argument题目翻译

Argument翻译小组 Argument^1 Woven baskets characterized by a particular distinctive pattern have previously been found only in the immediate vicinity of the prehistoric village of Palea and therefore were believed to have been made only by the Palean people. Recently, however, archaeologists discovered such a `Palean’ basket in Lithos, an ancient village across the Brim River from Palea. The Brim River is very deep and broad, and so the ancient Paleans could have crossed it only by boat, and no Palean boats have been found. Thus it follows that the so-called Palean baskets were not uniquely Palean. Argument_Trans^1=“一种具有独特花纹的编织篮子以前只在史前村庄Palea的临近地区发现过，因而被认为是Palea居民所独有的。然而最近，考古学家在一个与Palea隔着一条叫做Brim河的村庄Lithos发现了一个这样的Palea篮子。Brim河很深很宽，所以古代Palea人只能坐船穿过它，但并没有发现Palea人使用的船只。这 表 关于同志近三年现实表现材料材料类招标技术评分表图表与交易pdf视力表打印pdf用图表说话 pdf 明那种所谓的Palea篮子并不是那里所独有的。 Write a response in which you discuss what specific evidence is needed to evaluate the argument and explain how the evidence would weaken or strengthen the argument. 写一篇回应文章，讨论需要用什么具体证据来评价上述论据，解释你所用的证据将如何增强或削弱这种论据”;给出 implied assumption 提纲： (1)​ 这种花篮只在Palea附近发现，并不能被认为是Palea居民的，它有可能是其他邻近地区的人民编织的，只不过那些村庄可能随着时间的推移消失了，即使是Palea居民所有的，但也不能说明是Palea居民独有的，可能在其他地方尚未发现； (2)​ 考古学家发现与Palea村子隔离一条河，这条河可能是近代才形成的，在以前那个时代并没有这条河。 (3)​ 即使有这条河，那么篮子可能是从河上飘过去的，不一定是人送过去的。或者很久之前这条河并没有那么宽那么深。 (4)​ 即使是人送过去的，也不一定要从河上送过去，这些篮子可能是商品，经过市场流经到Lithos村庄了。 (5)​ 即使是从河上送过去的，但不一定是在有篮子那个时代送过去的，可能过了很久等有船只了才送到Lithos村地。 如果考古学家不能解决以上这些假设，那么考古学家的推断不能使人信服，并不能表明Lithos也有这样的篮子。 Argument^2=“2) The following appeared as part of a letter to the editor of a scientific journal.\n”+ “A recent study of eighteen rhesus monkeys provides clues as to the effects of birth order on an individual’s levels of stimulation. The study showed that in stimulating situations (such as an encounter with an unfamiliar monkey), firstborn infant monkeys produce up to twice as much of the hormone cortisol, which primes the body for increased activity levels, as do their younger siblings. Firstborn humans also produce relatively high levels of cortisol in stimulating situations (such as the return of a parent after an absence). The study also found that during pregnancy, first-time mother monkeys had higher levels of cortisol than did those who had had several offspring.\n”+ Argument_Trans^2=“以下见于一位科学杂志编辑的一封信。 最近一项关于18只猕猴的研究为出生顺序对个体应激水平的影响提供了线索。研究表明在刺激情况下（比如遇见不熟悉的猴子），幼猴中的长猴分泌的皮质醇激素是其他年幼弟妹的两倍，皮质醇激素是身体活动量增加的预先准备。人类的长子在刺激情况下也会产生较高水平的皮质醇激素（比如离开的父母回来）。这项研究还发现怀孕期间，首次生产的母猴体内皮质醇激素水平高于那些已经生育过后代的母猴。 Write a response in which you discuss one or more alternative explanations that could rival the proposed explanation and explain how your explanation(s) can plausibly account for the facts presented in the argument. 做出一个回答，在这个回答中讨论一个或者其他的解释，这些解释可能削弱已提出的解释，并解释你给出的解释是如何能够在给该Argument中的事实提供依据的。”; 此要求是用不同于题目的原因推出同样可能产生结论，来说明对产生该结论的以前解释的不正确。 提纲： （1）​ 没有说明研究的具体内容是什么，不能说明通过对猕猴哪些方面的调查研究出来以上的结论； （2）​ 研究数量太少，不能代表所有的； （3）​ 没有说明研究那些刺激对猕猴造成了皮质醇激素产生，仅举了一种刺激，让人难以信服，也可能是其他原因使得猕猴长子产生多余弟妹多的激素； （4）​ 没有说明长子跟弟妹年龄，如果长子足够大能够理解所受刺激是什么，故产生大量激素，而弟妹太小一直不能理解刺激的意义，可能仅产生少许激素‘ （5）​ 不能从对猴子的研究中退出人类的长子再刺激情况下也会产生较高的激素； （6）​ 研究发现怀孕期间首次生产的母猴体内皮质醇激素水平高于那些已经生育过后代的母猴。没有说明这种测量是否在相同的环境条件下测量的，如果首次怀孕的母后处于刺激状态，而生育过后代的母猴处于正常环境 Argument^3=“3) The following appeared as a letter to the editor from a Central Plaza store owner.