基础医学英语口语5

Introduction Introduction 　　简介 　　Depression is a common condition than affects about 19 million American adults every year. 　　 　　Depression has an impact on most aspects of everyday life; i t affects eating and sleeping routines, self-esteem, and perspective on life. 　　self-esteem：自尊； 　　perspective on life：人生观。 　　 　　In addition, depression affects the people who love and care about the person who is depressed. 　　There are several available treatment options for depression. It is important to seek help for people who have depressive conditions; the consequences of not getting help can be troubling. 　　Option ：选择，选项。 　　 　　Feeling blue or sad is a normal reaction to stressful or sad situations in life. 　　Some examples of situations that may lead to sadness of feeling blue include: 　　--losing someone you love 　　--becoming sick 　　--losing a job 　　--having money problems. 　　Blue：忧郁的，沮丧的。 　　 　　Most people are able to overcome feeling sad and able to cope with sadness in a constructive manner. However, some people are not able to cope very well and their feeling of sadness becomes overwhelming: this is a sign of depression. 　　Constructive：建设性的，积极地； 　　Overwhelming：无法抗拒的，占优势的。 　　 　　Depression is a disease. Doctors can distinguish several types of depression, some of which are more severe than others. Treatment is available and usually successful. The earlier depression is diagnosed and treated, the better are the chances of recovery. 　　 　　Symptoms 　　症状 　　Sadness becomes depression when a person feels sad all the time. Their sadness starts interfering with family life and work. The following are some of the symptoms of a person with depression. Not everyone who is depressed will experience every symptom. 　　Interfere with：影响 　　 　　1. Little or no interest in activities and hobbies that are usually enjoyed. 　　Hobby：爱好，喜好。 　　 　　2. Sleep more than normal or have difficulty sleeping. 　　 　　3. Little or no interest in companionship or sex. 　　Companionship：友谊，伴侣。 　　 　　4. Feeling worthless or hopeless and taking personal blame for everything. 　　Take persona blame for：对……自责。Take blame for 对……承担责任，例句：The car driver took the blame for the accident.汽车司机承担了事故的责任。Blame sb. for sth因……而斥责/责备某人。 　　 　　5. Shy away from friends and family feeling ashamed of being depressed. 　　Shy away from：回避，避开，逃避； 　　ashamed of：感到羞耻，感到耻辱。 　　 　　6. Poor personal hygiene, not bathing or dressing nicely. 　　Hygiene：[5haidVi:n]n.卫生, 卫生学； 　　Bathe：[beiT]v.沐浴；洗澡。 　　 　　Sometimes the feelings of sadness, worthlessness, and hopelessness become so strong that a depressed person may even consider suicide. 　　Worthlessness：无用； 　　Hopelessness：绝望； 　　Suicide：[5sjuisaid]n.自杀，自毁； 　　So … that…：因太……以至于…… 　　 　　Suicide and attempted suicide are very tragic consequences of depression. If a person ever feels like ending their life, they should call a doctor immediately. 　　Tragic：[5trAdVik]adj.悲惨的, 悲剧的。 　　 　　If you realize that a loved one is contemplating suicide, you should contact a doctor immediately. The same is true if the person starts talking about hurting other people, especially people that could be to blame for his or her problems. 　　 　　Treatment is available and is usually successful. Family members may think that by ignoring depression, it will take care of itself and go away. 　　 　　However, since depression clouds judgment, family members or friends do usually need to make the first move towards treatment. 　　Cloud：v. 迷惑，阻碍。 　　 　　Causes of Depression 　　病因 　　A combination of genetic, psychological, and environmental factors can cause depression. Major depression is often associated with changes in the brain. 　　 　　combination：[7kCmbi5neiFEn]n.结合，源于动词combine； 　　Genetic：[dVi5netik]adj.遗传的，源于名词gene，基因。同义词为hereditary; 　　Psychological：[7saikE5lCdVikEl]adj.心理（上）的，源于名词psychology，心理学； 　　Environmental：[in7vaiErEn5mentl]adj.环境的，源于名词environment，环境。 　　The brain controls of our activities. It controls how we move our body, speak, and understand; it also controls our emotions and feeling. 　　 　　