翻译——核心语法 1.各种从句的用法 从句的用法在前文已有详细讲解,这里就不再赘述。下面通过
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归纳来进一步探讨历年四级翻译对各类从句的考查情况。 (1)主语从句 真
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:__________(很多人没有意识到的)is providing the best education possible for their children.(2009.6)
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:What many people don’t realize (2)宾语从句
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:Many Americans live on credit, and their quality of life__________(是用他们能够借到多少来衡量的), not how much they can earn.(2007.12) 答案:is measured by how much they can loan (3)
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语从句 真题:In my sixties, one change I notice is that__________(我比以前更容易累了).(2007.12) 答案:I am more likely to get tired than before (4)定语从句 真题:Medical researchers are painfully aware that there are many problems__________(他们至今还没有答案)(2008.12) 答案:(that/which)they haven’t found solution to或to which they haven’t found solution 真题:__________(与我成长的地方相比), this town is more prosperous and exciting.(2008.6) 答案:Compared with the place where I grew up 真题:The prevention and treatment of AIDS is __________(我们可以合作的领域).(2007.6) 答案:the field where(in which)we can cooperate (5)状语从句 真题:Leaving one’s job, __________(不管是什么工作), is a difficult change, even for those who look forward to retiring.(2008.6) 答案:whatever it is(让步状语从句) 真题:I am going to pursue this course, __________(无论我要作出什么样的牺牲).(2007.12) 答案:no matter what kind of sacrifice I have to make(让步状语从句) 真题:Some psychologists claim that people __________(出门在外时可能会感到孤独)(2006.12) 答案:may feel lonely when they are away from home(时间状语从句) 【真题】__________(大多数父母所关心的)is providing the best education possible for their children.(2008.12) 【解析】本题考查对主语从句的掌握。汉语中“所关心的”实际上是指“所关心的事情”,用英语表达则使用what引导的从句。What在主语从句中作介词的宾语。“关心”可以用be concerned about表达。 【答案】What most parents are concerned about 注:从句的用法参见完形填空部分对从句的讲解。 2.虚拟语气 历年真题中涉及到虚拟语气的考点可以归纳如下: (1)(should)+动词原形的情形; (2)if或but for等引导的条件句; (3)wish, if only, would rather, It is(high)time that…的用法。 【真题】You would not have failed if__________(按照我的指令去做).(2009.12) 【答案】you had followed my instructions 或者you had followed my orders 【解析】本题较为容易,按照汉语意思直译。考点有两个:首先最重要的考点是if从句的虚拟语气考查;根据语法规定,如果主句中出现would +have的形式,从句中应该采用had+过去分词的结构;第二是固定搭配“按照…的指令”表达为follow my instructions 或者是follow my orders 注意多样化的表达,两者选其一就可以;注意很多学生出现遗漏主语you,造成不必要的失分。 【真题】The victim __________(本来会有机会活下来)if he had been taken to hospital in time.(2006.12) 【解析】本句考查对错综时间条件句的虚拟语气的掌握。在与过去事实相反的条件下,if引导的条件句时态是过去完成时态,主句谓语一般使用would have done。 【答案】would have had a chance to survive/would have had a chance of survival 注:虚拟语气用法参见完形填空填空部分对虚拟语气的讲解。 3.倒装结构 倒装分完全倒装与部分倒装两种类型,重点是部分倒装,即只有系动词、助动词和情态动词参与的倒装。常见的倒装结构可以分为四大类: (1)否定倒装。指否定副词或否定的副词性结构hardly, seldom, scarcely, never, little, nowhere, not once, under no circumstances, in no way, no sooner…than,not only…but also用于句首时所导致的倒装。 Seldom did I go to theater, but now it is different. 以前我很少去剧院,但是现在不同了。 (2)虚拟倒装。