\n”+ “Over the past two years, the number of shoppers in Central Plaza has been steadily decreasing while the popularity of skateboarding has increased dramatically. Many Central Plaza store owners believe that the decrease in their business is due to the number of skateboard users in the plaza. There has also been a dramatic increase in the amount of litter and vandalism throughout the plaza. Thus, we recommend that the city prohibit skateboarding in Central Plaza. If skateboarding is prohibited here, we predict that business in Central Plaza will return to its previously high levels.\n”+ Argument_Trans^3="以下见于一位中央广场店主给编辑的信。 翻译：近两年来，中央广场的顾客人数逐步下降，而滑板运动的受欢迎程度大幅上升。许多中央广场的店主相信他们的业绩下滑是由于广场中滑板用户人数的增加。同时整个广场垃圾数量和恶意破坏公物行为也大大增加。因此我们建议本市禁止在中央场进行滑板运动。如果这里的滑板运动被禁止了，我们预测中央广场的业绩将恢复到以前的高水平 要求：写一篇回应文章，讨论一下本文将试图回答哪些问题以判定该建议及此基础上的论据是否合理，并解释如何用这些问题的答案来评价该建议. 提纲：中央广场的顾客人数逐步下降，不一定是因为滑板运动的受欢迎程度大幅上升 （1）​ 调查的人数和作回应的人数没有说，不能表明这个结论代表很多人的意见； （2）​ 不一定是广场中滑板用户人数的增加导致店主的业绩下降，或许滑板用户还可以吸引人们到广场中心来，如果没有滑板用户可能顾客更少。 （3）​ 即使滑板用户不能吸引顾客，如果中心广场的东西太贵，或者商品不能够吸引顾客。或者周围有新的商店更能够吸引顾客。没有说明中心广场是卖什么商品的，可能现在卖的商品已经过时 （4）​ 不一定是滑板用户导致广场垃圾数量和恶意破坏公物行为大大增加。可能是近两年来人们的素质普遍下降。 （5）​ 总而言之，不一定是滑板运动影响中心广场的业主业绩下降，不一定禁止了滑板运动，业绩就会恢复到以前的高水平。 Argument^4=“4) The following appeared in a letter from a homeowner to a friend.\n”+ “Of the two leading real estate firms in our town—Adams Realty and Fitch Realty—Adams Realty is clearly superior. Adams has 40 real estate agents; in contrast, Fitch has 25, many of whom work only part-time. Moreover, Adams’ revenue last year was twice as high as that of Fitch and included home sales that averaged $168,000, compared to Fitch’s $144,000. Homes listed with Adams sell faster as well: ten years ago I listed my home with Fitch, and it took more than four months to sell; last year, when I sold another home, I listed it with Adams, and it took only one month. Thus, if you want to sell your home quickly and at a good price, you should use Adams Realty.\n”+ Argument_Trans^4=“以下见于一位房主给朋友的信。 在本市的两家最大的房地产经纪公司—Adams Realty和Fitch Realty—之中，Adams显然更优秀一些。Adams有40名房地产经纪人，而Fitch只有25个，且很多是兼职工作。而且，Adams去年的收入是Fitch的两倍，其平均房价为$168000，而Fitch仅为$144000。在Adams销售的房屋卖得也更快：十年前，我把我的房产交给Fitch，它用了四个多月才卖出去；去年，我在Adams卖了另一处房产，仅用一个月就售出了。因此，要想让你的房产卖的更快更好，你应该选择Adams. 写一篇回应文章，探讨上述论据中明示和/或隐含的假设，并解释该论据如何建立在这些假设之上；如果这些假设不合理，会对该论据产生什么影响”; Argument^5=“5) The following appeared in a letter to the editor of the Balmer Island Gazette.\n”+ “On Balmer Island, where mopeds serve as a popular form of transportation, the population increases to 100,000 during the summer months. To reduce the number of accidents involving mopeds and pedestrians, the town council of Balmer Island should limit the number of mopeds rented by the island’s moped rental companies from 50 per day to 25 per day during the summer season. By limiting the number of rentals, the town council will attain the 50 percent annual reduction in moped accidents that was achieved last year on the neighboring island of Seaville, when Seaville’s town council enforced similar limits on moped rentals.\n”+ Argument_Trans^5=“以下见于给Balmer Island报编辑的一封信中。 Balmer Island，一个助力车作为流行的交通方式的地方，人口在夏季达到了100000。为减少由助力车和行人引发的事故，Balmer Island市委应把本岛助力车出租公司的助力车出租数量在夏季从每天50辆限制到每天25辆。通过限制出租数量，市委肯定能够实现助力车事故全年减少50%的目标，就像去年邻岛Seaville市委实施了类似的对于助力车出租的限制后所达到的那样. 