语言学4

I . Fill in the blanks. 1. In making conversation, the general principle that all participants are expected to observe is called the _____ Principle proposed by J. Grice. Cooperative 2. While the meaning of a sentence is abstract and decontextualized, that of an _____ is concrete and context-dependent. utterance 3. A ______ act is the act of uttering words, phrases, clauses. It is the act of conveying literal meaning by means of syntax, lexicon and phonology. locutionary 4. _____ were statements that either state or describe, and were thus verifiable. Constatives 5. _____ are those illocutionary acts whose point is to commit the speaker to some future course of action. Commissives(承诺行为) 6. A _____ act is the act performed by or resulting from saying something. perlocutionary 7. _____ are attempts by the speaker to get the hearer to do something. Directives(指示行为) 8. _____ is the study of how speakers of a language use sentences to effect successful communication. Pragmatics 9. _____ were sentences that did not state a fact or describe a state, and were not verifiable. Performatives 10. All the acts that belong to the same category share the same purpose or the same _____ point, but they differ in their strength or force. illocutionary 11. The idea of Paul Grice is that in making conversation, the participants must first of all be willing to _____; otherwise it would be impossible for them to go on with the talk. The general principle is called the _____. cooperate; Cooperative Principle 12. The maxim of relation requires that what the conversation participants say must be _____. Relevant II. Choose the best answer. 13. _____ found that natural language had its own logic and conclude cooperative principle. A. John Austin B. John Firth C. Paul Grice D. William Jones C 14. The branch of linguistics that studies how context influences the way speakers interpret sentences is called _____. A. semantics B. pragmatics C. sociolinguistics D. psycholinguistics B 15. _____ proposed that speech act can fall into five general categories. A. Austin B. Searle C. Sapir D. Chomsky B 16. Promising, undertaking, vowing are the most typical of the _____. A. declarations B. directives C. commissives D. expressives C 17. The illocutionary point of the _____ is to express the psychological state specified in the utterance. A. declarations B. expressives C. commissives D. directives B 18. Y's utterance in the following conversation exchange violates the maxim of X: Who was that you were with last night? Y: Did you know that you were wearing odd socks? A. quality B. quantity C. relation D. manner C 19. The violation of one or more of the conversational _____ (of the CP) can, when the listener folly understands the speaker, create conversational implicature, and humor sometimes. A. standards B. principles C. levels D. maxims D 20. Most of the violations of the maxims of the CP give rise to _____. A. breakdown of conversation B. confusion of one's intention C. hostility between speakers and the listeners D. conversational implicatures D 21. Speech Act Theory was proposed by _____ in 1962. A. Saussure B. Austin C. Chomsky D. Grimm B 22. The maxim of quantity requires: _____. A. contribute as informative as required B. do not contribute more than is required C. do not say what has little evidence D. both A and B D 23. According to Searle, those illocutionary acts whose point is to commit the speaker to some future course of action are called _____. A. commissives B. directives C. expressives D. declaratives A III. Decide whether the following statements are true [T] or false [F]. __ 24. If the context of use is considered, the study is being carried out in the area of pragmatics. T __ 25. A locutionary act is the act of expressing the speaker's intention. [F] An illocutionary act is the act of expressing the speaker's intention. __ 26. When performing an illocutionary act of representative, the speaker is making a statement or giving a description which he himself believes to be true. T __ 27. The utterance meaning of the sentence varies with the context in which it is uttered. T __ 28. While conversation participants nearly always observe the CP, they do not always observe these maxims strictly. T __29. Inviting, suggesting, warning, ordering are instances of commissives. [F] Inviting, suggesting, warning, ordering are instances of directives. __ 30. Only when a maxim under Cooperative Principle is blatantly violated and the hearer knows that it is being violated do conversational implicatures arise. T __ 31. Of the three speech acts, linguists are most interested in the illocutionary act because this kind of speech is identical with the speaker's intention. T __ 32. Of the views concerning the study of semantics, the contextual view, which places the study of meaning in the context in which language is used, is often considered as the initial effort to study meaning in a pragmatic sense. T __ 33. Stylistics covers the study of language use in relation to context, and in particular the study of linguistic communication. [F] Pragmatics covers the study of language use in relation to context, and in particular the study of linguistic communication. 34. As the process of communication is essentially a process of conveying meaning in a certain context, pragmatics can also be considered as a kind of meaning study. T __35. Utterance is based on sentence meaning; it is the realization of the Abstract meaning of a sentence in a real situation of communication or simply in a context. T