1_[语法三部曲之上]Betty.Azar.-.Basic.English.Grammar

BASIC ENGLISH GRAMMAR ENGLISH GRAMMAR Second Edition Librsry of Congrcecl Cataloging-ln-Public Data Azar, Betty Scrampfer, 1941- Basic English grammar I Betty Schrampfer Azar. -- 2nd ed. D. cm. 1ncludes indexes. ISBN 0-13-368317-6 ISBN 0-13-368424-5 (v. 1). --ISBN 0-13-368358-3 (v. 2) 1. English language--Textbooks for foreign speakers. 2. English language--Grammar--Problems, exercises, etc. I. Title. PE1128.A96 1995 428.2'4--dc20 92-2571 1 CIP Publisher: Tina B. Carver Director of Production and Manufacnuing: Aliza Gremblan Editorial Production/Design Manager: Domini& Mosco Editorial/Production Supervision: Janet Johnston Editorial Assistant: ShUey Hartle Production Coordinator: Ray Keating Cover Coordinator: Merle Krumper Cover Production: Molly Piks Riccardi Cover Design: Joel Mirnick Design Interior Design: Ros Hmon F~eese Illustrations: Don Martinetti 01996 by Betty Schrampfer Azar A Psarson Education Company pearson Bducation 10 Bank Stren White Plains, NY 10606 All rights re9e~e.d. No part of this book may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America 15 ISBN 0-33-3b8337-b ISBN 0-33-3b8b29-5 (Val. A ) ISBN 0-33-3b8358-3 (Val. 0) Contents PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION ........................................................................................ ix ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ............................................................................................................... x 51 f . Chapter 1 USING BEAND HAVE . . . . . . . . . . : U f l - NOUN + IS + NOUN: SINGULAR ........................................................................ 2 NOUN +ARE + NOUN: PLURAL ............................................................................ 4 ........................................................................................ PRONOUN + BE + NOUN 6 CONTRACTIONS WITH BE ................................................................................... 7 NEGATIVE WITH BE ................................................................................................. 8 BE + ADJECTIVE ........................... .... ......................................................................... 10 BE + A LOCATION ........................................... .... .............................................. 1 6 ................................................. SUMMARY: SENTENCE PATTERNS WITH BE 20 ............................................. ........................... YESNO QUESTIONS WITH BE .. 21 QUESTIONS WITH BE: USING WHERE ............................................................... 24 ......................................................................................... USING HAVE AND HAS 26 USING MY, YOUR, HIS, HER, OUR, THEIR ...................................................... 27 USING THIS AND THAT ........................................................................................ 30 USING THESE AND THOSE ................................................................................. 31 ................................. ASKING QUESTIONS WITH WHATAND WHO +BE ....... 32 .I?' Chapter 2 EXPRESSING PRESENT TIME (PART I ) '17 '1 . L FORM AND BASIC MEANING OF THE SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE ................ 44 USING FREQUENCY ADVERBS: ALWAYS. USUALLY. OFTEN. ......................................................... SOMETIMES. SEL.DOM. R.4REL.Y. N E W 46 USING FREQUENCY ADVERBS WITH BE ........................................................... 47 PRONUNCIATION OF FINAL -S: /Z/ AND /S/ ....................................................... 49 .................. ............... SPELLING AND PRONUNCIATION OF FINAL -ES .. 5 1 .................................. ADDING FINAL -S/-ES TO WORDS THAT END IN -Y .... 1 ........................................ IRREGULAR SINGULAR VERBS: HAS, DOES, GOES 52 SUMMARY: SPELLING AND PRONUNCIATION OF -SAND -ES ................... 54 THE SIMPLE PRESENT . NEGATIVE .................................................................. 57 CONTENTS . //I 2-10 THE SIMPLE PRESENT: YESNO QUESTIONS .................................................. 6 I 2-1 1 THE SIMPLE PRESENT: ASKING INFORMATION QUESTIONS .......................................................................................................... WITH WHERE 64 2-12 THE SIMPLE PRESENT: ASKING INFORMATION QUESTIONS ............................................................................ WITH WHEN AND WHAT TIME 66 ........................ 2-13 SUMMARY: INFORMATION QUESTIONS WITH BE AND DO 67 2-14 USING l T T O TALK ABOUT TIME ........................................................................ 72 ....................................................................................... 2-1 5 PREPOSITIONS OF TIME 73 ..................................................... 