Sosc1662整理到9.16

Sosc1662整理 Sosc1662整理 9.7 WHAT IS SOCIOLOGY? 1.About: EVENTS； PEOPLE； THEMES 2. Sociology *The big picture *The Group, the Culture, the Organization rather than the individual. We should observe one thing in different aspects and try to see it as a whole not individually so that we can get the big picture. (Groves gave us some pics to show the power of different ways of thinking) 3. Oprah Winfrey, change your XXX in XXX days… these are not sociology. Sociology is more about the whole part . 4. things to remember: * EVENTS: The French Revolution 1789 法国大革命 The Rennaissance 14-16th Centuries 文艺复兴 Class notes：当时打开死者尸体是被教会所禁止的,而达芬奇完成了解剖与教会发生了冲突. “文艺复兴的起源——到奥纳多·达·芬奇——宗教改革——哥白尼——自然史、医学与化学——解剖学与生理学——植物学——科尔彻斯特的吉尔伯特——弗兰西斯·培根——刻卜勒——伽利略——从笛卡尔到波义耳——帕斯卡尔与气压计——妖术——数学——科学的起源”详细在第三章的文档 The Industrial Revolution 18-19th Century 工业革命 *PEOPLE: （对应要分清） Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679) The Problem of Order Aguste Comte (1798-1867) Science of Society “social physics.” Emile Durkheim (1858-1917) Social Solidarity Karl Marx: (1818-1883) Alienation, Class, Inequality Max Weber (1864-1920) Work Ethic, Bureaucracy George Simmel (1858-1912) Strangers and the city *CONFLICT: Break-down of traditional authority Rise of Science 科技的兴起 Social Solidarity 社会团结 Alienation and inequality 异化与不平等 Transformation of Religion Transformation of Family Life Development of Childhood 9.9~9.14 THE ASIAN VALUES DEBATE 1.“What kinds of things would you rather be doing right now?”Question raised by Groves with so many whys in order to tell us ----- ​ Prof: Why do you want the things you want? ​ Student: Society tells me. Through socialization. We’re brainwashed. ​ Definition of Values: The standards by which people define what is desirable/undesirable, good/bad, beautiful/ugly. （例子是高三政治课上渔夫与商人的对话） 2. Q：Why did Capitalism emerge in Europe during the Nineteenth Century? A： See :Max Webber；The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism（新教伦理与资本主义精神） Q：What is Capitalism? What defines capitalism A: Capitalism =Reliability AND predictability 可靠性与预测性 3. The Protestants ​ “THE CALLING” ​ Predestination 宿命论 ​ Asceticism禁欲主义 4. Weber on China： ​ KINSHIP BONDS 亲属关系 ​ PERSONAL FAVORITISM IN THE STATE 个人偏袒 ​ CHINESE LANGUAGE 中文 ​ LITERARY EDUCATION 文化教育 5. Conservative politicians and academics (early 1990s) ​ (former)Prime Minister Lee Kwan Yew (Singapore) ​ Mahathir bin Muhammad (Malaysia) ​ Samuel Huntington: “Confucian” civilization is hostile to democracy.” 6. Herman Kahn: “The Chinese Culture Connection" ​ Family socialization to promote sobriety, education, skills and diligence ​ Devotion to group over individual interests 集体大于个人 ​ Respect for Hierarchy 忠于统治层 7. Michael Harris Bond： Distinctive features of Chinese businesses Small, owned by founding father Based on close family relations 近亲 Strong moral leadership 强烈的道德指引 High Conformity 高度一致 8. reading material：Ezra Vogal: “Industrial Neo-Confucianism” & outline ​ Confucian bureaucrat with a sense of responsibility for the overall social order ​ Entrance Exam system ​ Importance of the group. *class notes： 1,The earliest industrialized countries : England and North America 2,Population density 3,The 4 little dragons: Taiwan, South Korea, Hong Kong and Singapore Baidu: 经济发展具有的特点： 　　①增长速度快。②出口扩张迅速。③经济结构发生重大变化。④人均国民收入水平迅速提高。 ⑤失业人数减少,收入分配相对平均 对韩国、新加坡、中国台湾、中国香港与的经济发展起促进作用的有以下因素： 　　①外部世界比较有利的发展环境。上世纪50～70年代，世界主要发达国家经济高速发展，为亚洲四小龙的出口导向发展提供了良好的外部条件。科学技术革命使发达国家生产转向技术和资本密集工业，亚洲四小龙拥有质高价廉的劳动力资源，正好发展劳动密集工业。东亚地区的稳定也使它们可以把主要精力放在经济发展上。 　　②实行正确的经济政策。中国香港则抓住有利时机，将消费城市转变为工业城市。 　　③发挥政府的积极作用。亚洲四小龙的政府都为经济发展创造各方面的有利条件，并积极参予投资，适当进行经济管理。 　　⑤西方价值观影响：香港地区受到英国殖民统治，在法律、教育、经济各方面都深受影响；能够和其价值体系及经济体系接轨。 