Learn_to_read_Latin-如何学拉丁语

Learn to Read Latin W O R K B O O K Andrew Keller Colgate University Stephanie Russell Collegiate School Yale University Press New Haven & London 00kellerWB.i_x 10/21/03 11:07 AM Page iii Copyright © 2004 by Yale University. All rights reserved. This book may not be reproduced, in whole or in part, including illustrations, in any form (beyond that copying permitted by Sections 107 and 108 of the U.S. Copyright Law and except by reviewers for the public press), without written permission from the publishers. publisher: Mary Jane Peluso production controller: Aldo R. Cupo editorial assistant: Gretchen Rings designer: James J. Johnson marketing manager: Timothy Shea Set in E & F Scala type by Integrated Publishing Solutions, Grand Rapids, Michigan. Printed in the United States of America. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Keller, Andrew, 1960– Learn to read Latin (workbook) / Andrew Keller, Stephanie Russell. p. cm. — (Yale language series) ISBN 0-300-10194-5 (pbk.) 1. Latin language—Grammar. 2. Latin language—Grammar—Problems, exercises, etc. 3. Latin language—Readers. I. Russell, Stephanie, 1946– . II. Title. III. Series. 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 00kellerWB.i_x 10/21/03 11:07 AM Page iv CONTENTS Preface ix Drill A. Pronunciation 1 Drill 1. The Latin Noun 7 Drill 2–3. The Five Declensions; First Declension 9 Drill 4. Second Declension 17 Exercises, Chapter I 27 Drill 5–6. The Finite Latin Verb; Indicative Mood 41 Drill 7–8. Principal Parts and the Four Conjugations 45 Drill 9. First- and Second-Conjugation Verbs 49 Drill 10. sum and possum 57 Drill 11. Distinguishing Transitive and Intransitive Verbs 63 Drill 12–15. Short Sentences and Syntax 67 Drill Sentences, Chapter II 71 Drill 17–18. First-Second-Declension Adjectives; Noun-Adjective Agreement 87 Drill 19. Substantive Use of the Adjective 91 Drill 20. Predicate Adjective 93 Drill 21. The Passive Voice 95 Drill 22–23. Verb Morphology: The Passive Voice 97 Drill 24–28. Short Sentences and Syntax 105 Drill 29. eô 109 Drill Sentences, Chapter III 111 Drill 30. Third- and Fourth-Conjugation Verb Morphology 123 Drill 31–33. Synopsis II; Imperatives 137 Drill 34–36. Short Sentences and Syntax 141 Drill 37–38. Personal Pronouns and Possessive Adjectives 143 Drill Sentences, Chapter IV 149 00kellerWB.i_x 10/21/03 11:07 AM Page v Drill 40–42. Verb Morphology: Perfect Active Indicative System 163 Drill 43. The Irregular Third-Conjugation Verb ferô 173 Drill 44–46. Reflexive Pronouns, Reflexive-Possessive Adjectives, and ipse, ipsa, ipsum 175 Drill 47. Adverbs I 179 Drill 48. Subordinate Clauses I 181 Drill 49. Conditional Sentences I 185 Drill Sentences, Chapter V 187 Drill 50–51. The Perfect Passive System 199 Drill 52. Synopsis IV and Passive Morphology 203 Drill 53. Third Declension 209 Drill 54–59. Short Sentences and Syntax 215 Drill Sentences, Chapter VI 217 Drill 61–66. Verb Morphology: Active and Passive Subjunctive 231 Drill 67. Three Independent Uses of the Subjunctive 237 Drill 68. Conditional Sentences II 239 Drill 69–70. Short Sentences and Syntax 243 Drill Sentences, Chapter VII 245 Drill 72–73. Fourth and Fifth Declensions 257 Drill 74. Third-Declension Adjectives and Noun-Adjective Agreement 263 Drill 75. Adverbs II 267 Drill 76. Demonstrative Adjectives/Pronouns 269 Drill 77–78. Deponent and Semideponent Verbs 273 Drill 79–81. Short Sentences and Syntax 279 Drill Sentences, Chapter VIII 281 Drill 82. Quantitative Meter, Scansion 293 Drill 83. Purpose Clauses and Sequence of Tenses 295 Drill 83–84. Purpose Clauses and Indirect Commands 299 Drill 85. The Relative Pronoun and the Relative Clause 303 Drill 86. Special Features of the Relative Pronoun 309 Drill 87–88. Interrogative Pronouns and Adjectives 311 Drill Sentences, Chapter IX 315 Drill 92–93. Relative Clauses of Purpose and Characteristic 