首页 环境设计 土木 建筑 材料 外文翻译 外文文献 英文文献 大学校园规划的整体设计

环境设计 土木 建筑 材料 外文翻译 外文文献 英文文献 大学校园规划的整体设计

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环境设计 土木 建筑 材料 外文翻译 外文文献 英文文献 大学校园规划的整体设计环境设计 土木 建筑 材料 外文翻译 外文文献 英文文献 大学校园规划的整体设计 The Overall Design of University Campus Planning With the deepening of reform opening up, China’s higher education undertakings have developed unprecedently. A large number of new schools, new campus is setting up co...

环境设计 土木 建筑 材料 外文翻译 外文文献 英文文献 大学校园规划的整体设计
环境设计 土木 建筑 材料 外文翻译 外文文献 英文文献 大学校园规划的整体设计 The Overall Design of University Campus Planning With the deepening of reform opening up, China’s higher education undertakings have developed unprecedently. A large number of new schools, new campus is setting up constantly. Campus building is not complex, but at here aborigine gestates hopes and dreams, It includes campus atmosphere planning, the ideal method is introduce urban design into campus design. In this process, the key is not planning and design the building’s concrete shape, but set the rules of the game, contains architectural space and to control elements, and the implementation methods, advocate public participation, and established a set of mechanisms can be constantly perfect. Especially the main use of students and teachers’ opinion should be crowd. The region of old school buildings in integration, should make up the deficiency in function, integration inter and outer in space, and let construction of different times be in a harmony. And besides function and form, should be more spiritual and cultural connotation, so the proposed the overall concept of university campus design planning. A university campus design planning concept ? functional partition: With the change of higher education, the scale of university emphasizes on each functional partition strictly, in fact already cannot satisfy the use of students and teachers. And ask to functional area, permeability and blending with each other, must use the idea of "human-oriented". ?campus features: In the new campus planning inherits university culture; regional characteristic reflects their school humane spirit and characteristic of campus environment. ? ecological environment: With large-scale construction of campus, design planning should combine with nature and make full use of natural conditions, the protection and construction of ecology system of campus. Create ecological and garden-like campus environment. ? the sustainable development: The campus planning should give full consideration to the future development, make planning structure diversity, coordination, and elastic, adapt to changes in the future, and satisfy the sustainable development. In campus design should also do: ? single building should coordinate with each other and mutual dialogue and have the organic relation, to form a road elevation and outer space overall continuity ? from the integral style of campus building, building or landscape should have organic order to become a unit of whole system, ? outer space and the architectural space design is inseparable, landscape architecture design planning, should be an important work in the development of campus construction. B The principle of university campus design concept Generally principle is the consider university campus for a large scale multi-functional abstraction of the living environment. Macro level -- the whole space environment as the object Stylist wants to build for the whole land space environment as design object and the ultimate goal, he should pay attention to the whole life space, campus cultural environment. ? Make clear that overall design of each zone, analysis basis, teaching concept, base point to the dial. The whole design of the important point clear to grasp the important contradiction in design, prominent main characteristics, and clearly from the inherent logic elements link, which explicitly each design elements should follow the rules of the key and the unity of the whole guarantee. ? Inter-restrict circulation in thinking process The thinking process