2-16 USING ITTO TALK ABOUT THE WEATHER 74 Chapter 3 EXPRESSING PRESENT TIME (PART 2) " . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................... BE + J N G : THE PRESENT PROGRESSIVE TENSE 84 SPELLING OF -ZNG ................. .. ............................................................................. 87 THE PRESENT PROGRESSIVE . QUESTIONS ....................................................... 89 .............................. THE SIMPLE PRESENT vs . THE PRESENT PROGRESSIVE 92 ............. NONACTION VERBS NOT USED IN THE PRESENT PROGRESSIVE 95 ............................................ SEE, LOOKAT, WATCH, HEAR, AND LISTEN TO 97 NEED AND WANT + A NOUN OR AN ............................................ 98 ............................ .................................................................. WOULD LIKE ............ 100 . ......................................................................................... WOULDLIKEvs LJKE 101 THINK ABOUT AND THINK THAT .................................................................... 102 ........................................................................................................... THERE + BE 106 ........................ ......................................... THERE + B E YESNO QUESTIONS i 107 ................................ THERE + B E ASKING QUESTIONS WITH HOWMANY 109 ............................................ ............................ PREPOSITIONS OF LOCATION .... 1 1 Chapter 4 NOUNS AND PRONOUNS ...................................................................... NOUNS: SUBJECTS AND OBJECTS 127 .............................................................................................. ADJECTIVE + NOUN 129 .......................................... SUBJECT PRONOUNS AND OBJECT PRONOUNS 131 ................................................................... NOUNS: SINGULAR AND PLURAL 134 .............................................................. NOUNS: IRREGULAR PLURAL FORMS 139 ................................................................... NOUNS: COUNT AND NONCOUNT 141 . ................................. ................................................................... USINGANvs A .. 143 . .......................................................................................... USING A/AN vs SOME 1 4 4 ............................................... MEASUREMENTS WITH NONCOUNT NOUNS 150 .............................................................................................................. USING THE 156 ............................. USING 0 (NO ARTICLE) TO MAKE GENERALIZATIONS 160 ...................................................................................... USING SOME AND ANY 1 6 1 INDEFINITE PRONOUNS: SOMETHING, SOMEONE, ......................................................................................... ANYTHING, ANYONE 163 .................................... INDEFINITE PRONOUNS: NOTHING AND NO ONE 164 Chapter 5 EXPRESSING PAST TIME ... v . Chapter 6 USING BE: PAST TIME ....................... .... ....................................................... 171 PAST OF BE: NEGATIVE ..................................................................................... 172 PAST OF BE: QUESTIONS ..................................................................................... 173 THE SIMPLE PAST TENSE: USING -ED ................ .. ....................................... 177 PAST TIME WORDS: YESTERDAY, LAST, AND AGO ................................. 178 PRONUNCIATION OF -ED: It/, Id/, AND ladl ..................................................... 180 SPELLING OF -ED VERBS ................... .. .......................................................... 183 SPELLING OF -ED AND -ING: TWO-SYLLABLE VERBS ............................... 186 ................................... THE SIMPLE PAST: IRREGULAR VERBS .................... ... 190 THE SIMPLE PAST: NEGATIVE ........... ... ........................................................ 192 THE SIMPLE PAST: YES/NO QUESTIONS ..................................................... 9 MORE IRREGULAR VERBS .................................................................................... 198 THE SIMPLE PAST: USING WHERE, WHEN, WHAT TIME, ................................................ AND WHY .............................................................. ... 203 QUESTIONS WITH WHAT ..................... .... .................................................... 206 QUESTIONS WITH WHO ................................................................................... 209 ASKING ABOUT THE MEANING OF A WORD ............................................... 212 MORE IRREGULAR VERBS ............... ... ............................................................. 213 BEFORE AND AFTER IN TIME CLAUSES ...................................................... 216 WHEN IN TIME CLAUSES ........................... .... ............................................... 