327 Drill 94–95. Participles 331 Drill 96. Attributive and Circumstantial Participles 333 Drill 97. Ablative Absolute 337 Drill 98–99. Participles and Periphrastics 339 Drill 99–102. Short Sentences and Syntax 343 Drill Sentences, Chapter X 345 Drill 104–105. Infinitives 355 Drill 106. Indirect Statement 359 Drill 108. Subordinate Clauses in Indirect Statement 365 Drill 109. Comparison of Adjectives and Adverbs 367 Drill 110. Irregular Comparative and Superlative Adjectives and Adverbs 373 Drill 111. Constructions with the Comparative and Superlative Degrees 377 Drill Sentences, Chapter XI 381 vi Contents 00kellerWB.i_x 10/21/03 11:07 AM Page vi Drill 113–114. Direct Questions and Deliberative Subjunctive 391 Drill 115–116. Indirect Questions and Doubting Clauses 395 Drill 117. Subordinate Clauses II: The Conjunction cum 399 Drill 118–119. volô, nôlô, mâlô; Negative Commands with nôlî and nôlîte 403 Drill Sentences, Chapter XII 409 Drill 122. Gerunds and Gerundives 419 Drill 123. Subordinate Clauses III 425 Drill 124. Correlatives 427 Drill 125. The Irregular Verb fîô 431 Drill 126–129. Short Sentences and Syntax 435 Drill Sentences, Chapter XIII 437 Drill 131–133. Result Clauses, Relative Clauses of Result, and Substantive Ut Clauses 445 Drill 134. fore ut Construction 447 Drill 135. Impersonal Constructions I 449 Drill Sentences, Chapter XIV 451 Drill 137. Fear Clauses 461 Drill 138. Prevention Clauses 463 Drill 139. Impersonal Constructions II 465 Drill 140. Direct and Indirect Reflexives 469 Drill 141–145. Short Sentences and Syntax 471 Drill Sentences, Chapter XV 473 Latin to English Vocabulary 479 English to Latin Vocabulary 489 Morphology Appendix 503 Chapter handouts and synopsis forms can be found at the back of this workbook Contents vii 00kellerWB.i_x 10/21/03 11:07 AM Page vii PREFACE This workbook contains drills written to accompany the Introduction and each of the fifteen chap- ters of the textbook Learn to Read Latin. The drill numbers correspond to numbers of sections in the text in which morphology and syntax are presented. After most sections the student is referred to the appropriate drill for reinforcement of the forms and syntax just presented. In addition, this work- book contains drill sentences for each chapter. These synthetic Latin sentences have been written to give substantial practice in the new vocabulary, morphology, and syntax of each chapter, while also reviewing material taught in earlier chapters. The drill sentences may also be studied for patterns and effects of Latin prose word order. Because the workbook pages are perforated, all drills and drill sentences may be detached and used for homework assignments as well as for work in class. At the back of the workbook are two or three handouts for each chapter. These handouts, which should be removed from the book and used for study as each chapter is presented, give compact summaries of all the morphology and syntax taught in each chapter. They do not include a list of the new vocabulary, which is given in the beginning of each chapter in the textbook. Included with the handouts for several chapters are synopsis sheets to be used for reviewing verb morphology. The synopsis sheets provided should be torn out and used to make multiple copies for students. 00kellerWB.i_x 10/21/03 11:07 AM Page ix Drill A Pronunciation A. Pronounce these pairs of words, taking particular care to distinguish the sounds of the vowels and diphthongs. 1. âra ârâ 11. veniunt venient 2. venit vênit 12. cîvês dîves 3. dûcere dûcêre 13. miserâs mîserâs 4. audîs audês 14. vidêre vîdêre 5. Claudius Clôdius 15. êgêre egêre 6. cîvis cîvîs 16. capî cêpî 7. cadit caedit 17. cornû cornua 8. poena poêta 18. ducis dûcis 9. ageris agêris 19. sênsimus sentîmus 10. putet putêtur 20. coepisse cêpisse B. 1. Copy and divide the following words into syllables and mark the syllable to be stressed by placing an x above it. If the word is one syllable, proceed to 2. 