The cells of the brain, known as neurons, communicate with each other using special chemical compounds called “neurotransmitters.” 　　Neuron：[5njuErCn]n.神经元。neuro-表示“神经”之义； 　　Compound：[5kCmpaund]n. 化合物； 　　Neurotransmitter：[7njuErEtrAns5mitE]n.神经传递素。 　　 　　In a depressed person, there is an imbalance in their neurotransmitters. Since the brain controls the whole body, people with depression may also have aches and pains that cannot be linked to any other condition. 　　Imbalance：[im5bAlEns]n.不平衡, 不均衡； 　　 　　Depression is usually triggered by a known personal problem; however, some people become depressed with no known triggering event. 　　Trigger：[5tri^E]vt.引发，引起，触发。 　　 　　Depression tends to run in families, it is often hereditary. If your parents of grandparents had depressive conditions, there is a chance that you may have them also. 　　Hereditary：遗传性的。 　　 　　Drinking alcohol and using illicit drugs can lead to depression, since drugs and alcohol affect the chemicals in the brain. In order to recover from depression, it is necessary for the patient to stop using alcohol or illicit drugs. 　　Illicit：非法的，违法的。 　　 　　Some medications, especially blood pressure medications, can lead to a chemical imbalance in the brain and depression. If this is the case, stopping these medications may be enough to treat depression. However, NEVER stop taking any medication without talking it over with your doctor first. 　　Talk over：协商，商谈。 　　 　　Only a doctor can diagnose depression. The diagnosis includes a physical examination, a complete history of symptoms, and a mental status examination. 　　mental status：精神状态。 　　 　　Diagnosis 　　诊断 　　A thorough social and medical history is essential. This is followed by a physical examination to help rule out other diseases that could have symptoms similar to depression. 　　rule out：排除； 　　similar：相似的。 　　 　　Blood tests and possible brain images may be done to make sure the symptoms are not secondary to other diseases. Usually, the history and the physical examination help guide further testing. 　　secondary to：继发的。 　　 　　Treatment 　　治疗 　　Fortunately, modern medicine and psychiatry is now able to treat depression fairly successfully. The choice of treatment depends on the diagnosis. 　　Psychiatry：[sai5kaiEtri]n.精神病学。psycho-表示“心理的，灵魂的”。 　　 　　Mild forms of depression may not necessitate any medications, only psychotherapy. More advanced cases with ideas of suicide may necessitate admission to a hospital and treatment with medications. 　　Psychotherapy：[5saikEu5WerEpi]n.精神疗法, 心理疗法； 　　Necessitate：[ni5sesiteit]v.成为必要； 　　admission to：进入，入住。 　　 　　Counseling and psychotherapy can be very helpful in treating mild cases of depression. They are often also necessary in more advanced cases along with any prescribed medications. 　　Counsel：咨询。 　　 　　Medications to fix neurotransmitter imbalances are now available. 　　Taking them regularly is very important. 　　 　　It may take weeks before depression medications work. Therefore, it is important to keep taking them and to not get discouraged if you don’t notice results immediately. 　　Discouraged：气馁的，泄气的。 　　 　　Most antidepressants are not addictive; however they should not be stopped all at once unless a doctor says to do so. 　　Antidepressant：抗抑郁剂。Anti-表示“反抗，抵抗”，depress表示“抑郁”，-ant在药学上表示“制品，制剂，药”； 　　Addictive：[E5diktiv]adj.上瘾的，成瘾性的； 　　 　　Antidepressants can produce side effects that may include 　　--dry mouth 　　--feeling sleepy 　　--difficulty starting the urinary stream 　　--sexual problems. 　　side effect：副作用； 　　urinary：[5juErinEri]adj.尿的, 泌尿器的。 　　 　　If you take antidepressants and notice any side effects, let your doctor know. He or she may change the dosage or the medication. Do NOT stop the medication on your own. 　　Dosage：[5dEusidV]n.剂量。 　　 　　Most antidepressants do NOT mix with alcohol or illicit drugs. Therefore, it is very important not to drink alcohol or do drugs. 　　 　　