写一篇回应文章，讨论一下本文将试图回答哪些问题以判定该建议及此基础上的论据是否合理，并解释如何用这些问题的答案来评价该建议”; Argument^6=“6) Arctic deer live on islands in Canada’s arctic regions. They search for food by moving over ice from island to island during the course of the year. Their habitat is limited to areas warm enough to sustain the plants on which they feed and cold enough, at least some of the year, for the ice to cover the sea separating the islands, allowing the deer to travel over it. Unfortunately, according to reports from local hunters, the deer populations are declining. Since these reports coincide with recent global warming trends that have caused the sea ice to melt, we can conclude that the purported decline in deer populations is the result of the deer’s being unable to follow their age-old migration patterns across the frozen sea.\n”+ Argument_Trans^6=“北极鹿生活在加拿大极地区域的岛屿上。它们全年都通过冰块在岛屿间移动来寻找食物。它们的栖居地局限在那些温暖得足以维持它们所需的植物生长，并且在一年的至少某些时候冷到足以让岛屿间的海面结冰以使它们能够在岛屿间旅行的地方。然而，根据当地猎人的 报告 软件系统测试报告下载sgs报告如何下载关于路面塌陷情况报告535n,sgs报告怎么下载竣工报告下载 ，鹿的数量正在下降。由于这一报告正好与最近导致海洋冰面融化的全球变暖趋势同时发生，我们可以得出传说中的结论：北极鹿数量的下降是它们无法按它们原有的迁移习惯穿越结冰海面的结果。 写一篇回应文章，讨论需要用什么具体证据来评价上述论据，解释你所用的证据将如何增强或削弱这种论据”; Argument^7=“7) The following is a recommendation from the Board of Directors of Monarch Books.\n”+ “We recommend that Monarch Books open a café in its store. Monarch, having been in business at the same location for more than twenty years, has a large customer base because it is known for its wide selection of books on all subjects. Clearly, opening the café would attract more customers. Space could be made for the café by discontinuing the children’s book section, which will probably become less popular given that the most recent national census indicated a significant decline in the percentage of the population under age ten. Opening a café will allow Monarch to attract more customers and better compete with Regal Books, which recently opened its own café.\n”+ Argument_Trans^7=“以下见于Monarch书店董事会董事的议案。 我们建议Monarch书店在店内开设一个咖啡厅。Monarch已经在它的店址上经营了20余年，由于其对于各类型图书选择的广泛性而广为人知，并拥有庞大的消费者群体。开设咖啡厅显然能吸引更多的顾客。咖啡厅的空间可以通过撤销儿童书籍的柜台来获得，由于最近的一次全国调查显示10岁以下儿童在总人口中所占的比例将显著下降，因而儿童书籍很可能将不再好卖。开设咖啡厅将使Monarch吸引更多的顾客并更好地和最近开设了咖啡厅的Regal书店展开竞争。 写一篇回应文章，讨论一下本文将试图回答哪些问题以判定该建议及此基础上的论据是否合理，并解释如何用这些问题的答案来评价该建议”; Argument^8=“8) The following appeared in a memo from the director of student housing at Buckingham College.\n”+ “To serve the housing needs of our students, Buckingham College should build a number of new dormitories. Buckingham’s enrollment is growing and, based on current trends, will double over the next 50 years, thus making existing dormitory space inadequate. Moreover, the average rent for an apartment in our town has risen in recent years. Consequently, students will find it increasingly difficult to afford off-campus housing. Finally, attractive new dormitories would make prospective students more likely to enroll at Buckingham.\n”+ Argument_Trans^8=“以下见于Buckingham学院学生公寓主任的备忘录。 为满足我们学生的住房需求，Buckingham学院应该建造多幢新的宿舍。Buckingham的报名人数正在增加，而且按照现有趋势，报名人数将会在未来50年中增加一倍，从而导致现有住宿空间不能满足要求。而且，我们镇上公寓的平均租金在近几年间上涨了。因此，学生将会越来越发现难于负担校外住宿费用。最后，引人注目的新宿舍将会使未来的学生更愿意报考Buckingham。 