第五章 代词

nullnull代词nullJohn was in love with Mary．When Mary was seriously ill，John waited for Mary morning，noon and night．John was so anxious about Mary's health．But Mary recovered quickly． 若使用代词句子就好得多： John was in love with Mary．When she was seriously ill，he waited for her morning，noon and night．He was so anxious about her health．But she recovered quickly．代 词 概 说代 词 概 说代词的分类 人称代词 personal pronouns 物主代词 possessive pronouns 自身代词 self pronouns 相互代词 Reciprocal Pronouns 指示代词 Demonstrative Pronouns 疑问代词 Interrogative Pronouns 连接代词 Conjunctive Pronouns 关系代词 Relative Pronouns 不定代词 Indefinite Pronouns null代词的作用1）This is our new home. Both are from the South.I have read neither of the books. Take good care of yourself. 3) That’s not mine.4)We both live in the dormitory. You yourself are to blame. He ate them all.5) Get out, both of you! Be patient, everybody.null形容词vs限定词It’s my book. I’ll take that shirt. There are many reasons why I moved here. Few people showed up for the party. Mary washed each piece of fruit.限定词 1）冠词 2）指示形容词（Demonstrative Adjectives) 物主代词（Possessive Determiners) 不定限定词（Indefinite Determiners)人称代词和物主代词人称代词和物主代词人称代词的形式 人称代词：主格 VS. 宾格 人称代词的泛指：we, you, they 特殊的人称代词：she, it 物主代词：形容词型 VS.名词型 物主代词的形式人称代词用法补充人称代词用法补充 两个以上的人称代词并用时： 单数：按2、3、1人称排列 复数：按1、2、3人称排列 表示不祥之事、承认错误或 自我批评 党员批评与自我批评表党员批评与自我批评表党员批评已自我批评教师的批评与自我批评组织委员自我批评 时，说话人一般把自己放在他人之前 人称代词在数、格上的前后一致nullIt is I that / who love you. It is me that / whom he loves. It is wrong to tell a lie. It is no use crying over the spilt milk.itnullIt is uncertain who will come. She found it difficult to convince him. I took it for granted that he knew me. 人称代词 it 的用法补充人称代词 it 的用法补充强调句型中的 it 作形式主语的 it It + v. + 其他 + 作形式宾语的 it 主语+ +it +其他+to do doing 从句take, find make, believe think, considerto do thatUse pronouns clearly!Use pronouns clearly!Tom wrote to Joe while he was on vacation. While Tom was on vacation, he wrote to Joe. While Joe was on vacation, Tom wrote to him.He likes you better than me. He likes you better than I. He likes you better than (he likes) me.He likes you better than I (like you). His house is larger than I.反身代词和相互代词反身代词和相互代词反身代词的形式 相互代词：each other, one another反身代词的用法反身代词的用法主语与宾语为同一人时，宾语须用反身代词 Don’t overwork yourself. They ought to be ashamed of themselves. 加强语气、表示强调 I myself used to make the same mistake. You’d better go there yourselves. 含有反身代词的惯用语 I haven’t been myself for weeks. Now I’m quite myself.nullMake yourself at home, please. The door opened of itself.（自动，自行） Poor Jane has been almost beside herself with toothache.（……得要命、发狂） She prides herself on knowing French. （= be proud of = take pride in） He busied himself (in) tidying up his desk. He often absents himself from classes. dress oneself in, devote oneself to, apply oneself to指 示 代 词指 示 代 词指示代词的形式： 第一类：this, that, these, those 第二类：so, such, the same 第一类指示代词的基本用法第一类指示代词的其他用法第一类指示代词的其他用法that与those可用以代替前面所提过的名词，以避免重复（但this和these不可以）；that和those后面一般必须有后置修饰语，但不可有前置修饰语。 可数名词单数或不可数名词：that 可数名词复数 ：those that用于某些成语中第一类指示代词的其他用法第一类指示代词的其他用法this与that可用以代替前面所提过的句子或从句，以避免重复 I did not go. This / That made him very angry. 但指下文要叙述的事情时只能用this，不能用that ... and that + 修饰语（adv.）：“…，而且…” Call him, and that at once. He makes mistakes, and that very often.nullthis = the latter, that = the former Health is above wealth; this cannot give so much happiness as that. (this = wealth; that = health) those who = people who God helps those who help themselves.第二类指示代词的用法第二类指示代词的用法- It looks like rain. - I hope so. I may have offended, but such was not my intention. His parents believed that he was a clever boy, but he wasn’t such in fact. The same might be said of this problem.在think, believe, suppose, guess, hope后的so，指代前面提过的that从句 (I don’t think so. / I hope not.)指示代词such指代前面提过的短语或从句 指示代词the same指代与前面提过的同样的事物疑问代词和连接代词疑问代词和连接代词格用法疑问代词和连接代词的用法 疑问代词和连接代词的用法 Do you know where he lives? I really don’t know what to do. What do you suppose he will give you? Who do you think came to see me?连接代词用于从句中，注意词的顺序疑问词 ＋ 不定式do you say (think, believe, imagine, guess, suppose ...)关 系 代 词关 系 代 词先行词限定性 VS. 非限定性 限定性 VS. 非限定性 He has two sons who live in Beijing. He has two sons, who live in Beijing.他有两个住在北京的儿子。 (He may have more than two sons.)他有两个儿子，都住在北京。 (He has only two sons.)不 定 代 词不 定 代 词两类不定代词的形式 合成不定代词的用法合成不定代词用法补充合成不定代词用法补充something, anything, nothing, everything something和anything的区别与some 和any的区别一样；修饰这几个词的adj.