[初二英语]Y广西柳州市羊角山中学八年级英语语法：直接引语与间接引语

[初二英语]Y广西柳州市羊角山中学八年级英语语法：直接引语与间接引语 初二英语语法 林 萍 专题:直接引语与间接引语 一、学习目标 ? 1. 掌握直接引语与间接引语的意义、功能及用法; ? 2. 进一步熟练过去时态(一般过去时、过去进行时)。 二、学习重点难点 ? 1.直接引语(Direct Speech)是指原封不动的引用原话，把它放在引号内，例如: ? Mother told me, “You should finish your homework first, then you can go out and play with your friends.” ? They said, “We want to have a rest.” ? 间接引语(Reported Speech，又叫Indirect Speech)即用自己的话加以转述，被转述的话不放在引号内。上面两个例句变成间接引语应该是: ? Mother told me that I should finish my homework first and then I could go out and play with my friends. ? They said they wanted to have a rest. ? 2. 当我们把直接引语变成间接引语时，由于引述动词(said，told等)一般都是过去时形式，因此间接引语中的动词时态、人称代词、限定词、时间状语、地点状语等一般都要做相应的变化。有下面几种情况: ? 1) 现在时间推移到过去时间 ? 所谓现在时间推移到过去时间指一般现在时变为一般过去时，现在进行时变成过去进行时，现在完成时变成过去完成时。例如: ? She said, “I am hungry.” ? ,> She said (that) she was hungry. ? He said, “The family are fighting among themselves.” ? ,> He said (that) the family were fighting among themselves. ? Tom said, “I have found what’s wrong with the computer.” ? ,> Tom said he had found what was wrong with the computer. ? 在下列场合，尽管陈述动词为过去时形式，间接引语中的动词时态却不必改变，即: ? a) 当引述的是客观事实、科学真理、现在习惯工作以及格言等内容时: ? He said, “The word ‘laser’ is an acronym(首字母缩略词).” ? ,> He said the word ‘laser’ is an acronym. ? b) 当动词所表示的状态或动作在引述时仍在继续时: ? “I’m forty,” he said. ? ,> He said he is forty. ? c) 当谓语动词包含无过去时形式的情态助动词时: ? He said, “It must be pretty late. I really must go.” ? ,> He said it must be pretty late, and he really must go. ? He said, “You mustn’t smoke in the room.” t smoke in the room. ? ,> He said I mustn’ ? 2) 过去时间推移到过去的过去 ? 这里需要注意以下几点: ? a) 当强调动作或状态先于引述动词时，一般过去时要变成过去完成体。例如: ? He said, “I didn’t know you.” t known me. ? ,> He said he hadn’ ? 当“过去的过去”已经不言自明，或者通过其他词汇手段予以体现，或者侧重于强调所转述的事实本身时，一般过去时形式可以不变。例如: ? Ann said, “She was born in 1981.” ? ,> Ann said she was born in 1981. ? b) 过去进行时可以变成过去完成进行时，也可以不变。例如: ? Robert said, “I was joking with Mary.” ? ,> Robert said he had been joking with Mary. ? Robert said he was joking with Mary. ? c) 过去完成时仍为过去完成时，不需改变。例如: ? He said, “We hadn’t returned to the store when she came.” ? ,> He said they hadn’t returned to the store when she came. ? d) 时间状语分句中的一般过去式或者过去进行时可以不变。例如: ? John said, “When I lived in London I often saw Jane.” ? ,> John said when he lived in London he had often seen Jane. ? John said when he lived in London he often saw Jane. ? 3) 将来时间推移到过去将来时间 ? 最常见的是把表示将来时间的助动词由现在时形式变为过去时形式。例如: ? He said, “We’re spending next weekend at home.” ? ,> He said they were spending the next weekend at home. ? She said, “The milk will go off(变质)if you don’t drink it today.” ? ,> She said the milk would go off if I didn’t drink it that day. ? They said, “We’re going to Hawaii this summer vacation.” ? ,> They said they were going to Hawaii that summer vacation. ? 但是，在引述时，如果原话中的动作或者状态属于尚未到来的将来时间，那么，可以不推移到过去将来时间。例如: ? He said, “I’ll be waiting for you tomorrow.” ? ,> He said he will be waiting for me tomorrow. ? 4) 人称代词、限定词、时间状语、地点状语的变化 ? 由上面的例子可以看出，当直接引语变成间接引语时，除动词时态变化外，人称代词、限定词、时间状语、地点状语等通常也作相应的变化。 ? a) 人称代词，除引述本人原话外，通常第一、二人称变为第三人称，或者第二人称变为第一人称;限定词也作相应的变化。例如: ? He said, “We love our country.” ? ,> He said they love their county. ? b) 指示代词this，these分别变成that/it，those/they或them;指示限定词this，those通常变为 that，those或the。例如: ? “This house is very expensive,” she said. ? ,> She said that house was very expensive. ? The children came back with two wallets and said, “We picked these up on the pavement.” ? ,> The children came back with two wallets and said they had picked them up on the pavement. ? c) 时间状语在间接引语中的变化有三种情况: ? i) 时间状语和动词时态两者都变。