219 . . .. -8 EXPRESSING FUTURE TlME ... ........................... FUTURE TIME: USING BE GOING TO .................. :..... :.L L 231 ..................................... WORDS USED FOR PAST TIME AND FUTURE TIME 235 USING A COUPLE OF OR A FEW WITH AGO (PAST) AND LV (EUTURE) ....................................................................................................... 238 USING TODAY, TONIGHT, AND THIS + MORNING, .......................................... AFTERNOON, EVENING, WEEK, MONTH, YEAR 239 FUTURE TIME: USING WILL .............................................................................. 242 ASKING QUESTIONS WITH W I U ...................................................................... 243 ................................... VERB SUMMARY: PRESENT, PAST, AND FUTURE ...... 245 VERB SUMMARY: FORMS OF BE ...................................................................... 246 .................................... USING WHAT + A FORM OF DO ............................... .. 251 MAYIMIGHTvs . WILL ........................................................................................... 253 .................................... MAYBE (ONE WORD) vs . MAYBE (TWO WORDS) ...... 255 ................. FUTURE TIME CLAUSES WITH BEFORE, AFTER, AND WHEN 258 CLAUSES WITH IF ................................................................................................ 260 EXPRESSING HABITUAL PRESENT WITH TIME CLAUSES AND IF-CLAUSES .............................................................................................................. 263 MORE IRREGULAR VERBS .................................................................................... 266 MORE IRREGULAR VERBS ................... ... ....................................................... 270 CONTENTS V Chapter 7 EXPRESSING ABILITY USING CAN ............................................................................................................... 281 USING CAN: QUESTIONS ..................................................................................... 282 USING KNOWHOW TO ......................................................................................... 284 USING COULD: PAST OF CAN ............................................................................. 285 USING VERY AND TOO + ADJECTIVE ............................................................. 287 USING TOO MANY AND TOO MUCH + NOUN ............................................... 290 USING TOO + ADJECTIVE + INKNITIW ......................................................... 293 USING TOO + ADJECTIVE + FOR (SOMEONE) + INFINITIVE ..................... 294 USING ADJECTIVE + ENOUGH ........................................................................... 295 USING ENOUGH + NOUN AND MORE + NOUN ............................................. 297 USING ENOUGH + INFINITIVE ........................................................................... 299 USING BERBLB TO ............................................................................................... 301 POLITE QUESTIONS: MAYI. COULD I. AND CANI ........................................ 302 ................................ POLITE QUESTIONS: COULD YOU AND WOULD YOU ,304 IMPERATIVE SENTENCES .................................................................................... 307 USING TWO. TOO. AND TO ................................................................................. 310 MORE ABOUT PREPOSITIONS: AT AND IN FOR LOCATIONS .................... 311 MORE IRREGULAR VERBS .................................................................................... 321 Chapter 8 NOUNS . ADJECTIVES AND PRONOUNS ... . . > . , I - 1 MODIFYING NOUNS WITH ADJECTIVES AND NOUNS ......................... 325 WORD ORDER OF ADJECTIVES .................................................................... 329 EXPRESSIONS OF QUANTITY: ALL OF. MOST OF. SOME OF .............. 334 ............... EXPRESSIONS OF QUANTITY: SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT 336 ................................. EXPRESSIONS OF QUANTJ3Y ONE OF. NONE OF 337 ................................................................................................... USING EVERY 341 POSSESSIVE NOUNS ........................................................................................ 343 POSSESSIVE: IRREGULAR PLURAL NOUNS .............................................. 345 POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS: MINE, YOURS. HIS. HERS, OURS, THEIRS ............... ....... ....................................................................... 347 ........................................................................... QUESTIONS WITH WHOS6 351 SUMMARY: USES OF THE APOSTROPHE .................................................... 352 SUMMARY: USES OF NOUNS ......................................................................... 