应后置 somebody, anybody, nobody, everybody 这些词都看作单数，后面跟单数谓语；指代它们的代词常用he, he/she, they (口语) If anybody is listening, I hope he will say so. Nobody came, didn’t they? 每个人都应在饭前洗手。nullsomeone, anyone, no one, everyone 上述词只能指人，而分写的some one, any one, every one 既可指人，也可指物 合写 VS. 分写 somebody, someone, anybody, anyone, nobody, no one, everybody, everyone之后不可接of短语，如果要接，必须将其分写 everyone every one of us Is there any one of your friends there?合成不定代词的习惯用语合成不定代词的习惯用语something of 若干、多少、有些 anything but 并不，根本不 nothing but 只不过，只有 something like 有点像 or something 类似 make somebody of a name for ... 使成名 Mr. Smith is an engineer or something. She is nothing but a dancer. He was anything but pleased when he heard this.兼作代词和限定词的词兼作代词和限定词的词some, any, no many, much, few, little all, each, none both, either, neither other, another one, several every VS. eachevery VS. eachevery 用于三个（以上）“每一个”；each 用 于两个（以上）“每一个” each hand VS. every finger every 强调整体，each 强调个体。 Every student in our school works hard. Each student may have one book. every 在句中只作定语，each 可充当定语、主语、宾语和同位语。 Every / Each room is clean and tidy. Each went his way. The teacher had a talk with each of them. They each gave him some advice.null当前面有 nearly 或 almost 修饰时， 多用every Nearly every student works hard. every 可以用于下列词组中，each 则不能 every other day every three weeks 否定词 not 不与 each 连用，但可以与 every 连用，表示部分否定 Not every student goes to school by bus.all / both; either / any; neither / noneall / both; either / any; neither / noneall VS. bothall VS. bothall 既可指复数，也可指单数，指人时一般都用复数，指事或整个事物时用单数。both 则只能指复数。 Both / All are present. All I know is that he just came back from America. all和both与否定词连用，都表示部分否定 All of the books are not English books. Both of us are not teachers.other VS. anotherother VS. anothernullThe Smiths have two bicycles. One belongs to Mr. Smith. _______ bike belongs to Mrs. Smith. Mr. Smith’s bicycle was run over by a truck and destroyed. He needs to get ______ one. There are three books on my desk. Two of them are dictionaries. _____ one is a telephone directory. nullThe puppy chewed up my telephone directory, so I went to the telephone company to get _____ phone book. There are three colors in the U.S. flag. One of the colors is red. _____ are white and blue.nullMany people like to get up very early in the morning. _____ like to sleep until noon. There are four seasons. Spring and summer are two. ____ are fall and winter. Jack has two suits. One is blue, and ____ is gray. Jack has only two suits, a blue one and a gray one. His wife wants him to buy ___ one.nullIf you really hate your job, why don’t you look for ___ one? You don’t have to be a dishwasher all your life. There are lots of ____ jobs in the world.another 的习惯用法another 的习惯用法one after another 一个接一个地 one sort / way or another 某种类型、某种方式 one thing ... another 一回事……另一回事no one VS. noneno one VS. noneno one只能指人，none可用于指人或物。 no one＝nobody，语气比none强，后面不接of构成的短语；none通常与of连用作主语 no one作主语时，谓语动词用单数；none后接不可数名词作主语时，谓语动词用单数；后接复数名词作主语时，谓语动词单复数均可。 No one was in the classroom. None of the money on the desk is mine. None of us speaks / speak Japanese. null用于简短回答时，none用来回答 how many或how much问句；no one或nobody用来回答who问句；而nothing则用来回答what问句； – How many fish did you catch? – None. – How much water is there in the bottle? – None. – Who will go to the party? – No one. / Nobody. – What’s in your hand? – Nothing.one 的用法one 的用法不定代词one可用来泛指“人们”、“任何人”，所有格形式为one’s (英) 或 his (美)； One can’t make an omelet without breaking eggs. 有所得必有所失。 One should take care of one’s / his health.nullone可用来代替上文出现过的同种类 单数可数名词；其复数形式为ones，可用来代替上文出现过的同种类复数可数名词； A good writer is one who can express the commonplace in an uncommon way. I don’t know whether small oranges are sweeter than big ones.one, the one, thatone, the one, thatthat 只能代替事物，不能代替人；one 既可代替人也可代替事物。 one代替前面出现的名词表示不确指；that, the one 代替前面出现的名词，指代谈话双方都知道的事物，即“特指”。 that 不能有前置修饰语，但须有后置修饰语；one一般可有前置修饰语，也可有后置 修饰语。nullone, the one 都只能指代前面出现的单数可数名词，复数可数名词则用ones, the ones；that既可指代单数可数名词，也可指代不可数名词。 that代替前面提到的事物，必须是这一名词在第二次出现时有后置修饰语；如果前面提到的是复数名词，则 用those来代替。nullI’m looking for a house. I’d really like one with a garden. (指代不确定的单数可 数名词) The sweater he wears today is different from that / the one he wore yesterday. (当指代的是谈话双方都确知的事物，而且该名词是有后置修饰语的单数可数名词时，that = the one) nullMary’s handwriting is far better than that of Peter. (指代不可数名词) The bikes they made this year are better than those / the ones they made last year. (当指代的是谈话双方都确知的事物，而且该名词是有后置修饰语的复数可数名词时，those = the ones)