瑞士统计年鉴2011年

F S O • S T A T I S T I C A L Y E A R B O O K 2 0 1 1 525 Statistical Data on Switzerland 0 Switzerland in an international context 1 Sustainable development 2 The Swiss people a. Population b. Health c. Education d. Labour market e. Households and social security 3 The economy a. National accounts b. Prices and income c. Balance of payments d. Foreign trade 4 The environment This chapter presents the main statistical findings in English for our international readers. Statistics reveal the current status of Swiss demographics and society as well as the Swiss economy and the environment. They also reveal how things have changed over time. Content is based on Eurostat nomenclatures. The content structure is based on the one used by the Statistical Office of the European Union (Eurostat). 5 Science and technology a. Research and development b. The information society 6 Economic sectors and companies a. Company structure b. Industry and the construction c. Trade d. Financial markets e. Transport f. Tourism g. Energy 7 Agriculture and forestry a. Agriculture b. Forestry F S O • S T A T I S T I C A L Y E A R B O O K 2 0 1 1 526 Switzerland has a population of 7.8 million people for a territory of 41 000 km². The country lies in Central Western Europe with the Alps forming a natural boundary between its northern and southern parts. With four official languages (German, French, Ita- lian and Romansh), Switzerland is characterized by cultural and linguistic diversity. The Swiss Confederation (in Latin Confoederatio Helvetica, whence the international ISO abbreviation “CH”) was created in 1848 by formally bringing together 26 historically close but very politically and geographically distinct cantons into a common political entity that still guarantees wide autonomy to each of its members. Ever since 1959, the seven-member Swiss cabi- net (Federal Council) has been made up of representatives from Switzerland’s four leading political parties: the Radical Demo- cratic Party (FDP), the Socialist Party (SP), the Christian Demo- cratic Party (CVP) and the Swiss People’s Party (SVP). Cabinet members (Federal Councillors) are elected every four years in a joint session of the two freshly elected houses of the Swiss Parliament: the National Council (200 members representing the people) and the Council of States (46 members representing the Cantons). The Swiss people wield considerable power in the Swiss political system: voting privileges are wide-ranging and it is relatively easy for the people to submit popular initiatives and call for referendums. Swiss citizens are therefore called to the ballot box several times a year to decide on all aspects of national and local government. Switzerland in an international context Zurich Bern Lucerne Fribourg Basel Schaffhausen Saint Gallen Chur Lausanne Delémont Neuchâtel Geneva Schwyz Liestal Altdorf Glarus Sarnen Stans Aarau Solothurn Herisau Appenzell Bellinzona Sion Zug Frauenfeld GLARUS SAINT GALLEN TICINO GRAUBÜNDEN THURGAU SCHAFFHAUSEN ZUG LUCERNE ZURICH AARGAU -LANDSCHAFT -STADT BASEL- OBWALDEN NID- WALDEN URI SCHWYZ VALAISGENEVA VAUD FRIBOURG NEUCHÂTEL BERN SOLOTHURN JURA APPENZELL- -A. RH. -I. RH. Haute-Saône Liechten- stein Belfor t Haut-Rhin Doubs Jura Ain Haute-Savoie Baden-Würt temberg Bavar ia Vorar lberg Tiro l Lombardy Val le d ’Aosta Piedmont 0 10 20 30 40 50 km 1 : 2 000 000 © SFSO, ThemaKart, Neuchâtel KE 0.1Political structure Compared to other countries, Switzerland has a fairly ro- bust economy in terms of gross domestic product (GDP). If we consider GDP per capita, it is among the richest countries in the world. That said, the Swiss economy has grown at a slower rate than other OECD countries since 1990. By international compari- son, the Swiss unemployment rate remains low and employment rate high. As in all modern societies, the tertiary sector dominates the Swiss economy. Important branches include financial ser- vices and tourism. As for the secondary sector, Switzerland’s lack of raw materials has led to the development of specialised manufacturing industries such as the machinery manufacture, pharmaceuticals production and watchmaking. In 2009, the pri- mary sector accounted for only 3.3% of persons in employment. This sector is mainly comprised of cattle raising due to prevailing climate conditions. Foreign trade is extremely important to the Swiss economy; the value of total imports and exports per capita as well as the share of imports and exports to GDP are among the highest in the world. 