写一篇回应文章，讨论需要用什么具体证据来评价上述论据，解释你所用的证据将如何增强或削弱这种论据”; Argument^9=“9) Nature’s Way, a chain of stores selling health food and other health-related products, is opening its next franchise in the town of Plainsville. The store should prove to be very successful: Nature’s Way franchises tend to be most profitable in areas where residents lead healthy lives, and clearly Plainsville is such an area. Plainsville merchants report that sales of running shoes and exercise clothing are at all-time highs. The local health club has more members than ever, and the weight training and aerobics classes are always full. Finally, Plainsville’s schoolchildren represent a new generation of potential customers: these schoolchildren are required to participate in a fitness-for-life program, which emphasizes the benefits of regular exercise at an early age.\n”+ Argument_Trans^9=“销售健康食物和其他健康相关产品的连锁店Nature’s Way在Plainsville镇开设了下一家专营店。这家店应该被证明是非常成功的：Nature’s Way专营店在那些居民过健康生活方式的地区往往是最有利可图的，显然Plainsville就是这样的地区。Plainsville的商人报告说跑鞋和运动服的销售都创下历史新高。当地健身俱乐部的成员比以往任何时候都多，重量训练和有氧运动班总是爆满。最后，Plainsville的的学生代表了新一代的潜在客户：这些学童必须参加健身的生活 方案 气瓶 现场处置方案 .pdf气瓶 现场处置方案 .doc见习基地管理方案.doc关于群访事件的化解方案建筑工地扬尘治理专项方案下载 ，强调在幼年时经常锻炼的好处。 写一篇回应文章，探讨上述论据中明示和/或隐含的假设，并解释该论据如何建立在这些假设之上；如果这些假设不合理，会对该论据产生什么影响”; The argument recommends that NW, a chain of stores selling health food and other health-related products is opening its next franchise in the town of Planinsville that prove to be very successful. To support this recommendation, the president of NW cites the following facts about Plainsville; (1) sales of running shoes and exercise clothing are at all-time highs; (2) the local health club is more popular than ever; (3) the city’s schoolchildren are required to participate in a fitness-for-life program. However, the facts are full of holes and assumptions, and do not strong enough to support the argument. To begin with, strong sales in running shoes and exercise clothing can not indicate the people of Plainsville like NW’s products. Maybe they are interested in exercises, and exercises are popular at the moment, or the clothing and shoes is cheaper than others. For other possible, the strong-than-usual sales are due to increasing sales to tourists. The president cannot convince me the basic of them that the Plainsville’s people exercise regularly, let alone they like the products NW sales. Secondly, even if Planisville’s people like exercise, the president assume that the people who exercise regularly also like health food or other health products. This assumption is lack of evidences. They exercise more doesn’t equal to they like the health food. Maybe the people who have regular exercise and have a good health and they don’t need the health diet. Thirdly, the president point out that the local health club is more popular than ever. People attend the local health club can not show they like health food. The popularity of local health club is little indication that NW can earn a profit from a store in Planisville. Perhaps the club’s primary appeal is only as a meeting place, the people here have no interests in health. Even if the people like health food, but the people are insufficient to help the store gains a profit, especially, the health club is only one in Planisville. Fourth, the city’s schoolchildren are required to participate in a fitness-for–life program can not show they would like buy the products the store sells. Many years past before the children old enough to make buying decisions when it come to food and health-related product, their interests and habitat might change. Finally, even the people live in Planisville like to buy the health food and other health-food, there still exist two assumptions; the first one is weather the people still like to buy