例如: ? He said, “It was completes a year ago.” ? ,> He said it had been completed a year before. ? ii) 时间状语不变，动词时态可变可不变。例如: ? She said, “We left Paris at 8 a.m.” ? ,> She said they had left Paris at 8 a.m. ? She said they left Paris at 8 a.m. ? iii) 时间状语变与不变需视具体情况而定，如果引述时间和说话时间(如同一年、同一月、同 一天等)，时间状语可不变。例如: ? Mr. Black said, “We started learning Chinese last month.” ? ,> Mr. Black said they had started learning Chinese last month. (同一月引述) ? ,> Mr. Black said they had started learning Chinese the previous month. (可在同一月引述，也 可不在同一月引述) ? 直接引语 间接引语 ? today that day ? this morning/afternoon, etc. that morning/afternoon, etc. ? yesterday the day before, the previous day ? (the) day before yesterday two days before ? tomorrow the next day, the following day ? (the) day after tomorrow two days after, in two days’ time ? next week/month, etc. the next week/month, etc. ? last week/month the week/month before ? now then ? d) 地点状语here通常变为there;但若说话人所在地也就是引述人所在地，可仍用here，也可 用具体地点代替here。例如: ? She said, “I first met your brother here.” ? ,> She said she first met my brother there. ? “Are the children here?” Father asked. ? ,> Father asked whether the children were here. ? 本单元重点:直接引语和间接引语，需要注意的是:直接引语变间接引语时，人称和时态要发 生变化，时态得和主句的时态保持一致。 ? Sentences from the passage (重点句讲解) ? I asked her why she wanted to do that, and she said that she had forgotten to do hers. ? 我问她为什么要那么做，她说她忘记做作业了。 ? forget to do sth. 忘记做某事 (还没有做) ? forget doing sth. 忘记做过某事 (已经做过了) ? e.g. When you leave the classroom, don’t forget to turn off the lights. ? 离开教室时，别忘记关灯。 ? I forgot meeting him before. 我不记得以前见过他了。 ? 类似的还有: ? remember to do sth. 记得做某事 (还没有做) ? remember doing sth. 记得做过某事 (已经做过了) ? e.g. ? “Remember to finish your homework on time, Li Ming”, his mother said. ? 李明妈妈说，“记得按时完成作业。” ? I remember telling this story for several times. ? 我记得这个故事给你讲过好几次了。 ? ?I said I didn’t think it was a good idea for her to copy my homework. ? 我说，抄我的作业并不是什么好事。 ? 注意的think 用法:如果think 引导的宾语从句，其从句表示否定意思时，不是否定从句，而是否定主句。 ? e.g. 翻译下列句子: ? 我认为给你父亲说这件事的时机还不成熟。 ? I don’t think it is the right time for you to tell your father about that. ? 我认为他不是一个好演员。 I don’t think he is a good actor. ? 我认为你说的并不正确。 I don’t think you are right. ? ?Yesterday she told me she was sorry she’d gotten mad. ? 昨天她告诉我，她为自己当时生气而抱歉。 ? ?Nowadays, many students prefer using English names in a language classroom. ? 如今，许多学生喜欢在上语言课的时候用英文名字。 ? prefer的用法: prefer v. 更喜欢;宁愿 ? prefer sth. to sth. 喜欢„胜过„ ? prefer doing sth. to doing sth. 喜欢„而不喜欢„ ? prefer to do rather than do 宁愿„而不愿„ ? e.g. ? Do you prefer coffee or tea? 你喜欢咖啡还是茶, ? He prefers talking to doing. 他喜欢说，却不喜欢做。 ? They prefer to die rather than surrender. 他们宁死不屈。 ? ?And for young people, having an English name is cool for them when they talk to their foreign pen pals. ? 而且对年轻人来说，有了英文名字，和笔友交谈时也很酷。 ? having an English name „ 中having 是动词ing形式, 用来做主语。 ? e.g. ? Getting up early every day is his good habit. 每天早起是他的习惯。 ? Swimming is her favorite sport. 游泳是她最喜欢的运动。 ? ?Learning English and having English names are both popular in China. They are also important for China’s contact with the world. ? 学习英语，而且有英文名字在中国很流行。这些对中国和世界的接触也很重要。 ? contact的用法: ? contact n. ? e.g. be in contact with 和...接触， 有联系 ? They have been in contact with each other for five years. ? 他们互相保持联系已经有五年了。 ? She comes into contact with many people. 她和许多人有联系。 ? contact v. ? e.g. She contacted me as soon as she arrived. 她一到就和我联系了。 ? ?On the other hand, some people who come to China choose Chinese names ? 