TCPIP Protocol Suite, 4th Edition.pdf

AcronymsDESdoubleDESDEStripleDESAALapplicationadaptationlayerADSLasymmetricdigitalsubscriberlineAESAdvancedEncryptionStandardAHAuthenticationHeaderANSIAmericanNationalStandardsInstituteANSNETAdvancedNetworksandServicesNetworkARPAddressResolutionProtocolARPAAdvancedResearchProjectsAgencyARPANETAdvancedResearchProjectsAgencyNetworkASautonomoussystemASCIIAmericanStandardCodeforInformationInterchangeASNAbstractSyntaxNotationATMasynchronoustransfermodeBERBasicEncodingRulesBGPBorderGatewayProtocolBOOTPBootstrapProtocolBSSbasicservicesetCAcertificationauthorityCBCcipherblockchainingCBTcorebasedtreeCCITTConsultativeCommitteeforInternationalTelegraphyandTelephonyCGIcommongatewayinterfaceCIDRClasslessInterdomainRoutingCMSCryptographicMessageSyntaxCSMACAcarriersensemultipleaccesswithcollisionavoidanceCSMACDcarriersensemultipleaccesswithcollisiondetectionCSNETComputerScienceNetworkDARPADefenseAdvancedResearchProjectsAgencyDDNDefenseDataNetworkDDNSDynamicDomainNameSystemDESDataEncryptionStandardDHCPDynamicHostConfigurationProtocolDNSDomainNameSystemDSLdigitalsubscriberlineDSSDigitalSignatureStandardDSSSdirectsequencespreadspectrumDVMRPDistanceVectorMulticastRoutingProtocolEBCDICExtendedBinaryCodedDecimalInterchangeCodeEIAElectronicIndustriesAllianceESPEncapsulatingSecurityPayloadESSextendedservicesetFCCFederalCommunicationsCommissionFCSframechecksequenceFHSSfrequencyhoppingspreadspectrumFQDNfullyqualifieddomainnameFTPFileTransferProtocolHDSLhighbitratedigitalsubscriberlineHMAChashedmessageauthenticationcodeHTMLHypertextMarkupLanguageHTTPHypertextTransferProtocolIABInternetArchitectureBoardIANAInternetAssignedNumbersAuthorityICANNInternetCorporationforAssignedNamesandNumbersICMPInternetControlMessageProtocolIEEEInstituteofElectricalandElectronicsEngineersIEGSInternetEngineeringSteeringGroupIETFInternetEngineeringTaskForceIGMPInternetGroupManagementProtocolIKEInternetKeyExchangeINTERNICInternetNetworkInformationCenterIPInternetProtocolIPngInternetworkingProtocol,nextgenerationIPSecIPSecurityIRTFInternetResearchTaskForceISAKMPInternetSecurityAssociationandKeyManagementProtocolISOInternationalOrganizationforStandardizationISOCInternetSocietyISPInternetserviceproviderITUTInternationalTelecommunicationsUnion–TelecommunicationStandardizationSectorIVinitialvectorKDCkeydistributioncenterLANlocalareanetworkLCPLinkControlProtocolLISlogicalIPsubnetLSAlinkstateadvertisementMAAmessageaccessagentMACmediaaccesscontrolormessageauthenticationcodeMBONEmulticastbackboneMDMessageDigestMIBmanagementinformationbaseMILNETMilitaryNetworkMIMEMultipurposeInternetMailExtensionMOSPFMulticastOpenShortestPathFirstMSSmaximumsegmentsizeMTAmessagetransferagentMTUmaximumtransferunitNAPNetworkAccessPointNATnetworkaddresstranslationNICNetworkInformationCenterNICnetworkinterfacecardNISTNationalInstituteofStandardsandTechnologyNSANationalSecurityAgencyNSFNationalScienceFoundationNSFNETNationalScienceFoundationNetworkNVTnetworkvirtualterminalOSIOpenSystemsInterconnectionOSPFopenshortestpathfirstPGPPrettyGoodPrivacyPIMProtocolIndependentMulticastPIMDMProtocolIndependentMulticast,DenseModePIMSMProtocolIndependentMulticast,SparseModePINGPacketInternetGroperPKIpublickeyinfrastructurePOPPostOfficeProtocolPPPPointtoPointProtocolPQDNpartiallyqualifieddomainnameRACEResearchinAdvancedCommunicationsforEuropeRADSLrateadaptiveasymmetricaldigitalsubscriberlineRARPReverseAddressResolutionProtocolRFCRequestforCommentRIPRoutingInformationProtocolROMreadonlymemoryRPBreversepathbroadcastingRPFreversepathforwardingRPMreversepathmulticastingRSARivest,Shamir,AdelmanRTCPRealtimeTransportControlProtocolRTPRealtimeTransportProtocolRTSPRealTimeStreamingProtocolRTTroundtriptimeSMIMESecureMultipurposeInternetMailExtensionSAsecurityassociationSADSecurityAssociationDatabaseSCTPStreamControlTransmissionProtocolSDHsynchronousdigitalhierarchySDSLsymmetricdigitalsubscriberlineSFDstartframedelimiterSHASecureHashAlgorithmSIstreamidentifierSKEMESecureKeyExchangeMechanismSMIStructureofManagementInformationSNMPSimpleNetworkManagementProtocolSONETSynchronousOpticalNetworkSPSecurityPolicySPDSecurityPolicyDatabaseSSHsecureshellSSLSecureSocketsLayerSSNstreamsequencenumberSVCswitchedvirtualcircuitTCPTransmissionControlProtocolTCPIPTransmissionControlProtocolInternetProtocolTELNETTerminalNetworkTFTPTrivialFileTransferProtocolTLSTransportLayerSecurityTOStypeofserviceTSNtransmissionsequencenumberTTLtimetoliveUAuseragentUDPUserDatagramProtocolUNIusernetworkinterfaceURLuniformresourcelocatorVCvirtualcircuitVCIvirtualchannelidentifierVDSLveryhighbitratedigitalsubscriberlineVPIvirtualpathidentifierVPNvirtualprivatenetworkWANwideareanetworkWWWWorldWideWebTCPIPProtocolSuiteMcGrawHillForouzanNetworkingSeriesTitlesbyBehrouzAForouzan:DataCommunicationsandNetworkingTCPIPProtocolSuiteLocalAreaNetworksBusinessDataCommunicationsCryptographyandNetworkSecurityTCPIPProtocolSuiteFourthEditionBehrouzAForouzanTCPIPPROTOCOLSUITE,FOURTHEDITIONPublishedbyMcGrawHill,abusinessunitofTheMcGrawHillCompanies,Inc,AvenueoftheAmericas,NewYork,NYCopyrightbyTheMcGrawHillCompanies,IncAllrightsreservedPreviouseditions,,andNopartofthispublicationmaybereproducedordistributedinanyformorbyanymeans,orstoredinadatabaseorretrievalsystem,withoutthepriorwrittenconsentofTheMcGrawHillCompanies,Inc,including,butnotlimitedto,inanynetworkorotherelectronicstorageortransmission,orbroadcastfordistancelearningSomeancillaries,includingelectronicandprintcomponents,maynotbeavailabletocustomersoutsidetheUnitedStatesThisbookisprintedonacidfreepaperDOCDOCISBNMHIDGlobalPublisher:RaghothamanSrinivasanDirectorofDevelopment:KristineTibbettsSeniorMarketingManager:CurtReynoldsProjectManager:JoyceWattersSeniorProductionSupervisor:SherryLKaneLeadMediaProjectManager:StacyAPatchDesigner:LaurieBJanssenCoverDesigner:RonBissell(USE)CoverImage:ChadBakerGettyImagesCompositor:MacmillanPublishingSolutionsTypeface:TimesRomanPrinter:RRDonnelleyCrawfordsville,INAllcreditsappearingonpageorattheendofthebookareconsideredtobeanextensionofthecopyrightpageLibraryofCongressCataloginginPublicationDataForouzan,BehrouzATCPIPprotocolsuiteBehrouzAForouzanthedpcmIncludesindexISBNISBN(hardcopy:alkpaper)TCPIP(Computernetworkprotocol)ITitleTKF'dcwwwmhhecomTothememoryofmyparents,thesourceofmyinspirationBehrouzAForouzanviiBriefContentsPrefacexxxiTrademarksxxxvPartIntroductionandUnderlyingTechnologiesChapterIntroductionChapterTheOSIModelandtheTCPIPProtocolSuiteChapterUnderlyingTechnologiesPartNetworkLayerChapterIntroductiontoNetworkLayerChapterIPvAddressesChapterDeliveryandForwardingofIPPacketsChapterInternetProtocolVersion(IPv)ChapterAddressResolutionProtocol(ARP)ChapterInternetControlMessageProtocolVersion(ICMPv)ChapterMobileIPChapterUnicastRoutingProtocols(RIP,OSPF,andBGP)ChapterMulticastingandMulticastRoutingProtocolsPartTransportLayerChapterIntroductiontotheTransportLayerChapterUserDatagramProtocol(UDP)ChapterTransmissionControlProtocol(TCP)ChapterStreamControlTransmissionProtocol(SCTP)viiiBRIEFCONTENTSPartApplicationLayerChapterIntroductiontotheApplicationLayerChapterHostConfiguration:DHCPChapterDomainNameSystem(DNS)ChapterRemoteLogin:TELNETandSSHChapterFileTransfer:FTPandTFTPChapterWorldWideWebandHTTPChapterElectronicMail:SMTP,POP,IMAP,andMIMEChapterNetworkManagement:SNMPChapterMultimediaPartNextGenerationChapterIPvAddressingChapterIPvProtocolChapterICMPvPartSecurityChapterCryptographyandNetworkSecurityChapterInternetSecurityPartAppendicesAppendixAUnicodeAppendixBPositionalNumberingSystemsAppendixCErrorDetectionCodesAppendixDChecksumAppendixEHTML,XHTML,XML,andXSLAppendixFClientServerProgramminginJavaAppendixGMiscellaneousInformationGlossaryReferencesIndexixContentsPrefacexxxiTrademarksxxxvPartIntroductionandUnderlyingTechnologiesChapterIntroductionABRIEFHISTORYARPANETBirthoftheInternetTransmissionControlProtocolInternetworkingProtocol(TCPIP)MILNETCSNETNSFNETANSNETTheInternetTodayWorldWideWebTimeLineGrowthoftheInternetPROTOCOLSANDSTANDARDSProtocolsStandardsSTANDARDSORGANIZATIONSStandardsCreationCommitteesForumsRegulatoryAgenciesINTERNETSTANDARDSMaturityLevelsRequirementLevelsINTERNETADMINISTRATIONInternetSociety(ISOC)InternetArchitectureBoard(IAB)InternetEngineeringTaskForce(IETF)InternetResearchTaskForce(IRTF)InternetAssignedNumbersAuthority(IANA)andInternetCorporationforAssignedNamesandNumbers(ICANN)NetworkInformationCenter(NIC)xCONTENTSFURTHERREADINGBooksandPapersWebsitesKEYTERMSSUMMARYPRACTICESETExercisesResearchActivitiesChapterTheOSIModelandtheTCPIPProtocolSuitePROTOCOLLAYERSHierarchyServicesTHEOSIMODELLayeredArchitectureLayertoLayerCommunicationEncapsulationLayersintheOSIModelSummaryofOSILayersTCPIPPROTOCOLSUITEComparisonbetweenOSIandTCPIPProtocolSuiteLayersintheTCPIPProtocolSuiteADDRESSINGPhysicalAddressesLogicalAddressesPortAddressesApplicationSpecificAddressesFURTHERREADINGBooksRFCsKEYTERMSSUMMARYPRACTICESETExercisesResearchActivitiesChapterUnderlyingTechnologiesWIREDLOCALAREANETWORKSIEEEStandardsFrameFormatAddressingEthernetEvolutionStandardEthernetFastEthernetGigabitEthernetTenGigabitEthernetCONTENTSxiWIRELESSLANSIEEEMACSublayerAddressingMechanismBluetoothPOINTTOPOINTWANSKModemsDSLTechnologyCableModemTLinesSONETPPPSWITCHEDWANSXFrameRelayATMCONNECTINGDEVICESRepeatersBridgesRoutersFURTHERREADINGKEYTERMSSUMMARYPRACTICESETExercisesResearchActivitiesPartNetworkLayerChapterIntroductiontoNetworkLayerINTRODUCTIONSWITCHINGCircuitSwitchingPacketSwitchingPACKETSWITCHINGATNETWORKLAYERConnectionlessServiceConnectionOrientedServiceNETWORKLAYERSERVICESAnExampleLogicalAddressingServicesProvidedattheSourceComputerServicesProvidedatEachRouterServicesProvidedattheDestinationComputerOTHERNETWORKLAYERISSUESErrorControlFlowControlCongestionControlxiiCONTENTSQualityofServiceRoutingSecurityFURTHERREADINGKEYTERMSSUMMARYPRACTICESETExercisesChapterIPvAddressesINTRODUCTIONAddressSpaceNotationRangeofAddressesOperationsCLASSFULADDRESSINGClassesClassesandBlocksTwoLevelAddressingAnExampleThreeLevelAddressing:SubnettingSupernettingCLASSLESSADDRESSINGVariableLengthBlocksTwoLevelAddressingBlockAllocationSubnettingSPECIALADDRESSESSpecialBlocksSpecialAddressesinEachblockNATAddressTranslationTranslationTableFURTHERREADINGBooksRFCsKEYTERMSSUMMARYPRACTICESETExercisesChapterDeliveryandForwardingofIPPacketsDELIVERYDirectDeliveryIndirectDeliveryFORWARDINGForwardingBasedonDestinationAddressForwardingBasedonLabelCONTENTSxiiiSTRUCTUREOFAROUTERComponentsFURTHERREADINGBooksRFCsKEYTERMSSUMMARYPRACTICESETExercisesResearchActivitiesChapterInternetProtocolVersion(IPv)INTRODUCTIONDATAGRAMSFRAGMENTATIONMaximumTransferUnit(MTU)FieldsRelatedtoFragmentationOPTIONSFormatOptionTypesCHECKSUMChecksumCalculationattheSenderChecksumCalculationattheReceiverChecksumintheIPPacketIPOVERATMATMWANsRoutingtheCellsSECURITYSecurityIssuesIPSecIPPACKAGEHeaderAddingModuleProcessingModuleQueuesRoutingTableForwardingModuleMTUTableFragmentationModuleReassemblyTableReassemblyModuleFURTHERREADINGBooksRFCsKEYTERMSSUMMARYPRACTICESETExercisesResearchActivitiesxivCONTENTSChapterAddressResolutionProtocol(ARP)ADDRESSMAPPINGStaticMappingDynamicMappingTHEARPPROTOCOLPacketFormatEncapsulationOperationProxyARPATMARPPacketFormatATMARPOperationLogicalIPSubnet(LIS)ARPPACKAGECacheTableQueuesOutputModuleInputModuleCacheControlModuleMoreExamplesFURTHERREADINGBooksRFCsKEYTERMSSUMMARYPRACTICESETExercisesChapterInternetControlMessageProtocolVersion(ICMPv)INTRODUCTIONMESSAGESMessageFormatErrorReportingMessagesQueryMessagesChecksumDEBUGGINGTOOLSPingTracerouteICMPPACKAGEInputModuleOutputModuleFURTHERREADINGBooksRFCsKEYTERMSSUMMARYCONTENTSxvPRACTICESETExercisesResearchActivitiesChapterMobileIPADDRESSINGStationaryHostsMobileHostsAGENTSHomeAgentForeignAgentTHREEPHASESAgentDiscoveryRegistrationDataTransferINEFFICIENCYINMOBILEIPDoubleCrossingTriangleRoutingSolutionFURTHERREADINGBooksRFCsKEYTERMSSUMMARYPRACTICESETExercisesResearchActivitiesChapterUnicastRoutingProtocols(RIP,OSPF,andBGP)INTRODUCTIONCostorMetricStaticversusDynamicRoutingTablesRoutingProtocolINTRAANDINTERDOMAINROUTINGDISTANCEVECTORROUTINGBellmanFordAlgorithmDistanceVectorRoutingAlgorithmCounttoInfinityRIPRIPMessageFormatRequestsandResponsesTimersinRIPRIPVersionEncapsulationLINKSTATEROUTINGBuildingRoutingTablesxviCONTENTSOSPFAreasMetricTypesofLinksGraphicalRepresentationOSPFPacketsLinkStateUpdatePacketOtherPacketsEncapsulationPATHVECTORROUTINGReachabilityRoutingTablesBGPTypesofAutonomousSystemsPathAttributesBGPSessionsExternalandInternalBGPTypesofPacketsPacketFormatEncapsulationFURTHERREADINGBooksRFCsKEYTERMSSUMMARYPRACTICESETExercisesResearchActivitiesChapterMulticastingandMulticastRoutingProtocolsINTRODUCTIONUnicastingMulticastingBroadcastingMULTICASTADDRESSESMulticastAddressesinIPvSelectingMulticastAddressDeliveryofMulticastPacketsatDataLinkLayerIGMPGroupManagementIGMPMessagesIGMPProtocolAppliedtoHostIGMPProtocolAppliedtoRouterRoleofIGMPinForwardingVariablesandTimersEncapsulationCompatibilitywithOlderVersionsMULTICASTROUTINGOptimalRouting:ShortestPathTreesCONTENTSxviiROUTINGPROTOCOLSMulticastLinkStateRouting: