高中英语《Module 4 Great scientists》语法学案 新人教版必修4

四川省宜宾市南溪二中高二英语必修四《Module 4 Great scientists》语法学案 课题 Great Scientists 课时 1 课时 教学目标 1.Revise some language points. 2. Learn more about Grammar of the module . 3.Learn to use this Grammar. 教学重点 Revision of passive voice 教学难点 Deal with some important exercises about it. 课堂导学 (一)语态分类 英语动词有两种语态，主动语态和被动语态。主动语态 表 关于同志近三年现实表现材料材料类招标技术评分表图表与交易pdf视力表打印pdf用图表说话 pdf 示主语是动作的执行者，被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者。如： They will build a new bridge over the river. (主动) A new bridge will be built over the river. (被动) 汉语中常用“被”、“给”、“由”、“受”等词用来表示被动，而英语用： be+过去分词 构成。 (二)被动语态的时态、人称和数的变化 主要体现在be的变化上，其形式与系动词be的变化形式完全一样,列表如下： 一般现在时 am/is/are + done 一般过去时 was/were + done 一般将来时 Shall＋will +be+ done 现在进行时 am/is/are+ being+done 过去进行时 was/were+being +done 过去将来时 Should/would+be+done 现在完成时 Has/have+been+done 过去完成时 Had +been + done ［注］被动语态没有将来进行时和过去将来进行时。 (三)被动语态常用的八种时态 1. 一般现在时 People grow rice in the south of the states. _______________________________________________________(改为被动) The school doesn't allow us to enter the chemistry lab without a teacher. We __________________enter the chemistry lab without a teacher. (被动) 2. 一般过去时 He had a strange way of making his classes lively and interesting. And the students didn't forget his lessons easily. He had a strange way of making his classes lively and his lessons______________________. 3. 一般将来时 They will send cars abroad by sea. Cars ___________abroad by sea. They will give plenty of jobs to school-leavers. Plenty of jobs _________________school-leavers. 4. 过去将来时 The manager said they would complete the project by the end of the year. The manager said the project ______________________________________________ 5. 现在进行时 The radio is broadcasting English lessons. English lessons ________________________________________________________ 6. 过去进行时 This time last year we were planting trees here. Trees ____________________________________________________ 7. 现在完成时 Someone has told me the sports meet might be put off. I __________________ the sports meet might be put off. 8. 过去完成时 People had considered him to be a great leader. He _______________________________________________ 9. 含有情态动词的被动语态 含有情态动词的被动语态是由“情态动词+ be+ 及物动词的过去分词”构成。 e.g. The teacher said, “You must hand in your compositions after class. ” [ The teacher said, “Your compositions must be handed in after class. ” He can write a great many letters with the computer. A great many letters ___________________________________________ (四)被动语态的使用 1. 当不知道或没有必要指出动作的执行者时，常用被动语态，这时往往不用by短语。 “Mr. White, the cup with mixture was broken after class. ”(只是告诉老师杯子坏了，不知是谁弄坏的，或不想说出谁弄坏的)。 2. 突出或强调动作的承受者，如果需要说出动作的执行者，用by短语。 These records were made by John Denver. The cup was broken by Paul. 3. 当汉语句子的主语既不是动作的执行者，也不是动作的承受者时，这时常用in+ 名词作状语，而代替by短语。 These cars were made in China. 15, 000 cars will be produced each year in the new factory. 英译汉：______________________________________________________________ (五)主动语态变被动语态的方法 1. 把主动语态的宾语变成被动语态的主语。 2. 把主动语态的谓语变成被动语态的be+ 过去分词，时态要与原句保持一致。 3. 把主动语态的主语变为介词by的宾语，放在被动语态里谓语动词之后，by短语可以省略。如果原句主语是地点名词，在被动语态中用in+ 地点名词作状语。如： My aunt invited me to her dinner party. 主语 谓语 宾语 I was invited (by my aunt )to her dinner party. 主语 谓语 宾语 The school set up a special class to help poor readers. A special class to help poor readers was set up in the school. (六)语态转换时所注意的问题 1. 把主动语态变为被动语态时，其谓语动词的时态要与原句时态保持一致，其谓语动词的数要与新主语保持一致。 We have bought a new computer. A new computer has been bought. (正确) A new computer have been bought. (错误) 2. 含有双宾语的主动句变被动句时，可分别将其中的一个宾语变为主语，另一个不动，一般变间接宾语为主语时比较多。 My uncle gave me a present on my birthday. I was given a present on my birthday. 