of campus design is multiply comprehensive process, consider from design building in architectural design, considered from outer space structure, turn from considering building for planning, landscape architecture planning requirements and outer space. In the overall design of the four parts, should are interdependent, and in every design stage should give consideration to other design stage. Micro level--optimize the exterior space of group building in the campus in integral design, should achieve group building’s exterior space and peripheral to the holistic effect. Optimization form of outer space: ? outer space in architectural design in groups, you should always be supporting architecture as the external space as the main body, according to the relationship between the building and the diagram, analyze the external space closed form and contact and continuity. pleasant activities external space of combined with external space, ? emphasize the outer space, should according to the park's involvement in the style and atmosphere of human life, some function space, planning to affect people's life style, and improve the status of the outer space and combining outer space with common contribution to the overall environment. ? The micro level-- reconstruction grey space and build space, "grey space" refers to the color, on the other hand, the means of excessive space between indoor space, but its existence in a certain extent efface building internal boundaries, make both become an whole organic. The unity and design of space create consistent buildings, eliminates internal and external space estrangement, give a person a kind of natural organic whole feeling. For the whole design, the design of space and transition of grey space is very outstanding, through the building with united falsified, platform, facade hole, outdoor stair, walking bridge increased space and levels The so-called "build" relative to the architectural space, defined in architectural design specification of the requirements of the necessary space for function and form of the rally places, such as the wall space outspread, erect, frame, marks, etc. Build space for the building space, although cannot have direct function, but they often for building indoor outspread, and the blending parts, have important significance to people perception experience and continuity.. ? Campus design principle of adaptive construction (a) Times function of campus ? the cultural atmosphere, towards the digitalizing. On one hand, the socialization of logistic market leading campus building management problems, on the other hand, the campus culture and sports resources open to the society, the influence to planning layout and traffic management. ? knowledge economy demands that the talented person who talented took a new turn. Life is a social re-education, adult education college as adjunct functionality of university is production-teaching-research combination, and research services to the society. ? construct and adjustment, merger, joint is the main principle in the new period of education reform, its purpose lies in resources complementary advantages and multi-disciplinary university to a higher level to provide good opportunity. Thus campus design will be necessary to strengthen teaching center of centralized distribution, the reform of department of environmental layout, closed independent benefit sharing resources and subject to individual independence, communication patterns on the layout of the high-efficient, reach convenient intelligent teaching environment. ? The connotation of higher education from traditional teacher talk to student's unilateral infusion to take the student as the main body, with human development and training center for open education transformation, this trend in campus design requirement of strengthening emphasizes on the thought of "people-oriented", emphasize on foot, scale, the space between man and nature, and interpersonal communication, not only emphasize the main teaching space, whole campus student