2. Pronounce the word out loud. Remember: there are no silent letters in Latin. x Example: salûtâtiônês sa/lû/tâ/ti/ô/nês 1. et 2. nôn 3. sîc 4. vel 5. heu 6. dê 7. cui 8. huic 9. tamen 10. lingua 01kellerWB.001_198 10/21/03 11:07 AM Page 1 11. hôrum 12. optant 13. flûctus 14. gerunt 15. laudâtur 16. habentur 17. miserae 18. quaesîvêrunt 19. gladiôs 20. coeperant 21. obtineô 22. urbs 23. lîbertâs 24. servitûs 25. inquit 26. nautârum 27. poenâs 28. patriam 29. saevae 30. îram 31. memorem 32. Iûnônis 2 In t roduct ion 01kellerWB.001_198 10/21/03 11:07 AM Page 2 33. Iuppiter 34. senâtûs 35. sententiâ 36. ambulâvêre 37. aurês 38. caecô 39. laudâta 40. perîculôsî 41. ingentem 42. iaciet 43. iaciunt 44. deinde 45. gererentur 46. laetissimus 47. iûra 48. iam 49. ambulâveris 50. convocâvêrunt 51. istîus 52. essêtis 53. cêpistî 54. cecidissent Dri l l A . Pronunc ia t ion 3 01kellerWB.001_198 10/21/03 11:07 AM Page 3 55. sanguine 56. anguibus 57. cônsuêscô 58. persuâdêre 59. sumus 60. agunt 61. intellegit 62. quem 63. haec 64. aequora 65. magistrôs 66. pecûniôsum 67. cônsiliô 68. verba 69. aquâ 70. fêminâ 71. fêmina 72. aqua 4 In t roduct ion 01kellerWB.001_198 10/21/03 11:07 AM Page 4 C. Read the following passages out loud. 1. Caesar, Dê Bellô Gallicô I.1 Gallia est omnis dîvîsa in partês três, quârum ûnam incolunt Belgae, aliam Aquîtânî, tertiam quî ipsôrum linguâ Celtae, nostrâ Gallî appellantur. Hî omnês linguâ, înstitûtîs, lêgibus inter sê differunt. Gallôs ab Aquîtânîs Garumna flûmen, â Belgîs Matrona et Sêquana dîvidit. Hôrum omnium fortissimî sunt Belgae, proptereâ quod â cultû atque hûmânitâte prôvinciae longissimê absunt minimêque ad eôs mercâtôrês saepe commeant atque ea quae ad effêminandôs animôs pertinent important proximîque sunt Germânîs, quî trâns Rhênum incolunt, quibuscum continenter bellum gerunt. Quâ dê causâ Helvêtiî quoque reliquôs Gallôs virtûte praecêdunt, quod ferê côtîdiânîs proeliîs cum Germânîs contendunt, cum aut suîs fînibus eôs prohibent aut ipsî in eôrum fînibus bellum gerunt. 2. Cicero, In Catilînam I 1–2 Quô ûsque tandem abûtêre, Catilîna, patientiâ nostrâ? Quam diû etiam furor iste tuus nôs êlûdet? Quem ad fînem sêsê effrênâta iactâbit audâcia? Nihilne tê nocturnum praesidium Palâtî, nihil urbis vigiliae, nihil timor populî, nihil concursus bonôrum omnium, nihil hic mûnîtissimus habendî senâtûs locus, nihil hôrum ôra voltûsque môvêrunt? Patêre tua cônsilia nôn sentîs, cônstrictam iam hôrum omnium scientiâ tenêrî coniûrâtiônem1 tuam nôn vidês? Quid proximâ, quid superiôre nocte êgeris, ubi fueris, quôs convocâveris, quid cônsilî cêperis quem nostrum ignôrâre arbitrâris? ô tempora, ô môrês! Senâtus haec intelle- git, cônsul videt; hic tamen vîvit. Vîvit? Immô vêrô etiam in senâtum venit, fit pûblicî cônsilî particeps, notat et dêsignat oculîs ad caedem ûnum quemque nostrum. Nôs autem fortês virî satis facere reî pûblicae vidêmur, sî istîus furôrem ac têla vîtêmus. Ad mortem tê, Catilîna, dûcî iussû cônsulis iam prîdem oportêbat, in tê cônferrî pestem quam tû in nôs omnîs iam diû mâchinâris. Dri l l A . Pronunc ia t ion 5 1. The first -i- of coniûrâtiônem, a compound, is consonantal. 01kellerWB.001_198 10/21/03 11:07 AM Page 5 Drill 1 The Latin Noun A. The three properties of the Latin noun are _______________, _______________, and ________________. B. Recite from memory in order the names of the six cases of the noun in Latin. C. Write next to each abbreviation the full name of each case and its basic function(s): Nom. __________________________________________________________________________ Gen. __________________________________________________________________________ Dat. __________________________________________________________________________ Acc. __________________________________________________________________________ Abl. __________________________________________________________________________ Voc. __________________________________________________________________________ D. Fill in the blanks. Do not use abbreviations. 