4. comparisons：（个人认为很重要） England HK Free market access to industrialization Government approach to industrialization Textile begin with wool Textile begin with cotton Capital intensive(coal, steel, steam) Cheap Labor (electronic goods；household appliances) 9.16 A world systems approach 1. Reading material: The Economic Success of Hong Kong (Alvin So) A world systems approach Outline: 1. Industrialization 2. Diversification and technological innovation 多元化与技术革新 3. Development of Finance 2.HONG KONG AND THE WORLD SYSTEM ​ Post war economic boom in the West 战后西方经济复苏 ​ The communist revolution in China 中国革命,共产党执政 ​ Competition from Taiwan, Japan, South Korea 来自各方竞争 ​ Economic blockade of communist countries by the US 美国对社会主义国家实行的经济封锁 ​ China’s opening to the West and need for foreign currency and equipment. 对西方开放,但需要外汇,香港的重要性凸现出来 3. MODERNIZATION THEORY（Countries “develop” through stages and become mature (like those in the West).） So, WHAT FACTORS HELP A REGION DEVELOP? •​ Favorable geography and climates •​ Population control. •​ Capital, food, technology •​ personal skills, values, leaders *“The Development of Underdevelopment” 1. 16-19th Century: Merchant Capitalism 烟草棉花，糖，黑奴，生产等分工 2. 19th Century-1960s. Colonialism and dependency 殖民主义和附属国 ​ Western Diseases introduced. 3. Post-Colonialism 战后殖民主义 * Replacement of traditional industries with industries that serve the West (“Cash Crops”). ​ Poor countries become dependent on Imported manufactured goods and Western markets. ​ “core” countries 核心国家 ​ “periphery” countries 边缘国家 Dualism: Traditional and Modern, Inequalities between rich and poor 二元论 ​ Traditional governments of poor countries are replaced with leaders that cooperate with the West. ​ Supported by America because he helped fight Iran in the 1980s（萨达姆） ​ Supported by America because he helped get the Soviets out of Afghanistan in the 1980s.（本拉登） *Countries fail to totally modernize and traditional practices are maintained *Creation of “artificial” states that include different ethnic groups *Europe created small artificial states cutting across ethnic differences and natural resources 4. post colonialism (from 1960s) ​ Colonized countries get their independence, but problems of colonialism still exist. 像索马里,安哥拉… 9.22​ Studying Social Changes in Hong Kong since the 1950s. 1. Themes in studies of social change in Hong Kong since the 1950s ​  Increased individualism. ​ Inequalities between rich and poor, citizens and non-citizens, young and old, men and women. 贫富差距 ​ Weakening of traditional religious Chinese practices, beliefs and ways of life. 传统宗教信仰生活方式的削弱 ​ Weakening of traditional family ties. 传统家庭纽带的削弱 ​ More impersonal government. 无情的政府 ​ Greater opportunity for conflict and disorder. 更多机会发生冲突与混乱 2. PART 1: 1940-1970s Demand for manufacturing: Number of Factories in Hong Kong 1961: 5554 1978: 33, 498 More than half the exports were in textiles 纺织 数量上升后，工作机会就大了 Factory workers (工作需求急速上升) Factory jobs paid more money than white collar jobs There was never a shortage of jobs 工作机会多 Even with workers working overtime, there was not enough labor to meet demand Some workers took work home with them. Workers could change jobs easily The work（但很多劣势） ​ No labor protection laws ​ No Holidays ​ No maternity leave 没有产假 ​ Workers worked until 10 pm ​ Worker injuries increased （结果） 1970 8899 1979 26, 630 Many people mortgaged their homes invest in the stock market. PART II: from 1973 ​ Stock market crashed ​ Many families lost their homes The Oil Crisis (mid-70s) Cost of plastics rise Control on electricity supply Fewer workers employed Many workers turned to street hawking Protectionism in the US. Number of imports limited. HK began to produce higher quality more expensive goods. Economic Recovery： Land prices increased Factory owners sold their factories to property developers Encouraged a service oriented economy Factory owners moved to China for cheaper land and labor. ​ New Immigrants in Hong Kong in the 1980s. Focus on street hawkers ​ Problems faced by poor families. Expectations and realities. ​ Impersonal relationship between the colonial government and people. ​ Life in the early public housing estates