the lump sum, to tackle tough. To further increase the production safety index assessment, strict implementation of safe production of "one vote veto" award and recognition system, strengthen production safety incentive mechanism (four). Adhere to the political principles against unwholesome tendencies existence of the problem is not strict internal supervision. Over the years, the global leadership team members do not have any illegal and other bad records, but there are still not strict, the implementation does not survive the problem. A few leading cadres not strictly in accordance with the county Party committee, county government On strengthening style construction requirements and style construction safety supervision system of "ten prohibitions", to solve the people most concerned, the most direct, the most realistic problem of production safety as the starting point and goal of all work, to strengthen internal supervision on the way, in the perfect power control mechanism on "let things drift", get free in the political norms of leading cadres, some involving major principle problems of ambiguous attitude, major issues issues of right and wrong, it cannot stand up bravely, face to face, resolute struggle and discredit the views of the party in 2012. The style of the big consolidation activities, cadres and workers 6 people were 称太上皇帝。 皇太后 皇帝的母亲称皇太后，秦汉以后历代沿称。 皇太子 皇帝所指定的继承人，一般为皇帝的嫡长子，但常有例外，由皇帝选定册立。清代自雍正以后不立皇太子。一般称预定继承君位的长子为"太子。 贵嫔 嫔妃的称号。汉元帝时始置，原为妃嫔中之第一级。自魏晋至明均设置，但地位已经下降。 嫔妃的称号。三周魏文帝时始置，仅次于皇后，晋及南北朝多沿置。 昭仪 才人 嫔妃的称号。始设于晋武帝，自南北朝至明多曾沿置。唐制，才人初为宫中之正五品，后改正四品。 贵妃 嫔妃的称号。南朝宋武帝时始置，位次于皇后，自隋至清多沿置。 七子 女官名，位在美人、良人下，在长使少使上。 良人 西汉嫔妃的称号。 美人 嫔妃的称号。 贵人 嫔妃的称号。东汉位次于皇后，清代贵人已降在嫔妃之下。 世子 帝王的正妻所生的长子，也称太子，清代则封亲王的嫡长子为世子。 孺子 太子嫔妃名，太子有妃、良娣、孺子，共三等;古代贵族的妾也称孺子。 太孙 皇帝的长孙称太孙。历代王朝往往于太子殁后册立太孙为预定之皇位继承人。 公主 帝王之女的称号。始于战国，汉制规定，皇帝之女称公主，帝之妹称长公主，帝姑称大长公主，后历代大致沿用。 翁主 汉代制度，诸王之女称翁主，即后世的郡主。 皇帝的女婿称驸马，非实官。清代称"额驸"。 驸马 帝姬 古代对皇帝女公主、姊妹、姑母等的称呼。 谦称: 自己妻子——贱内 ，拙荆 自己儿子——犬子 他人儿女:令嫒、令郎 古人在说自己时的谦称因身份而有所不同。一般人说自己可以说“鄙人”、“在下”、“小可”、“不才”、“愚兄”，单个字可以说“仆”，可以说“愚”，可以说“窃”，“愚以为”“窃以为”都是“我以为”的意思。大臣们在君主面前可以说“臣”、“微臣”，甚至说“奴才”，犯了罪了说“罪臣”。下级官吏在上级面前说自己“下官”、“卑职”。下级将领在统帅面前称自己“末将”。君主自己称呼自己时说“寡人”、“孤”、“朕”。丫环在主子面前自称“奴婢”。百姓在官员面前说“小人”“贱民”。古代女子谦称自己为“妾”、“妾身”、“贱妾”。出家人称自己“贫僧”、“贫道”、“贫尼”。所有这些都是古人对自己的谦称。 古人不但说自己用谦称，说自己家里人时也用谦称。说自己的儿子“犬子”、“不肖子”、“贱息”(“老臣贱息舒祺”《触龙说赵太后》)。说自己的女儿“小女”。说自己的父母为“家父”、“家母”、“家严”“家慈”。说自己的妻子“内人”、“贱内”。说自己的东西时也用谦称，自己的房子“寒舍”、“蓬荜”、“舍下”。自己的文章为“无能之辞”、“鄙贱之语”、“拙作”。自己的意见主张为“管见”、“浅见”。表演技艺时说“献丑”，自己的功夫为“三脚毛”。在别人之前发言不忘说“抛砖引玉”。 像这样的例子当然还有很多很多。我们通过对上面的分析就会发现几乎所有的谦称都是用表示身份低、见识浅、品德低的一类词。比如“愚”是愚蠢的意思;“仆”原意是“仆人”，仆人身份多低。帝王的“寡人”是“寡德之人”。“犬子”就更不用解释了。古人用这些“不好”的字眼来表示谦虚在古文中随处可见。 the provisions of Hunan province safety production supervision and management responsibilities > (Hunan Zhengban made 2013 No. 4), resolutely implement the safety production of the party with responsibility, a pair of responsibility. "Two is issued safety production administration and inspection to promote the responsibilities bear safety production supervision departments strictly and effectively assumed responsibility. The three is the establishment of enterprise production safety hidden With self correction self reporting system, promote the enterprises to implement the main responsibility for production safety. The four is the introduction of strengthening county safety production supervision ability construction work, promote safe production responsibility to the grassroots. 