1. Latin uses the ____________________ case to express the subject of a sentence. 2. “From” indicates an idea of ____________________ and is expressed by the ____________________ case. 3. The genitive case is most often translated with the English preposition _________________. 4. In the sentence “He walks with a cane,” the syntax of “with a cane” would be ____________________ of ____________________. The Latin preposition cum, “with,” would/would not (circle one) be used. 01kellerWB.001_198 10/21/03 11:07 AM Page 7 5. “To” or “for” are English prepositions used to translate Latin nouns in the ____________________ case. 6. In the sentence “She is a dancer,” the syntax of “dancer” in Latin would be _______________________________________, and the ____________________ case would be used for “dancer.” 7. In the sentence “We took a trip with friends,” the syntax of “(with) friends” in Latin would be ____________________ of ____________________. The Latin preposition cum, “with,” would/would not (circle one) be used. 8. The direct object of a verb appears in Latin in the ____________________ case. 9. Four English prepositions that may be used when translating the Latin ablative case are: _____________, _____________, _____________, and _____________. 10. In the sentence “He showed the man a book,” the Latin syntax of “man” would be ____________________ of ____________________. The Latin syntax of “book” would be ____________________, ____________________. 11. The vocative case is used to express ____________________. 12. In the sentence “The boy will become a man,” the syntax of “man” would be _______________________________________. 8 Chapter I 01kellerWB.001_198 10/21/03 11:07 AM Page 8 Drill 2–3 The Five Declensions; First Declension A. Fill in the blanks. Do not use abbreviations. 1. There are _____________ families of nouns in Latin, and they are called _______________________________________. 2. A full vocabulary entry for a Latin noun contains four elements: ____________________, ____________________, ____________________, and ____________________. 3. The genitive singular form is important for two reasons: a. ___________________________________________________________________________ b. ___________________________________________________________________________ 4. When one generates a complete set of forms for a Latin noun, one is said to ____________________ that noun. 5. To find the stem of any Latin noun, _______________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________. B. Recite from memory the endings of the first declension. Be sure to go down the singular column and then down the plural. C. On a separate sheet, decline fully the nouns anima, poêta, and fîlia. 01kellerWB.001_198 10/21/03 11:07 AM Page 9 D. Write these forms in Latin. Example: gen. pl. of fîlia fîliârum 1. acc. sing. of nauta 2. abl. sing. of via 3. acc. pl. of agricola 4. dat. sing. of anima 5. voc. sing. of puella 6. nom. pl. of însula 7. abl. pl. of via 8. gen. sing. of patria 9. acc. sing. of pecûnia 10. voc. pl. of nauta 11. dat. pl. of dea 12. gen. sing. of fâma 13. gen. pl. of patria 14. acc. sing. of puella 15. abl. sing. of rêgîna 16. nom. pl. of poêta 17. gen. sing. of Italia 18. dat. pl. of agricola 19. acc. pl. of fêmina 20. dat. sing. of fîlia 10 Chapter I 01kellerWB.001_198 10/21/03 11:07 AM Page 10 E. Identify (give case, number, and gender) and translate each form. Give all possibilities.1 Example: puellae (4) gen. sing. fem.: “of the girl” dat. sing. fem.: “to/for the girl” nom. pl. fem.: “girls” (subj./pred. nom.) voc. pl. fem.: “girls” (direct address) 1. puellâs 2. fêminârum 3. puella (2) 4. fêminae (4) 5. animam 6. patriâs 7. animârum 8. patriîs (2) Dri l l 2–3 . The F ive Dec lens ions ; F i rs t Dec lens ion 11 1. The number of possibilities is given in parentheses when it is greater than one. 01kellerWB.001_198 10/21/03 11:07 AM Page 11 9. însulâ 10. agricolîs (2) 11. agricola (2) 12. însulam 13. viae (4) 14. rêgînâs 15. viîs (2) 16. rêgînae (4) 12 Chapter I 01kellerWB.001_198 10/21/03 11:07 AM Page 12 17. pecûnia (2) 18. deam 19. pecûniâ 20. deâs F. Write in Latin. 