如果把直接宾语(指物)改为主语，则在间接宾语(指人)前加适当的介词，如上句还可以说： A present _______________________________________ 注意：一般在下列动词后，常在间接宾语前用介词to，如： bring, give, hand, lend, offer, pass, pay, promise, sell, show, take, teach, tell等。 The magazine was passed on to me. _____________________________________ The cup with mixture ________________(show)the class. _____________________________ 一般在下列动词后，间接宾语前用介词for, 如： build, buy, cook, cut, choose, do, fetch, find, fix, get, keep, make, order, paint, play, sing等。 Mother made me a new skirt. __________________________________ 有些既不用to也不用for, 根据动词与介词的搭配关系。 People all over the world know the Great Wall. The Great Wall is known to people all over the world. (不用by短语) 3. 由动词+ 介词或副词构成的短语动词，要把它们作为整体看，即把它们看成一个及物动词，介词或副词不可拆开或漏掉。这类动词有： [ 不及物动词+ 介词，如: agree to, ask for, laugh at, operated on, listen to, look after, think of, talk about等。 The patient is being operated on. _______________________________________ The problem is solved. It needn't be talked about. ____________________________________ 及物动词+ 副词：如：bring about, carry out, find out, give up, hand in, make out, pass on, point out, put away, put off, think over, turn down, work out, turn out等。 他的请求被拒绝了。____________________________________ The sports meet will be put off because of the bad weather. _____________________________ 4. 带复合宾语(宾语+ 宾补)的动词改为被动语态时，一般把主动结构中的宾语改为主语，而宾语补足语保留在谓语动词后面。如： We always keep the classroom clean. The classroom is always kept clean. 注意：在see, watch, hear, notice, listen to, look at, make, feel等动词后作宾语补足语的动词不定式都不带to，但改成被动语态后都带to，这时不定式为主语补足语，也就是说不定式作主语补足语不存在省略to的问题。 We often hear him play the guitar. [ He is often heard to play the guitar. 注意：带有复合宾语的句子，如果宾语补足语是名词，变被动句时，应将宾语变为主语，不要误把宾语补足语的名词作主语。如： Tomatoes were first taken back to Europe and people called them love apples. ______________________________________________________________________________ 误：Love apples were called them. 正：They were called love apples. 5. 还有一种短语动词由动词+ 名词+ 介词构成，变被动语态有两种形式，如下： 1)We take good care of the books. The books are taken good care of. Good care is taken of the book. 2)You must pay attention to your pronunciation. Attention must ___________________________________ Your pronunciation ________________________________ 用于这类结构的短语动词常见的有：catch sight of, make use of, pay attention to, set fire to, take care of, take hold of, take notice of, keep an eye on等。 6. 当主动句的主语是nobody, no one等含有否定意义的不定代词时，被动句中将其变为anybody, 作by的宾语，并将谓语动词变为否定的被动语态。如： Nobody can answer this question. 误：The question can be answered by nobody. 正：The question can not be answered by anybody. 7. 当否定句中的宾语是anything, anybody, anyone等不定代词时，在被动句中应将其分别变为nothing, nobody, no one作主语，并将谓语动词变为肯定的被动语态。如： They haven't done anything to make the river clean. ___________________________________- 误：Anything hasn't been done to make the river clean. 正：Nothing has been done to make the river clean. 8. 以who为主语开头的疑问句，变被动时，用by whom放在句首： Who wrote the story? 误：Who was the story written? 正：By whom was the story written? 9. 有些动词既是及物又是不及物，当它们和well, badly, easily等副词连用时，表示主语内在品质或性能，是不及物动词，用主动表示被动，这时不用被动语态，常见的有：write, read, clean, sell, wash, cook等。如： The cloth washes easily. ___________________________ The new product sells well. _________________________________ The pen writes smoothly. _______________________________ The books sell well. (主动句) 对比： The books were sold out. (被动句) The meat didn't cook well. (主动句) 对比： [ The meat was cooked for a long time over low heat. (被动句) 10. 下列情况主动句不能改为被动句： 第一，感官系动词一般用主动形式表示被动意义如：feel，look, seem, taste, sound, remain等。 The food tastes delicious. The pop music sounds beautiful. 第二，谓语是及物动词leave, enter, reach, suit, have, benefit, lack, own等。如： He entered the room and got his book. 第三，一些不及物动词短语没有被动语态，如：take place, break out, belong to, lose heart, consist of, add up to等。如： The fire broke out in the capital building. 第四，不及物动词没有被动语态，如：rise, happen, succeed, remain, lie等。 1)When we got to the top of the mountain, the sun had already risen. 2)After the earthquake, few houses remained. 第五，宾语是反身代词，相互代词，同源宾语，不定式，v-ing形式及抽象名词等，不能变为被动句子的主语，如： I taught myself English. [ 误：Myself was taught English. We love each other. 误：Each other is loved. 11. 汉语有一类句子不出现主语，在英语中一般可用被动结构表示，如： 据说……It is said that… 据报导……It is reported that… 据推测……It is supposed that… 希望……It is hoped that… 众所周知……It is well known that… 普遍认为……It is generally considered that… 有人建议……It is suggested that… 1)It is reported that it is going to rain tomorrow. 2)It is well known that Thomas Edison invented the electric lamp. 高考链接： 1. The church tower which will be open to tourists soon. The work is almost finished. A. has restored B. has been restored C. is restoring D. is being restored 2. This coastal area a national wildlife reserve last year. A. was named B. named C. is named D. names 3. Every year a flood of farmers arrive in Shenzhen for the money-making jobs they before leaving their hometowns. A. promised B. were promised C. have promised D. have been promised 4. You’ve failed to do what you to and I’m afraid the teacher will blame you. A. will expect B. will be expected C. expected D. were expected 5.In the spoken English of some areas in the US，the “r”sounds at the end of the words _____________. A are dropped B drop C Are being dropped D have dropped 针对训练： 1. It is said that a new robot ____by him in a few days. A. designed B. has been designed C. will be designed D. will have been designed 2. We are late. I expect the film ____by the time we get to the cinema. A. will already have started B. would already have started C. shall have already started D. has already been started[ 3. She will stop showing off if no notice____ of her. A. is taken B. takes C. will be taken D. has taken[ 4. Diamond ____in Brazil in 1971. A. is found B. has been found C. was found D. had been found 5. “Have you moved to the new flat?” “Not yet. The room ____.” A. has been painted B. is painted C. paints D. is being painted 6. My pictures ____until next Friday. A. won't develop B. aren't developed C. don't develop D. won' t be developed 7. Tim ____since he lost his job three weeks ago. A. had been unemployed B. was unemployed C. has been unemployed D. has unemployed 8. A great number of colleges and universities ____since 1949. A. has been establish B. have been established C. have established D. had been established 9. I'll have to push the car to the side of the road because we ____if we leave it here. A. would be fined B. will be fined C. will being fined D. will have been fined 10. “____two tickets for the new play at the Grand Theatre on Saturday. Shall we go and see it together?” A. They have been given B. I have been given C. I am given D. They have given to me 11. The subject of these lectures ____by the lecture committee. A. is announced B. have been announced C. are announced D. has been announced 12. I found an aspirin bottle ____dropped on the floor of David's room. A. was B. had C. had been D. is 13.The goods ____when we arrived at the airport. A. were just unloading B. were just been unloading C. had just unloaded D. were just being unloaded 14. If one ____by pride, he will reject useful advice and friendly assistance. A. overcomes B. is overcome C. has been overcome D. overcome 15. Most environment problems exist because adequate measures for preventing them ____taken in the past. A. was not B. were not C. were not being D. had not been