3, strict accountability and target management. Adhere to the "who is in charge, who is responsible for the pipe industry must pipes, pipe production and management must control safety management business must be safe" principle, the implementation of safe production supervision and stagnation to cure. "The leadership responsible system. Production safety of key towns, key enterprises and key problems, by the township government and the Department responsible for the stagnation led the lump sum, to tackle tough. To further increase the production safety index assessment, strict implementation of safe production of "one vote veto" award and recognition system, strengthen production safety incentive mechanism (four). Adhere to the political principles against unwholesome tendencies existence of the problem is not strict internal supervision. Over the years, the global leadership team members do not have any illegal and other bad records, but there are still not strict, the implementation does not survive the problem. A few leading cadres not strictly in accordance with the county Party committee, county government On strengthening style construction requirements and style construction safety supervision system of "ten prohibitions", to solve the people most concerned, the most direct, the most realistic problem of production safety as the starting point and goal of all work, to strengthen internal supervision on the way, in the perfect power control mechanism on "let things drift", get free in the political norms of leading cadres, some involving major principle problems of ambiguous attitude, major issues issues of right and wrong, it cannot stand up bravely, face to face, resolute struggle and discredit the views of the party in 2012. The style of the big consolidation activities, cadres and workers 6 people were 谦称自己用“不好”的字眼，称呼对方就不能用这些字眼了。古人称对方“子”、“吾子”、“君”、“足下”、“殿下”，复数有“二三子”。臣子称君王为“陛下”，太子为“殿下”。(“陛下”原意是台阶下，“殿下”是“功殿下”，臣子门呼皇上太子时不能直呼，所以用“陛下”“殿下”来代替，以此来表示敬意。像称呼一般人为“足下”、“阁下”也是同样的道理。)君王呼臣子为“爱卿”。古人在称呼对方父母时为“令堂”“令尊”，对方子女为“令爱”“令郎”，此处“令”的本意是“美好”的意义。说别人的意见为“高见”、“高 “大作”，称呼兄为“兄台”、 称呼弟为“贤弟”，别人的妻子为“尊论”。别人的文章为 夫人”。别人的徒弟为“高徒”。别人的家为“府上”。称呼和尚为“高僧”、“圣僧”。 尊称老师为夫子、师父、师傅、先生、先哲。 敬称: 表示尊敬客气的态度，也叫“尊称”。(1)对帝王的敬称有万岁、圣上、圣驾、天子、陛下等。驾，本指皇帝的车驾。古人认为皇帝当乘车行天下，于是用“驾”代称皇帝。古代帝王认为他们的政权是受命于天而建立的，所以称皇帝为天子。古代臣子不敢直达皇帝，就告诉在陛(宫殿的台阶)下的人，请他们把意思传达上去，所以用陛下代称皇帝。(2)对皇太子、亲王的敬称是殿下。(3)对将军的敬称是麾下。(4)对有一定地位的人的敬称:对使节称节下;对三公、郡守等有一定社会地位的人称阁下，现在多用于外交场合，如大使阁下。(5)对于对方或对方亲属的敬称有令、尊、贤等。令，意思是美好，用于称呼对方的亲属，如令尊(对方父亲)、令堂(对方母亲)、令阃(对方妻子)、令兄(对方的哥哥)、令郎(对方的儿子)、令爱(对方的女儿)。尊，用来称与对方有关的人或物，如尊上(称对方父母)、尊公、尊君、尊府(皆称对方父亲)、尊堂(对方母亲)、尊亲(对方亲戚)、尊驾(称对方)、尊命(对方的嘱咐)、 对方的意思)。贤，用于称平辈或晚辈，如贤家(称对方)、贤郎(称对方的儿子)、贤弟尊意( (称对方的弟弟)。仁，表示爱重，应用范围较广，如称同辈友人中长于自己的人为仁兄，称地位高的人为仁公等。(6)称年老的人为丈、丈人，如“子路从而后，遇丈人”(《论语》)。唐朝以后，丈、丈人专指妻父，又称泰山，妻母称丈母或泰水。(7)称谓前面加“先”，表示已死，用于敬称地位高的人或年长的人，如称已死的皇帝为先帝，称已经死去的父亲为先考或先父，称已经死去的母亲为先慈或先妣，称已死去的有才德的人为先贤。称谓前加“太”或“大”表示再长一辈，如称帝王的母亲为太后，称祖父为大(太)父，称祖母为大(太)母。