the product in the future, the second one is many years later, there maybe appear other store that like the NW sells health products, we do not know which one the people prefers. Until the president explain the two assumptions, the stores open in Planisville would be profitable. In sum, the argument full of holes and suspicions. The president should offer some evidence to support the assumptions, perhaps can give a local survey or study, that if the people really like exercise regular who wear sports clothes and shoes in Planisville. If they like exercise, then weather they like buy the health-food. To better access the commendation, I would need to know why there is only one health-club, and what competition NW might face in Planisville. Argument^10=“10) Twenty years ago, Dr. Field, a noted anthropologist, visited the island of Tertia. Using an observation-centered approach to studying Tertian culture, he concluded from his observations that children in Tertia were reared by an entire village rather than by their own biological parents. Recently another anthropologist, Dr. Karp, visited the group of islands that includes Tertia and used the interview-centered method to study child-rearing practices. In the interviews that Dr. Karp conducted with children living in this group of islands, the children spent much more time talking about their biological parents than about other adults in the village. Dr. Karp decided that Dr. Field’s conclusion about Tertian village culture must be invalid. Some anthropologists recommend that to obtain accurate information on Tertian child-rearing practices, future research on the subject should be conducted via the interview-centered method.\n”+ Argument_Trans^10=“20年前著名人类学家Field博士访问了Tertia岛，运用以观察为中心的方法研究Tertia岛的文化。他从观察中得出结论：Tertia的儿童是由整个村庄的人抚养长大的而不是由他们的双亲。最近另一位人类学家Karp博士访问了包括Tertia岛在内的一组岛屿，并且应用了以采访为中心的方法研究了儿童抚养方式。Karp博士判断Field关于Tertian村庄文化的结论是无效的。一些人类学家建议，要获得Tertia岛儿童抚养方式的准确信息，今后关于这个问题的研究应该采用通过采访为中心的方法。 写一篇回应文章，讨论一下本文将试图回答哪些问题以判定该建议及此基础上的论据是否合理，并解释如何用这些问题的答案来评价该建议”; Argument^11=“11) The council of Maple County, concerned about the county’s becoming overdeveloped, is debating a proposed measure that would prevent the development of existing farmland in the county. But the council is also concerned that such a restriction, by limiting the supply of new housing, could lead to significant increases in the price of housing in the county. Proponents of the measure note that Chestnut County established a similar measure ten years ago, and its housing prices have increased only modestly since. However, opponents of the measure note that Pine County adopted restrictions on the development of new residential housing fifteen years ago, and its housing prices have since more than doubled. The council currently predicts that the proposed measure, if passed, will result in a significant increase in housing prices in Maple County.\n”+ Argument_Trans^11=“Maple县议会就过度开发问题正在讨论一项建议措施，以防止该县现存耕地的开发。但议会也关注这样一种新房供应量的限制可能导致该县房屋价格大幅增长。这项措施的支持者称Chestnut县在十年前采取了类似的措施，其房屋价格仅略有上升。然而，这项措施的反对者称，Pine县十五年前通过了新住宅开发的限制，其房屋价格已经翻了一番多。议会目前预测该建议措施如果获得通过，将导致Maple县房屋价格大幅上涨。 