63.7% 6.4% 20.4% 0.5% 9.0% Population by main languages 2000 Other languages Italian French Romansch German GE 0.1 F S O • S T A T I S T I C A L Y E A R B O O K 2 0 1 1 527 Switzerland in comparison with other countries TE 1.1.1 Year 1 Switzerland Germany France Italy Netherland Austria Sweden United Kingdom Population Number of inhabitants at the start of the year) in ’000 2008 7 593 82 218 63 614 59 619 16 405 8 332 9 183 60 781 Inhabitants per km 2 of the total area 2008 183.9 230.2 100.5 196.2 394.9 99.3 20.8 248.5 Resident population 65+ as percentage of the total population 2008 16.4 20.1 16.3 20.0 14.7 17.1 17.5 16.0 Live births per 1000 inhabitants 2008 10.1 8.3 13.0 9.7 11.3 9.3 11.9 13.0 Net international migration rate as percentage of the population 2008 1.3 −0.1 0.1 0.8 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.4 Residential foreigners as percentage of the total population 2008 21.1 8.8 5.8 5.8 4.2 10.3 5.7 6.6 Health Male life expectancy at birth in years 2007 84.4 82.7 84.4 84.2 82.5 83.1 83.1 81.7 Female life expectancy at birth in years 2007 79.5 77.4 77.3 78.5 78.1 77.5 79.0 77.3 Infant mortality per 1000 birth 2007 3.9 3.9 3.8 3.7 4.1 3.7 2.5 4.8 Education Public expenditure on education in % of GDP 2006 5.5 4.4 5.6 4.7 5.5 5.4 6.9 5.5 Proportion of people aged 25 – 64 with a high level of education in % 2007 31 24 27 14 30 18 31 31 Employment Employment rate for women aged 15 – 64 2008 73.5 65.4 60.1 47.2 71.1 65.8 71.8 65.8 Employment rate for men aged 15 – 64 2008 85.4 75.9 69.3 70.3 83.2 78.5 76.7 77.3 Unemployment rate (15 years and above) 2008 3.4 7.5 7.8 6.7 2.8 3.8 6.2 5.6 Women's unemployment rate (15 years and above) 2008 4.0 7.5 8.3 8.5 3.0 4.1 6.6 5.1 Men's unemployment rate (15 years and above) 2008 2.8 7.4 7.3 5.5 2.5 3.6 5.9 6.1 Unemployment rate for young people aged 15 – 24 2008 7.0 10.5 19.0 21.3 5.3 8.0 20.2 15.0 Households and Social Security Average number of persons per private households 2001 2.2 2.2 2.4 2.6 2.3 2.4 2.1 2.4 Expenditure on social security in % of GDP 2004 29.5 29.5 20.0 26.1 28.5 29.1 32.9 26.3 Research and development Expenditure on research and development in % of GDP 2007 2.9 2.5 2.1 1.1 1.7 2.6 3.6 1.8 Economy, public finance Employed people: Percentage in primary sector 2 2006 3.8 2.2 3.7 4.2 3.3 5.6 2.3 1.3 Employed people: Percentage in secondary sector 2 2006 22.9 29.8 24.3 29.8 20.4 28.1 22.0 22.0 Employed people: Percentage in tertiary sector 2 2006 72.9 68.0 71.1 66.0 76.3 66.3 75.8 76.7 Gross domestic product (GDP) per inhabitant, in PPS 2009 33 900 27 300 25 300 24 000 30 700 28 800 28 400 27 400 Average annual growth rate in real GDP 1985 – 2008 1.5 1.5 1.8 1.6 2.8 2.2 2.3 2.7 Public surplus/deficit in % of the GDP 2008 2.3 0.1 −3.3 −2.7 0.5 −0.5 2.2 −4.8 Public gross debt in % of the GDP 2008 40.9 66.3 67.6 106.3 58.2 62.9 38.2 52.1 1 Or latest available figure per country 2 Percentage of all persons in employment Sources: Federal Statistical Office; Eurostat; OECD; IEA Only one source has been used for each of the variables. For this reason, it is possible that the data vary from those published by the Swiss Federal Statistical Office in other publications. The countries presented here may use different definitions and survey methodologies, making it more difficult to reliably compare statistics at an international level. F S O • S T A T I S T I C A L Y E A R B O O K 2 0 1 1 528 The unemployment rate is increasing Postulate: Employment that is morally worthwhile and provides a decent living In developed countries, unemployment is one of the main causes of poverty and social exclusion. In addition, high unem- ployment can result in social unrests. 0% 2% 4% 6% 8% 10% 1991 1995 2000 2005 2009 GE 1.2Unemployment rate Percentage of unemployed in relation to total working population People’s health is improving Postulate: Promoting health People who feel healthy are often more contented than those who are ill or disabled. At the same time, they are also more pro- ductive. The benefits of living a long and healthy life are mainly felt by people themselves. However, the goal of a healthy lifestyle is also worth pursuing in the interests of the economy and soci- ety as a whole. 65.3 64.7 68.7 70.3 63.9 65.2 67.5 69.4 0 20 40 60 80 100 1992 1997 2002 2007 GE 1.1Life expectancy in good health Life expectancy at birth in years Men Women Sustainable Development is development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future genera- tions to meet their own needs. When using ecological, economic and social resources, consideration should be given to the prin- ciple of fairness among and between present and future genera- tions, both in Switzerland and in relation to foreign countries. Sustainable development also means enabling people to live in conditions that are adequate for them in terms of human rights, by creating and maintaining the maximum range of options to ensure that individuals are free to develop their designs for living. Meeting needs in a balanced manner requires social solidarity, economic efficiency and ecological responsibility, and none of these three qualitative objectives must be attained at the long- term detriment of any of the other objectives. The MONET system was created to provide information about progress made towards sustainable development. It is based on a set of postulates that indicate the direction to be taken in order to create and maintain a sustainable society. These postulates ultimately form the frame of reference that is used to assess the sustainability of observed developments. All the postulates have Sustainable development a clear and direct relation to the definition of sustainable de- velopment and the three qualitative objectives of social solidarity, economic efficiency and ecological responsibility. Each of the 80 MONET indicators refers to at least one postulate. With the purpose of facilitating clear and concise information at a glance, a set of seventeen key indicators were developed, all taken from the MONET indicator system. The following presenta- tion of five out of the seventeen is intended to give the reader an idea of how indicators can illustrate how sustainability has de- veloped so far; and – with the support of postulates – to assess sustainability in terms of the direction that should be taken. Sustainable development trends since 1990: Positive (toward sustainability) Negative (away from sustainability) Neutral F S O • S T A T I S T I C A L Y E A R B O O K 2 0 1 1 529 Developed land is encroaching upon the landscape Postulates: Limits for consumption of non-renewable resources; Preservation of natural resources Soils are an important life support system for humans, ani- mals and plants. Constructions of buildings, roads and factories inevitably result in a loss of farmland. It is very difficult to reverse the degradation process once it has been set in motion and this change affects future generations. 382 397 0 100 200 300 400 500 1979/85 1992/97 Developed land1 per capita In m² / inhabitant GE 1.4 1 Building areas, industrial areas, land used for special purpose (public utilities and waste management plants, quarries and dump sites, construction sites), recrea- tional areas and parks, transportation areas Switzerland’s ecological footprint is four times as great as its biocapacity The key indicators show whether or not development is sustain- able whereas the ecological footprint measures sustainability from the standpoint of consumption of natural resources.1 The ecological footprint expresses consumption in terms of how much surface area (in global hectares) is required to sus- tain this consumption. It shows whether and to what extent our use of natural resources exceeds the regenerative capacities of the biosphere (i.e. our biocapacity). Consumption of natural re- sources is considered sustainable when the ecological footprint of our consumption matches our biocapacity. When consump- tion exceeds our biocapacity, natural resources at home become depleted or have to be imported from other countries. In such cases, we end up living at the expense of other regions of the planet or of future generations. 1 See INFRAS 2006: Switzerland‘s Ecological Footprint. A Contribution to the Sustainability De- bate. Commissioned and published by the Federal Office for Spatial Development, the Federal Statistical Office, the Agency for Development and Cooperation and the Federal Office for the Environment. In cooperation with Global Footprint Network and Locher, Schmill, Van Wezemael & Partner. Neuchâtel, September 2006. All MONET indicators, key indicators, postulates and publications as well as the ecological footprint can be found at: http://www.monet.admin.ch Teenage reading skills are not changing much Postulates: Encouraging learning; Promotion of economic effi- ciency Education ensures that the economy is both innovative and competitive, while the ability to retain and process information is essential for individuals to constructively adapt to changes taking place in society. 79.6 83.4 83.6 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 2000 2003 2006 Teenage reading skills Quota of 15-year-olds reaching at least reading skills level 2 (scale <1 to 5) GE 1.3 Material intensity is fluctuating Postulates: Ecologically acceptable production; Ecologically and socially acceptable consumption One of the main goals of sustainable development is to bring about a gradual dematerialisation of the economy so as to lessen the environmental impact of human and economic activi- ties. Material and energy flows must be optimised so that natural resources can be maintained in the long run. 80 85 90 95 100 105 1990 1995 2000 2005 2008p GE 1.5Material intensity Total Material Requirement to GDP ratio, index 1990=100 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 1961 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2007 Footprint Biocapacity GE 1.6Switzerland’s footprint and biocapacity In global hectares per capita F S O • S T A T I S T I C A L Y E A R B O O K 2 0 1 1 530 The Swiss people 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 -1.0% -0.5% 0.0% 0.5% 1.0% 1.5% 2.0% 2.5% 3.0% 20091900 1920 1940 1960 1980 Population in millions Population growth (in %, right scale) GE 2.1 Population and population growth 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 1878 1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2009 GE 2.2Life expectancy MenWomenFrom birth: From age 65: Years Men Women 11.6 50.7 37.7 23.8 58.0 18.2 8.6 49.0 42.4 10.8 50.3 38.9 13.1 51.7 35.2 11.9 53.1 35.0 15.7 47.5 36.9 17.4 52.5 30.1 Women Age 25–34 Age 55–64 Men Age 25–34 Age 55–64 All persons aged 25–64 German-speaking French-speaking Italian-speaking 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% GE 2.3Educational attainment 2009 Compulsory education Upper secondary Higher education 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 1930 1960 1990 2000 2009 1 Number of persons per household, 100% = all private households GE 2.5 Size of households1 One Two Three Four Five or more 0 1 2 3 4 5 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2007 GE 2.6Expenditure1 for welfare and asylum programmes Total expenditure, in CHF billion Welfare Asylum policies Total 1 Based on public finance statistics 0 1000 2000 3000 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2009 Primary sector (agriculture, forestry) Tertiary sector (services) Secondary sector (industry and craft) GE 2.4 Persons in employment1 in ‘000 1 New calculation method from 1975/1991 onwards F S O • S T A T I S T I C A L Y E A R B O O K 2 0 1 1 531 Selected criteria TE 2.1.1 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 Permanent resident population in ’000 4 717 5 360 6 193 6 335 6 751 7 204 7 459 7 509 7 593 7 702 7 786 Foreigners 285 514 1 002 914 1 127 1 424 1 542 1 555 1 602 1 670 1 714 Urban ... ... ... 4 722 4 983 5 259 5 469 5 508 5 577 5 666 5 733 Rural ... ... ... 1 614 1 767 1 945 1 990 2 000 2 016 2 036 2 052 Age groups, in % Age 0 – 19 30.6 31.8 31.0 27.5 23.4 23.1 21.9 21.7 21.5 21.2 21.0 Age 20 – 64 59.8 57.9 57.5 58.6 62.0 61.5 62.1 62.1 62.1 62.2 62.2 Age 65+ 9.6 10.3 11.5 13.9 14.6 15.4 16.0 16.2 16.4 16.6 16.8 Excess of births over deaths, per 1000 inhabitants 8.0 7.9 6.8 2.3 3.0 2.2 1.6 1.7 1.8 2.0 2.0 Migration balance, per 1000 inhabitants 2.5 4.2 −2.9 2.7 8.4 2.8 4.9 5.2 9.9 12.7 9.6 Live births per 1000 inhabitants 18.1 17.7 16.1 11.7 12.5 11.0 9.8 9.8 9.9 10.0 10.1 Infant born out of wedlock, in % 3.8 3.8 3.8 4.8 6.1 10.7 13.7 15.4 16.2 17.1 17.9 Age of mother at birth of first child 26.8 26.0 25.3 26.3 27.6 28.7 29.5 29.6 29.8 29.9 30.1 Total birth rate 2.40 2.44 2.10 1.55 1.59 1.50 1.42 1.44 1.46 1.48 1.50 Deaths per 1000 inhabitants 10.1 9.8 9.2 9.4 9.5 8.7 8.2 8.0 8.1 8.0 8.1 Deaths before age 1, per 1000 live births 31.2 21.1 15.1 9.1 6.8 4.9 4.2 4.4 3.9 4.0 4.3 Marriages per 1000 inhabitants 7.9 7.8 7.6 5.7 6.9 5.5 5.4 5.3 5.3 5.4 5.4 Average age of woman at marriage 25.8 24.9 24.1 25.0 26.7 27.9 28.7 28.7 28.9 29.1 29.2 Total marriage rate for single women under the age of 50, in % 92 96 87 66 75 64 63 63 63 64 64 Divorces per 1000 inhabitants 0.9 0.9 1.0 1.7 2.0 1.5 2.9 2.8 2.6 2.6 2.5 Total divorce rate, in % 12 13 15 27 33 26 53 52 49 48 48 Source: Federal Statistical Office, Federal Population Census, Annual Population Statistics (ESPOP), Vital Statistics (VITSTAT) Population An aging society There are now many more elderly people than 50 years ago. The number of over 64-year-olds has more than doubled since 1950, while the number of 80+ year-olds has even quadrupled. In contrast, the number of under twenties has increased much less and has actually declined since the early Seventies. This aging process is the result of longer life expectancy and fewer births. According to SFSO population scenarios, this trend will continue over the next few decades and is likely to cause serious problems, e.g. as for social security. -60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 100 1971 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2009 1 Live births minus deaths 2 incl. change of status: change from residence permit valid for less than 12 months to residence permit valid 12 months or longer Excess of births1 Net migration2 GE 2.7Net migration and excess of births over deaths (in ‘000) Foreign population: more than half were born in Switzerland or have been residents for more than 15 years Foreigners account for 22% of the permanent resident popula- tion. More than half of the residents without a Swiss passport (52%) have been living in Switzerland for more than 15 years or were born here. In 2009, 43 400 persons (2.6% of the for- eign resident population) obtained Swiss citizenship, which is a small number in European comparison. The foreign population is young: for every 100 foreigners of working age (aged 20 – 64) there are only 11 aged 65 and over (compared with 33 among the Swiss). 26% of children born in Switzerland in 2009 had for- eign citizenship. In 2009, the number of immigrations decreased by 13% compared with the previous year. Of these immigrants, 66% came from the EU/EFTA ar