另一方面，一些人来到中国，也起了中文名字。 ? on the one hand 一方面„ ? on the other hand 另一方面„ ? e.g. ? On one hand, he is a clever boy; on the other hand, he always makes his mother angry. ? 一方面，他是个聪明的孩子;可另一方面，他老惹母亲生气。 一、将直接引语变成间接引语 ? 1. The plumber said, “I can’t fix the bathtub today because I’m sick” ? The plumber said he couldn’t fix the bathtub that day because he was sick. ? 2. Grandma said, “Grandpa is feeling much better today.” ? Grandma said Grandpa was feeling much better that day. ? 3. Mr. and Mrs. Davis said, “We won’t be able to come to dinner this Saturday night.” ? Mr. and Mrs. Davis said they wouldn’t be able to come to dinner that Saturday night. ? 4. The landlord said, “I haven’t received this month’s rent yet.” ? The landlord said he hadn’t received that month’s rent yet. ? 5. Cousin Sue said, “I’m sorry I didn’t have time to come over and visit last Saturday.” ? Cousin Sue said she was sorry she hadn’t had time to come over and visit the previous Saturday ? 6. Uncle Harry said, “I’ll call back later.” ? Uncle Harry said he would call back later. ? 7. The neighbors across the street said, “We were robbed last night!” ? The neighbor across the street said they had been robbed the night before. ? 8. Sally said, “I’m at my friend Juliet’s house now.” ? Sally said she was at her friend Juliet’s house then. ? 9. Mother said, “Your sister and brother-in-law are going to have a baby.” ? Mother said my sister and brother-in-law were going to have a baby. ? 10. Aunty said, “There was a big fire at the high school.” ? Aunty said there had been a big fire at the high school. 二、用第三人称转述下面电子邮件 1. Subject: Mother’s Day In Italy we celebrate the Mother’s day on the 2nd Sunday of May, that’s why students don’t go to school and adults are not at work. Sons and daughters usually give their mother a little present like flowers, chocolates or a piece of costume jewelry. Elisabetta from Italy ? 1. Elisabeth from Italy said in Italy they celebrated the Mother’s Day on the 2nd Sunday of May, and that was why students didn’t go to school and adults were not at work. She said sons and daughters usually gave their mother a little present like flowers, chocolates or a piece of costume jewelry. 2. Subject: Father’s Day I believe Father’s Day occurs on the third Sunday of June. We use it to give our fathers a chance to rest and relax, and do things they enjoy, such as fishing, golf, etc. They need a break! Usually my family will buy Dad a card, take him to eat and play. From the United States by Melissa ? 2. Melissa from the United States said she believed Father’s Day occurred on the third Sunday of June. She said they used it to give their fathers a chance to rest and relax, and to do things they enjoy, such as fishing, golf, etc. She said they needed a rest. ? Melissa also said usually her family would buy her father a card, take him to eat and play. 3. Subject: Christmas On the Christmas Eve we dance around the Christmas tree and Saint Nicolaus. In my family we eat Porridge in the evening and we have a Christmas tree in the living room. In the Christmas tree we have candles and other decorations like red golden balls and red hearts. From Sweden by Grease ? 3. Grease from Sweden said on the Christmas Eve they danced around the Christmas tree and Saint Nicolas. She said in her family they eat Porridge in the evening and they had a Christmas tree in the living room. She also said in the Christmas tree they had candles and other decorations like red golden balls and red hearts. 3060