唐代以后，对已死的皇帝多称庙号，如唐太宗、唐玄宗、宋太祖、宋仁宗、元世祖、明太祖等;明清两代，也用年号代称皇帝，如称朱元璋为洪武皇帝，称朱由检为崇祯皇帝，称玄烨为康熙皇帝，称弘历为乾隆皇帝。(8)对尊长者和用于朋辈之间的敬称有君、子、公、足下、夫子、先生、大人等。(9)君对臣的敬称是卿或爱卿。 (10)对品格高尚、智慧超群的人用“圣”来表敬称，如称孔子为圣人，称孟子为亚圣。后来，“圣”多用于帝王，如圣上、圣驾等。 字号: 古人的“名”、“字”还常用来表示在家族中的行辈。先秦时，常在名、姓前加伯(孟)、仲、叔、季表兄弟长幼，如伯夷、叔齐，伯是兄，叔是弟;孔丘字仲尼，“仲”就是老二;孟姜女就是姜姓的长女。汉代以后逐渐在“名”或“字”中用同样的字或偏旁表同辈关系，如唐代抵抗安禄山的名将颜果卿和他的弟弟颜曜卿、颜春卿共用“卿”字，和他们同辈的堂兄弟颜真卿(以 书 关于书的成语关于读书的排比句社区图书漂流公约怎么写关于读书的小报汉书pdf 法传世)也用“卿”字。宋代文学家苏轼、苏辙兄弟共用偏旁“车”表同辈。明神宗的儿子朱常洛(明光宗)、朱常瀛、朱常洵等，第二字共用“常”，第三字共用“氵”旁;吊死在景山上的明崇祯帝朱由检和他的哥哥朱由校(明熹宗)、堂兄弟朱由榔(南明永历帝)、朱由崧(南明弘光帝)等第二字共用“由”，第三字共用“木”旁。在这种情况下，姓名中的第一字是和父、祖共用的族名，第二字和第三字的一半是和弟兄等共用的辈名，具体到个人身上就只有半个字了。 除了名、字，有些古人还有号。“号”是一种固定的别名，又称别号。封建社会的中上the provisions of Hunan province safety production supervision and management responsibilities > (Hunan Zhengban made 2013 No. 4), resolutely implement the safety production of the party with responsibility, a pair of responsibility. "Two is issued safety production administration and inspection to promote the responsibilities bear safety production supervision departments strictly and effectively assumed responsibility. The three is the establishment of enterprise production safety hidden With self correction self reporting system, promote the enterprises to implement the main responsibility for production safety. The four is the introduction of strengthening county safety production supervision ability construction work, promote safe production responsibility to the grassroots. 3, strict accountability and target management. Adhere to the "who is in charge, who is responsible for the pipe industry must pipes, pipe production and management must control safety management business must be safe" principle, the implementation of safe production supervision and stagnation to cure. "The leadership responsible system. Production safety of key towns, key enterprises and key problems, by the township government and the Department responsible for the stagnation led the lump sum, to tackle tough. To further increase the production safety index assessment, strict implementation of safe production of "one vote veto" award and recognition system, strengthen production safety incentive mechanism (four). Adhere to the political principles against unwholesome tendencies existence of the problem is not strict internal supervision. Over the years, the global leadership team members do not have any illegal and other bad records, but there are still not strict, the implementation does not survive the problem. A few leading cadres not strictly in accordance with the county Party committee, county government On strengthening style construction requirements and style construction safety supervision system of "ten prohibitions", to solve the people most concerned, the most direct, the most realistic problem of production safety as the starting point and goal of all work, to strengthen internal supervision on the way, in the perfect power control mechanism on "let things drift", get free in the political norms of leading cadres, some involving major principle problems of ambiguous attitude, major issues issues of right and wrong, it cannot stand up bravely, face to face, resolute struggle and discredit the views of the party in 2012. The style of the big consolidation activities, cadres and workers 6 people were 层人物(特别是文人)往往以住地和志趣等为自己取号(包括斋名、室名等)。