1. of the women 2. to the poets 3. by rumor 4. of souls 5. for the queen 6. farmers (pred. nom.) 7. girls! (addressed directly) 8. of the country 9. goddesses (d.o.) 10. with money 11. islands (subj.) 12. for the girl 13. by the streets 14. sailors (d.o.) 15. of the soul 16. the country (subj.) Dri l l 2–3 . The F ive Dec lens ions ; F i rs t Dec lens ion 13 01kellerWB.001_198 10/21/03 11:07 AM Page 13 17. for a farmer 18. goddess (addressed directly) 19. daughter (d.o.) 20. of Italy G. Translate these prepositional phrases into English. 1. ê patriâ 2. in poêtam 3. ex Italiâ 4. cum agricolîs 5. in viam 6. dê animâ 7. in rêgînam 8. ad Italiam 9. ad rêgînam 10. ab însulâ 11. dê fâmâ 12. ad însulam 13. cum poêtîs 14. in Italiâ 15. â patriâ 16. cum fêminâ 17. ab Italiâ 18. in nautâs 19. cum fîliâbus 20. in patriâ 14 Chapter I 01kellerWB.001_198 10/21/03 11:07 AM Page 14 H. Give the full vocabulary entry for the following nouns. Example: soul anima, animae f. 1. talk, rumor 2. woman 3. poet 4. island 5. daughter 6. goddess 7. street 8. Italy Dri l l 2–3 . The F ive Dec lens ions ; F i rs t Dec lens ion 15 01kellerWB.001_198 10/21/03 11:07 AM Page 15 16 Chapter I 9. money 10. queen 11. farmer 12. girl 13. sailor 14. country 01kellerWB.001_198 10/21/03 11:07 AM Page 16 Drill 4 Second Declension A. Recite from memory the endings for masculine and feminine nouns of the second declension. B. On a separate sheet decline fully the nouns ager, fîlius, and dominus. C. Recite from memory the endings for neuter nouns of the second declension. D. On a separate sheet decline fully the nouns dônum, cônsilium, and verbum. E. Write these forms in Latin. Example: abl. sing. of aurum aurô 1. voc. sing. of dominus 2. acc. pl. of ager 3. gen. pl. of dônum 4. dat. sing. of servus 5. gen. sing. of liber 6. voc. sing. of vir 7. abl. pl. of deus 8. acc. sing. of puer 9. acc. sing. of vir 10. nom. pl. of cônsilium 11. dat. pl. of verbum 12. acc. pl. of dominus 13. gen. sing. of cônsilium (2) 14. abl. sing. of ferrum 15. voc. sing. of fîlius 16. gen. pl. of bellum 17. acc. pl. of perîculum 18. dat. pl. of deus 01kellerWB.001_198 10/21/03 11:07 AM Page 17 19. abl. pl. of gladius 20. gen. pl. of deus (2) 21. acc. sing. of oppidum 22. acc. sing. of factum 23. voc. pl. of deus (2) 24. abl. sing. of aurum F. Identify (give case, number, and gender) and translate each form. Give all possibilities. Example: gladiô (2) dat. sing. masc.: “for a sword” abl. sing. masc.: “with a sword” 1. fîlî (2) 2. dominum 3. fîliôs 4. dominî (3) 5. cônsilia (3) 18 Chapter I 01kellerWB.001_198 10/21/03 11:07 AM Page 18 6. puerôrum 7. librôs 8. puerum 9. librî (3) 10. cônsiliôrum 11. virîs (2) 12. virum 13. servî (3) 14. ferrô (2) 15. servôrum 16. ferrum (3) Dri l l 4 . Second Dec lens ion 19 01kellerWB.001_198 10/21/03 11:07 AM Page 19 17. ager (2) 18. gladiîs (2) 19. agrôs 20. gladiî (3) 21. verbîs (2) 22. dônô (2) 23. verbî 24. dônum (3) 25. domine 26. oppidî 20 Chapter I 01kellerWB.001_198 10/21/03 11:07 AM Page 20 27. bellôrum 28. oppida (3) 29. bellum (3) 30. dî (2) 31. dominô (2) 32. dîs (2) G. Write in Latin. 1. for the boy 2. plans (subj.) 3. iron (pred. nom.) 4. field (d.o.) 5. by gold 6. wars (subj.) Dri l l 4 . Second Dec lens ion 21 01kellerWB.001_198 10/21/03 11:07 AM Page 21 7. with the men 8. of a plan (2) 9. master (addressed directly) 10. sons (d.o.) 11. gift (subj.) 12. by words 13. of books 14. danger (d.o.) 15