写一篇回应文章，讨论一下本文将试图回答哪些问题以判定该建议及此基础上的论据是否合理，并解释如何用这些问题的答案来评价该建议”; Argument^12=“12) Fifteen years ago, Omega University implemented a new procedure that encouraged students to evaluate the teaching effectiveness of all their professors. Since that time, Omega professors have begun to assign higher grades in their classes, and overall student grade averages at Omega have risen by 30 percent. Potential employers, looking at this dramatic rise in grades, believe that grades at Omega are inflated and do not accurately reflect student achievement; as a result, Omega graduates have not been as successful at getting jobs as have graduates from nearby Alpha University. To enable its graduates to secure better jobs, Omega University should terminate student evaluation of professors.\n”+ Argument_Trans^12=“十五年前，Omega大学实施了一项新的措施，鼓励学生评估其所有教授的教学效果。自那时起，Omega的教授开始给予学生更高的分数，Omega学生的整体平均成绩上升了百分之三十。潜在的雇主从成绩这样的急剧上升来看，认为Omega分数的贬值而不能准确反映学生的成绩；这样一来，Omega的毕业生在找工作时不如临近的Alpha大学毕业生成功。为了使得毕业生找到更好的工作，Omega大学应该停止学生对教授的评估。 写一篇回应文章，讨论需要用什么具体证据来评价上述论据，解释你所用的证据将如何增强或削弱这种论据”; Argument^13=“13) In an attempt to improve highway safety, Prunty County last year lowered its speed limit from 55 to 45 miles per hour on all county highways. But this effort has failed: the number of accidents has not decreased, and, based on reports by the highway patrol, many drivers are exceeding the speed limit. Prunty County should instead undertake the same kind of road improvement project that Butler County completed five years ago: increasing lane widths, resurfacing rough highways, and improving visibility at dangerous intersections. Today, major Butler County roads still have a 55 mph speed limit, yet there were 25 percent fewer reported accidents in Butler County this past year than there were five years ago.\n”+ Argument_Trans^13="为提高高速公路的安全性，去年Prunty县将县级高速公路的限速从55英里每小时降至45英里每小时。但这种努力已经失败了：事故数量并没有减少，且根据公路的巡逻报告，许多司机都超过了限速。Prunty县应采取Butler县五年前完成的同样的道路改善工程：增加车道宽度，重铺路面粗糙的公路，在危险的十字路口提高能见度。如今，Butler县主要公路仍采取55英里每小时的限速，但过去一年中报告的交通事故比五年前下降了25%。 写一篇回应文章，讨论需要用什么具体证据来评价上述论据，解释你所用的证据将如何增强或削弱这种论据. “; Argument^14=“14) The following appeared as part of an article in a business magazine.\n”+ “A recent study rating 300 male and female Mentian advertising executives according to the average number of hours they sleep per night showed an association between the amount of sleep the executives need and the success of their firms. Of the advertising firms studied, those whose executives reported needing no more than 6 hours of sleep per night had higher profit margins and faster growth. These results suggest that if a business wants to prosper, it should hire only people who need less than 6 hours of sleep per night.\n”+ Argument_Trans^14=“最近一项研究根据每晚平均睡眠时间对300名男性和女性Mentian广告经理需要的睡眠总量与他们公司的成功之间的关联。被研究的广告公司中，那些报告每晚需要的睡眠不超过6小时的经理有较高的利润率和较快的增长。这些结果表明，如果一个企业想要成功，就应该雇佣那些每晚只需要不超过6小时睡眠时间的人。 写一篇回应文章，探讨上述论据中明示和/或隐含的假设，并解释该论据如何建立在这些假设之上；如果这些假设不合理，会对该论据产生什么影响”; Argument^15=“15) The following memorandum is from the business manager of Happy Pancake House restaurants.\n”+ “Recently, butter has been replaced by margarine in Happy Pancake House restaurants throughout the southwestern United States. This change, however, has had little impact on our customers. In fact, only about 2 percent of customers have complained, indicating that an average of 98 people out of 100 are happy with the change. Furthermore, many servers have reported that a number of customers who ask for butter do not complain when they are given margarine instead. Clearly, either these customers do not distinguish butter from margarine or they use the term `bu