life space should be as a whole attention. ?) The cohesion of whole campus center The main characteristic of early modern campus buildings is around a central plaza formed the axis of the relationship between 6 square, library or other road leading building in axis. ? The center square and the leading construction square became the landmark campus, large-scale public space communication square, and strengthen the characteristics of campus, because one cognitive or overall scattered relatively, messy, so the form of center is good to form sense of wholeness. ? Optimize the layout of traditional center square, emphasizing humanization of modern campus space. Thus can abandon the campus center square layout in early times, the coldness and the rigorous of nonhuman when contact with the open space in keeping with the sun, combining with soft and hard lay, pleasant dimension of outdoor, furniture, shrubs stair and asymmetric steps, the contact space layout surround close, make not only for large gathering, and the rich leisure reading for ordinary cohesion campus center. Besides monomer building should reflect the characteristics of campus construction, make its unity and harmony. ? The single architectural creation of campus planning shall be coordinated with the surrounding environment, and reflects the character of architecture and itself. ? Notice reasonable function, the versatile, openness, comprehensive and flexibility of the building exactly shows the design idea of "people-oriented embody". ? The design emphasis on space communication between inside and outside, permeate and create different level of the communication space. ? Architecture design emphasizes on the regional, culture, the elegant, atmosphere, rational, in order to reflect the spirit of university culture. The integrity of campus planning Integrity of campus design planning means not only the development of in the early, the recent and the long-term both have integrity, and the future of campus in the integrity of the extended binding. ? create flexible, expand convenient and flexible growing campus structure with certain proportion is the function of the land, the land and long-term elastic can be restricted according to the original composition and maintain overall unity. ? should be considered in the design of around the direction of development, the land can be used trend of linear layout and the type of divergence or composition. Inside campus space integration of landscape garden The internal space blends, emphasize on the communication space. College campus is not only to impart knowledge functions of education, but also improve disposition, exercise and all-round development of living environment. The outer space design uses "building into garden". Make outer space is outspread, become the space in the interior design in architectural theory "landscape", make person indoors but like in outdoor garden, can enjoy green ecological environment. In addition it can blend in western modern landscape design techniques such as: ? large open spaces: Center the flower-bed, sinking square, open-air theatre, platform, courtyard, etc. ? medium open spaces: Such as the waterfront space, outdoor platform, roof garden, empty space etc. ? small open spaces: Corridor, flower, outdoor furniture, greening surround close, building grey space, etc. ? multi-level open spaces. ? the integration of campus cultural style. A university campus culture should be the unity of the style. The culture has its special style and the humanities spirit, in the design reflect the personality traits must take into consideration. ? combine with local features of regional culture in university of build character. As Hong Kong lingnan college, etc. ? combine with the characteristics of university education or historical context or university create personality. Such as Stanford university in American. ? the individual character style with architects created the individual character style, such as university of Singapore polytechnic. ? as the whole continuity on the premise that local characteristic changes. The image of University campus architecture is different from other commercial buildings, the commercial buildings are required to do unconventional or unorthodox, self break-through, fashion. At first give impact on the visual, while university architecture is bearing the university students' humanities history, is the place of knowledge, and accept elegant, simple, solemn and nature should be its nature. In return for the green design and pure form is its vivid signs, with functions and spatial environment as the most important, reject the false, artificial form, the pursuit of pure natural and fresh. But now in some design, emphasize the model, reflect luxurious adornment, too exaggeration, transgressed the essence of education architecture. Campus architecture image in pursuit between individual can not unity style, the different historical period, the building of different functions and different buildings by processing technique, the interpretation of university campus spiritual understanding of university campus culture, which reflect the diversity of freedom, as recorded in the different historical period, the development of campus. ? Architecture in design planning the shaping of the integrity Campus culture and emotion construction An ideal university campus should be composed by the beautiful material environment, should make it complement, rich and unity with each other. The so-called "emotion zone", is in physical space, space by certain emotional, physical space is not necessarily the emotional feeling stressed emotion space, this kind of space is the leading role, and the architecture and environment, only to have emotional space after own the real soul, and occasionally get embodies completeness and unity can be seen. An attractive, infectious, can subtly education reform of university campus, must have the typical abundant emotion, and physical space composed of university campus. It is the combination of all kinds of emotion, and determines our university campus environment and campus culture, the overall impression of campus culture is an important part. Lack emotional space campus is an incomplete campus, the integrity will be ruined of the campus. ? landscape design and campus activities People often say "architecture is the music", therefore, the habit of thinking people in architectural design is static. Size, scale, proportion, color and space becomes the most commonly used words, architect diagram of architectural design performance express intention to become the most commonly used method, but if we put attention to construction of buildings still in place of the people and places with people in the activity. Concern people and integrity of building campus will be more integrity and unity. Summary: University campus construction is different from ordinary architectural design, the urban planning is different from general, has its particularity, first, it is not a single building or a complex house building, but hundreds of thousands of meters of land single function of architecture, the second, it does not involve the complicated social politics, economy, and tens of thousands of for urban resources allocation of square kilometers, but relatively simple, functional clues for decades to millions of hectares in size of integrated design. Campus construction is not only, more than simply planar program of building space design, but two plus landscapes and external space form, emotional space. In the process of campus design planning, the architecture, environment, people should be combined, as a whole design, make the university campus become a complete combination. 大学校园规划的整体设计 随改革开放的不断深入,我国的高等教育事业也得到了空前的发展。一大批新学校、新校区在不断的建立。 校园建筑并不复杂,但这里孕育着莘莘学子的希望和梦想。这种包涵校园氛围的规划,较理想的做法是可将城市设计的方法引入校园设计。在此过程中,重点并非是规划与设计具体形态的建筑,而是一整套游戏规则,这里包含对空间和单体建筑控制要素,以及执行方法,提倡公众参与,建立一套可以不断完善的机制。尤其是使用的主体人群师生们的意见应当受到重视。老校区的整合,应使建筑在功能上的不足得到弥补,整合建筑内外空间,并使不同年代的建筑生动的融和再一起。且除功能和形式,更应该精神和文化内涵,所以提出了大学校园规划设计的整体观。 一大学校园规划设计理念 1功能分区:随着高等教育理念的变化,学校规模的发严格强调高校内各大功能分区,事实上已不能满足对学生、老师的使用要求。而要使各功能区域之间相互交融、渗透,就必须运用“以人为本”的理念。 2校园特色:在新校区规划中传承大学文化、地域特色造反映各自学校人文精神和特色的校园环境。 3生态环境:随着校园的大规模建设,规划设计中应结自然和充分利用自然条件,保护和构建校园的生态系统。创造生态化、园林化的校园环境。 4可持续发展:校园规划应充分考虑到未来的发展,使规划结构多样、协调、富有弹性,适应未来变化,满足可持续发展。 在校园整体设计中还应: 1)建筑单体之间应相互协调、相互对话和有机关联,以形成道路立面和外部空间的整体连续性 2)从校园整体风格出发,建筑物或景观应该具有有机秩序并成为系统整体中的一个单元, 3)外部空间和建筑空间的设计是不可分的,规划建筑景观设计,应成为校园建设发展中的一项重要工作。 二校园整体设计观的普遍性原则 普遍性原则就是把大学校园抽象为一个多功能相当规模的人居环境研究。 宏观层次——以整体空间环境营造为对象 设计师要以整体用地空间环境营造为设计对象和最终目标,他应关注校园区的整个生活空间,人文环境。 1明晰整体设计的重要出发点每一个园区的整体设计中,要分析基地,教学理念等,拨出设计的切入点。明晰整体设计的重要出发点有利于在设计中把握重要矛盾,突出主体特点明确主从关系,并提出各个要素联系的内在逻辑和方式,从而明确各个设计要素应遵循和突出的重点规则保证整体统一的方向。 2相互制约的循环思维过程 校园整体设计的思维过程多向循环的综合过程,即从建筑设计出发考虑规划,从外部空间结构考虑规划,再反过来从规划要求考虑建筑,景观和外部空间。在整体设计中这四个部分,应该是相互制约的,在每一个设计阶段都要兼顾其他设计阶段。 中观层次——优化群体建筑外部空间在校园整体设计中,应使群体建筑外部空间与其周边达到整体性的效果。优化外部空间的形式: 1(外部空间主体化在群体建筑设计中,应当时常将建筑作为配角,将外部空间作为主体,根据建筑和图底的关系,着重分析外部空间围合的形态和联系,以及连续性。 2(外部空间宜人化将人的活动和外部空间结合起来,强调外部空间的参与性,应根据园区的格调与生活氛围人为的策划出一些功能空间,既对人们的生活方式产生影响,又有益于提高外部空间的地位,使内外空间相结合共同贡献于整体环境。 3.微观层次——重构灰空间和构筑空间“灰空间”一方面指色彩,另一方面指介于室内外的过度空间,它的存在却在一定程度上抹去了建筑内外部的界限,使两者成为一个有机整体。空间的连贯和设计的统一创造出内外一致的建筑,消除了内外空间的隔阂,给人一种自然的有机的整体感觉。对于整体的设计而言,过渡性空间的考虑与设计显的十分突出,通过灰空间对建筑物的虚化处理,如果用联廊,平台,立面的洞,室外楼梯,步行桥等增加空间和层次 所谓“构筑”空间相对于建筑空间而言,定义为在建筑设计任务书要求的必要的功能空间之外的,为集结场所感而形成的空间,如墙体的延伸,立拄,框架,标志,塔等。构筑空间为非建筑空间,虽不能有直接功能作用,但它们常常为建筑的延伸,以及室内外交融的部分,对人的知觉体验连续性和场所感的形成具有重要意义。 三校园整体设计适应性建构原则 (一)校园功能时代化 1持文化氛围,又要走向开放化。一方面,后勤市场社会化管理为校园建筑带来问题,另一方面,校园文化、体育资源向社会开放,对规划布局和交通管理的影响。 2知识经济使人才知识的要求发生了新的转变。一是终身再教育成为社会的要求,成人教育学院作为大学附属功能应运而生,二是产学研一体化,科研成果服务于社会。 3“共建、调整、合并、联合”新时期教育改革的八字方针,其目的在于资源优势互补及多学科的综合为大学向更高层次发展提供良好的机会。因而校园设计将有必要加强教学中心区的集中布局,改革各系封闭独立环境的布置,以利于资源共享和学科交流可以个体独立,大体集中的布局模式达到高效,便捷的智能性教学环境。 4高等教育的内涵由传统的教师对学生的单向灌输向以学生为主体的,以人的发展和素质培养为中心的开放式教育转化,这一趋势要求在校园设计中加强强调“以人为本”的思想,强调步行空间,人的尺度,以及人与自然,人与人的交流,不仅仅强调主要的教学空间,整个校园的学生生活空间都应作为一个整体受到重视。 二)校园中心整体凝聚力的形成 早期现代校园其主要特点是建筑群围绕一个中心广场形成严整的轴线关系广场四周柱廊相连,图书馆或其他主导建筑位于轴线一端。 1中心广场与广场尽端标志性主导建筑成为校园主广场,大型交往公共空间,并强化了校园特色上午认知性,由于一体或整体相对分散、零乱,所以中心感的形成有利于整体感形成。 2对传统中心广场布局的优化,现代校园强调人性化空间。因而可以摒弃早期校园中心广场规划布局中严谨的轴线关系,冷漠感和非人的尺度,在保持与阳光绿化接触的开阔空间的同时,以软硬铺地相结合,宜人尺度的室外、家具、灌木台阶,以及非对称布局围合的交往空间,使之成为不仅仅供大型集会,且供平时休闲读书的富有凝聚力的校园中心。此外单体建筑还应反映大学校园建筑的特征,使其统一和谐。 1)单体建筑的创作应当与校园总体规划协调,与周边环境融合,并反映自身建筑的个性。 2)注重功能的合理,建筑具有通用性、开放性、综合性、灵活性真正体现“以人为本”的设计思想。 3)计注重内外空间的交流,渗透创造不同层次的交往空间。 4)建筑设计强调地域性、文化性,造型典雅、大气、富有理性,以反映大学文化之精神。 (三)校园规划的历时整体性 校园规划的历时整体性指校园设计不仅仅在首期、近期、远期的发展上均有完整性,同时对校园的未来在扩展的整体性具有约束力。 1创造使用灵活,扩展方便的弹性生长型校园结构,各功能区均留有一定比例的远期用地和弹性用地,并可依据原有构图制约而保持整体统一性。 2设计中应考虑周围可能用地发展的方向,可采用趋势性极强的线性布局或发散型及完型构图方式。 (四)校园内外部空间整体化——景观园的园林 内外部空间的交融,强调空间的交往性。大学校园不仅是传授知识职能的教育场所,也是陶冶性情、操身全面发展的生活环境。其外部空间设计可学用“建筑融于园景”。使外部空间成为建筑空间的延伸,在内部空间设计可学用“园林融入建筑”,使人身在室内犹在室外园景中,随时可以享受绿化生态环境。 此外其还可以融入西方现代园林景观设计手法如: 1)大型开放空间:中心花坛、下沉广场、露天剧场、台地、院落等。 2)中型开放空间:滨水空间、室外平台、屋顶花园、架空层等。 3)小型开放空间:廊道、花架、室外家具、绿化围合、建筑灰空间等。 4)多层次开放空间。 5)校园文化格调整体化。 一个大学校园应有其统一的文化格调。有其特别的文化格调和人文精神,在设计中必须考虑,也必须体现其个性特征。 1)结合当地的地域文化特色营造大学的个性。如香港岭南学院等。2)结合大学的历史文脉或教育特点营造大学的个性。如美国斯坦福大学。 3)以建筑师的个性风格独创大学的个性风格,如新加坡理工学院4)在整体连续性的大前提下,局部富有特色变化。 大学校园建筑形象不同于其他文化性,商业性建筑,商业性建筑大多要求标新立异,自我突出,注重时尚。给人们第一时间上的视觉冲击力,而大学建筑则承载着大学的人文历史,是学生接受知识的场所,典雅,庄重,朴素,自然应该是其本质特征。其形象性标志以回归绿色设计和纯净形式为优,以功能和空间环境的营造为主,屏弃虚假,造作形式,追求自然清新。而现在有些设计,过分强调造型,体现过分夸张,装饰过分豪华,违背了教育建筑的本质。校园建筑形象在个体之间可以不必追求统一风格,不同历史时期的建筑,不同使用功能可以通过不同的建筑处理手法,诠释对大学校园精神的理解,从而反映大学校园文化的多元性,自由性,兼容并蓄,记载了不同历史时期校园发展的历程。 四建筑设计于规划中情感空间塑造的整体性 感建筑与校园文化 一所理想的大学校园应当由美好的物质环境组成,应使其结合得相得益彰,富有整体和统一性。 所谓“情感空间”,是于物质空间相对立,情感空间一定由物质空间组成,而物质空间不一定是情感空间,情感空间强调感受力量,这类空间被关怀的人才是真正的主角,而建筑与环境只有具备了情感空间只后才真正偶了灵魂,以及其完整性和统一性才能得到体现。 一个吸引人的,有感染力的,能够潜移默化地教育改造人的大学校园,一定具有典型丰富的情感空间,与物质空间组成大学校园的全部。正是这各种的情感空间的组合,构成并决定了我们对一所大学校园环境与校园文化总体印象,其也是校园文化的重要组成部分。缺少情感空间的大学校园是一个不完整的校园,校园的整体性受到破坏。 (二)景设计与校园活动 人们常说“建筑是凝固的音乐”,因此,人们的习惯思维中建筑设计是静态的。体量,尺度,比例,色彩,空间成为建筑师最常用的词语,表现图成为建筑设计时表达意向最常用的手段,但如果我们暂时把关注的静止的建筑转变为建筑中场所的情景及场所中活动的人们与人们的活动。关注人们和建筑的整体性,校园将更具有完整性和统一性。 小结: 大学校园建设不同于普通的单体建筑设计,不不同于一般的城市规划,有其特殊性,第一,它不是单栋的建筑或建筑综合体,而是数万栋数十万平方米多种功能非单一用地的大量建筑单体的集合,第二,它不涉及复杂的社会政治,经济因因素,几千至几万平方公里的城市资源配置,而是功能线索相对单纯,用地规模在几十至几百万公顷的综合设计。校园建设也不是单纯的平面规划,更不是单纯的建筑空间设计,而是二者加上景观和外部空间形态,情感空间的综合体。 在校园规划设计过程中,应把建筑,环境人结合起来,看做一个整体设计,使大学校园成为一个完整的结合体。
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