指在if引导的虚拟条件句中,将if省略,把should, had, were提至主语前,形成倒装。 Were I you, I’ll never promise to do that. 如果我是你,绝对不会答应那么做的。 (3)强调倒装。为突出强调某一成分而将它提至句首时,实行倒装,如: A.so 倒装句 So diligently does he work that he often forgets to eat and sleep. 他工作如此勤奋以至于经常废寝忘食。 B.以某些表示肯定的副词开头作状语:only, often, then Then did I throw myself into the chair, exhausted. 然后我一屁股坐在椅子上,累死了。 Only by working hard can we achieve what we want. 我们只有通过努力工作才能获得想要的东西。 (4)在“so+形容词…that分句”结构中,如将“so+形容词”置于句首以示强调时,其后的系动词be则要移到主语前面,形成主谓的完全倒装。 So moved was she that she could not say a word. 她感动得说不出话来。 【真题】Not only__________(他向我收费过高),but he didn’t do a good repair job either.(2006.6新) 【解析】本题考查对倒装的掌握。解答此题需要考虑两个层次,首先是动词“收费”的对应词,应当译为“charge”。收费“过高”往往使用too much,更加巧妙的用词overcharge就可以表示“收费过高”。其次,not only…but…结构中出现了否定词前置到句首的现象,这是倒装的标志。结合后半句的一般过去时形式,我们要把助动词did提出来,按照倒装形式译为did he overcharge me/did he charge me too much。 【答案】did he overcharge me/did he charge me too much 练习题 1 1.I have had great deal of trouble______________________________.(跟得上班上的其他同学) 2.I don't mind your_____________(你延期做出决定) the decision as long as it is not too late. 3.In the Chinese household, grandparents and other relatives_____________(起着不可缺少的作用) in raising children. 4.Mark often____________________________(试图逃脱罚款) whenever he breaks traffic regulations. 5.When I __________________(发现他骗我) I stopped buying thins there and started dealing with another shop. 答案及解析: 1.keeping up with the rest of the class. 「超级句型」trouble可以用在句型"have trouble doing sth. " 做某事有困难"中,这时,trouble可以用difficulty来代替。 「超级短语」keep up with意为“跟上……”,指并肩前进,并驾齐驱,不至落后、掉队。catch up with意为“赶上”,指从后边追上或改变落后状。; 2.delaying making 「超级单词」mind作及物动词,后面通常接名词、代词、V-ing形式、复合结构、从句等。 Delay后接动词时,应该接动词的ing形式。 3.play indispensable roles 「超级短语」play a part/role in起着……作用,饰演……的角色。 4.attampts to escape being fined 「超级单词」escape后面要接动名词形式。常与介词from搭配,如He has escaped from the fire. 5.caught /found him cheating me 「超级句型」find/catch+宾语+宾补,如I found him standing by the river. 练习题 2 1.I suggested he ____________________ (使自己适应) his new conditions. 2. What a lovely party! It's worth_________________( 牢记一生 ). 3. If you won't agree to our plan,_____________________( 他们也不会同意 ). 4. His remarks left me ____________________________( 想知道他的真实目的 ). 5. If you had_____________________ ( 听从了我的劝告,你就不会陷入麻烦) 答案及解析: 1.should adapt himself to 「超级句型」suggest作“建议”时,其宾语从句中要用虚拟句型"suggest that sb.(should)do sth.“结构;从suggest还可以联想到宾语从句中同样要用虚拟语气的相关动词如:insist,demand,order,ask,advise等。 「超级短语」adapt oneself to 使自己适应或习惯于,其他搭配: adapt from 根据……改写/改编 2.remembering all my life 「超级单词」Be worth doing…/值得做某事,还有说法是worth sth. 如:He is worth the praise. 3.neither will they 「超级单词」neither表示“两者都不”, 表示"也"、"也不" 的句子要部分倒装。如:If you won't go, neither will I. 4.wondering about his real purpose 「超级单词」leave sb doing 让继续处于某种状态;leave sb to do sth 让某人干某事 5.followed my advice, you would not be in trouble now. 「超级句型」虚拟语气在if 引导的条件句中的用法 从句:if + 主语+ 动词的过去式(be 用were) + …… 主句:主语+ would (should, could , might) + 动词原形+ ……