如唐代李白的青莲居士、杜甫的少陵野老、宋代苏轼的东坡居士、明代唐寅的六如居士、清代郑燮的板桥、朱用纯的柏庐等，都是后人熟知的;有些别号的使用率(如苏东坡、郑板桥、朱柏庐等)甚至超过本名。别号是使用者本人起的，不象姓名要受家族、行辈的限制，因而可以更自由地抒发或标榜使用者的某种情操。别号中常见的“居士”、“山人”之类就是为了表示使用者鄙视利禄的志趣。宋代欧阳修晚年号“六一居士”，就是以一万卷书、一千卷古金石文、 取号。南宋爱国诗人陆游忧世愤一张琴、一局棋、一壶酒加上他本人一老翁，共六个“一” 俗，被权贵们讥为不守礼法，他就自号“放翁”，表示对他们的蔑视。明末画家朱耷在明亡后取号“八大山人”(“八大”连写似“哭”非哭似“笑”非笑，寓“哭笑不得”意)，来抒发自己怀念故国的悲愤之情。当然，更多的官僚缙绅和封建文人所取的各种动听的别号只不过是附庸风雅、沽名钓誉的幌子。 the provisions of Hunan province safety production supervision and management responsibilities > (Hunan Zhengban made 2013 No. 4), resolutely implement the safety production of the party with responsibility, a pair of responsibility. "Two is issued safety production administration and inspection to promote the responsibilities bear safety production supervision departments strictly and effectively assumed responsibility. The three is the establishment of enterprise production safety hidden With self correction self reporting system, promote the enterprises to implement the main responsibility for production safety. The four is the introduction of strengthening county safety production supervision ability construction work, promote safe production responsibility to the grassroots. 3, strict accountability and target management. Adhere to the "who is in charge, who is responsible for the pipe industry must pipes, pipe production and management must control safety management business must be safe" principle, the implementation of safe production supervision and stagnation to cure. "The leadership responsible system. Production safety of key towns, key enterprises and key problems, by the township government and the Department responsible for the stagnation led the lump sum, to tackle tough. To further increase the production safety index assessment, strict implementation of safe production of "one vote veto" award and recognition system, strengthen production safety incentive mechanism (four). Adhere to the political principles against unwholesome tendencies existence of the problem is not strict internal supervision. Over the years, the global leadership team members do not have any illegal and other bad records, but there are still not strict, the implementation does not survive the problem. A few leading cadres not strictly in accordance with the county Party committee, county government On strengthening style construction requirements and style construction safety supervision system of "ten prohibitions", to solve the people most concerned, the most direct, the most realistic problem of production safety as the starting point and goal of all work, to strengthen internal supervision on the way, in the perfect power control mechanism on "let things drift", get free in the political norms of leading cadres, some involving major principle problems of ambiguous attitude, major issues issues of right and wrong, it cannot stand up bravely, face to face, resolute struggle and discredit the views of the party in 2012. The style of the big consolidation activities, cadres and workers 6 people were