In some cases, counseling is also helpful to allow patients to understand and accept the initial cause of their depression. 　　 　　Electroconvulsive therapy or ECT is useful in patients with severe depression and who are slow to respond to medications. ECT helps restore the balance of neurotransmitters by causing the brain to have a brief seizure （about 30 seconds）. 　　Electroconvulsive therapy：电痉挛疗法，简称ECT。Electro-表示“电，电子的，用电”之义，convulsive表示“起痉挛的，痉挛性的”； 　　Restore：恢复。 　　 　　ECT is done under general anesthersia and muscle relaxation. Patients do not shake uncontrollably as depicted in some movies. Patients feel no pain or discomfort during ECT. Several sessions of ECT are usually needed to help. 　　anesthersia ：[7Anis5Wi:zjE]n. 麻醉； 　　depict：描述。 　　 　　As a patient with depression starts to feel better, he or she will be able to make healthy changes that can reduce stress and maintain a more balanced outlook to life. 　　Outlook：等于上文的prospective，观念，观点。 　　 　　Regular exercise, healthy diet, and stable relationships are all very helpful in keeping stress low and reducing the chances of feeling depressed again. 　　 　　Summary 　　小结 　　Depression is a common medical condition. It is nothing to be ashamed of. 　　 　　Treatments exist and are very effective. Medications and counseling are the cornerstones of depression therapy. Reacting to depression as soon as it is noticed is important. With prompt treatment, a depressed person can return to a happier lifestyle and more balanced outlook on life. 　　Prompt：及时的，迅速的。 　　Quiz 　　测验 　　Question 1: The difference between feeling sad being clinically depressed is that when you feel sad, it will eventually go away. If you have depression, the sadness does not go away. 　　TRUE or FALSE 　　[答疑编号911050101：针对该 题 快递公司问题件快递公司问题件货款处理关于圆的周长面积重点题型关于解方程组的题及答案关于南海问题 提问] 　　Answer: True 　　Analysis: In a clinically depressed patient, the sadness does not go away. 　　 　　Question 2: Only adults can have depression. 　　TRUE or FALSE 　　[答疑编号911050102：针对该题提问] 　　Answer: False 　　Analysis: Children can be depressed, too. A depressed child may refuse to go to school or may get into trouble at school, among other symptoms. 　　 　　Question 3: Women are more likely to be clinically depressed than men. 　　TRUE or FALSE 　　[答疑编号911050103：针对该题提问] 　　Answer: True 　　Analysis: Statistically, the number of women who experience depression is twice as high as that of men. However, men are less likely to report depression and usually mask depression with more socially acceptable habits, such as working excessively long hours. 　　Statistically：统计上地，据统计得出； 　　mask … with…：以……来掩盖…… 　　excessively：过分地，过量地。 　　 　　Question 4: Neurotransmitters are chemicals in the brain that help brain cells communicate with each other. 　　TRUE or FALSE 　　[答疑编号911050104：针对该题提问] 　　Answer: TRUE 　　 　　Question 5: Depression is always triggered by a sad event. 　　TRUE or FALSE 　　[答疑编号911050105：针对该题提问] 　　Answer: TRUE 　　Analysis: Some people experience depression without any triggering personal event. 　　 　　Question 6: If you drank alcohol or used drugs before being diagnosed with depression, it is okay to continue drinking or using drugs while you take antidepressants. 　　TRUE or FALSE 　　[答疑编号911050106：针对该题提问] 　　Answer: FALSE 　　Analysis: Most antidepressants to NOT mix with alcohol or illicit drugs. Therefore, it is very important not to drink or do drugs. 　　 　　Question 7: Antidepressants work immediately, so if results are not noticed within 24 hours of starting the medication, you should contact your doctor. 　　TRUE or FALSE 　　[答疑编号911050107：针对该题提问] 　　Answer: FALSE 　　Analysis: It may take weeks before depression medications work. Therefore, it is important to keep taking them and to not get discouraged if you do not notice results immediately. 　　 　　Key words 　　核心词汇 　　·depression：抑郁症 　　·depressive：郁闷的 　　·antidepressant：抗抑郁药 　　·neuron：神经元 　　·neurotransmitter：神经传递素 　　·psychological：心理上的 　　·psychiatry：精神病学 　　·psychotherapy：精神疗法，心理疗法 　　·electroconvulsive：点惊厥的