355 .................................. CONNECTED NOUNS: NOUN +AND/OR + NOUN 357 SUMMARY: USES OF ADJECTIVES ............................................................... 360 SUMMARY.. PERSONAL PRONOUNS ............................................................ 363 ......................................................................................... INDIRECT OBJECTS 364 ................................................................. INDIRECT OBJECTS: USING FOR 367 ........... ........................... INDIRECT OBJECTS W m BUY, GET, MAKE .. 369 ...................... INDIRECT OBJECTS WITH EXFLAlN AND INTRODUCE 370 MORE IRREGULAR VERBS ............................................................................. 375 Chapter 9 MAKING COMPARISONS COMPARISONS: USING THE SAME (AS). SIMILAR (TO). AND DIFFERENT (PROM) .............................................................................. 379 COMPARISONS: USING LIKE AND ALIKE ................................................. 382 THE COMPARATIVE: USING -ER AND MORE ....................... .. ............ 383 USING AS ... AS; USING LESS ................................................................... 389 USING BUT ........................................................................................................ 393 ........................................................................... USING VERBS AFTER BUT 395 THE SUPERLATNE: USING -ESTAND MOST .......................................... 398 USING ONE OF + SUPERLATIVE + PLURAL NOUN ................................ 405 ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS .......................................................................... 411 MAKING COMPARISONS WITH ADVERBS .............................................. 414 USING AS ... AS WITH ADVERBS ................................................................ 416 Chapter 10 EXPRESSING IDEAS WITH VERBS USING SHOULD ................................................................................................ 420 USING LET'S .................................................................................................... 423 USING HAVE + INFINITIVE (HAS TOIHAVE TO) ....................................... 424 USING MUST ..................................................................................................... 427 MODAL AUXILIARIES .................................................................................... 430 SUMMARY CHART: MODAL AUXILIARIES AND SIMILAR EXPRESSIONS ................................................................................. 431 THE PRESENT PROGRESSIVE AND THE PAST PROGRESSIVE ............. 434 ...................................... USING WHILE WITH THE PAST PROGRESSIVE 438 WHILE vs . WHEN IN PAST TIME CLAUSES ................................................ 438 SIMPLE PAST vs . PAST PROGRESSIVE ......................................................... 4 0 ....................................... USING HAVE BEEN (THE PRESENT PERFECT) 4 4 USING SINCE-CLAUSES ................................................................................. 446 FORM OF THE PRESENT PERFECT ............................................................. 448 ....................................... USING NEVBR WITH THE PRESENT PERFECT 449 PRESENT PERFECT: QUESTIONS AND NEGATIVES ............................... 450 USING EVBR WITH THE PRESENT PERFECT .......................................... 451 THE PRESENT PERFECT: QUESTIONS WITH HOW LONG .................... 453 PAST PARTICIPLES OF COMMON IRREGULAR VERBS .......................... 455 .................................................................................. Appendix 1 THE ENGUSH ALPHABET AI Appendix 2 NUMBERS .......................................................................................................... ~2 Appendlx 3 DAYS OF THE WEEK AND MONTHS OF THE YEAR ...................................... A3 Appendlx 4 WAYS OF SAYING ME TIME ........................................................................... A4 Appendix 5 IRREGULAR VERBS ........................................................................................... AS ............................................................................................................................... INDEX INDEX 1 CONTENTS W v// This Page Intentionally Left Blank 1 Basic English Grammar remains a developmental skills text for students of English as a second or foreign language. Serving as both a reference and a workbook, it inaoduces students to the form, meaning, and usage of basic structures in English. It provides ample opportunities for practice through extensive and varied exercises leading to communicative activities. Although it focuses on grammar, it promotes the development of all language skills. This second edition has a greatly expanded range of contents to provide a solid core I I of basic English grammar for lower-level