1-英语专业四级词汇语法辅导--从句

null英语专业四级考试 词汇语法篇英语专业四级考试 词汇语法篇语法与词汇语法与词汇1. 考试大纲要求： 能灵活、正确地运用教学大纲语法结构表一级至四级的全部 内容 财务内部控制制度的内容财务内部控制制度的内容人员招聘与配置的内容项目成本控制的内容消防安全演练内容 ，掌握大纲 规定 关于下班后关闭电源的规定党章中关于入党时间的规定公务员考核规定下载规定办法文件下载宁波关于闷顶的规定 的基础阶段认知词汇（5500-6000），并且能正确、熟练地运用其中3000-4000个单词及其最基本的搭配。 测试时间为15分钟， 题 快递公司问题件快递公司问题件货款处理关于圆的周长面积重点题型关于解方程组的题及答案关于南海问题 型为多项选择题，共30道题，每题有四个选择项，其中50%为词汇、词组和短语用法题，其余为语法结构题。测试学生运用词汇、短语、语法结构以及基本语法概念的能力。语法与词汇项目原始分30分，所占总分比重为15%。语法与词汇语法与词汇2. 历年考试与考点 分析 定性数据统计分析pdf销售业绩分析模板建筑结构震害分析销售进度分析表京东商城竞争战略分析 语法部分 根据下面分析可以发现，历年英语专业四级考试语法与词汇部分中的语法试题主要围绕着10项语法点。其中，考试重点与难点集中在从属分句、虚拟语气、非谓语动词、代词、动词时态、情态动词等语法知识点的应用上。null从句要点从句要点从句可分为： 副词性从句：状语从句包括时间状语从句、条件状语从句、地点状语从句、原因状语从句、目的状语从句、结果状语从句、方式状语从句、让步状语从句和比较状语从句。 形容词性从句：定语从句 名词性从句：主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句时间状语从句时间状语从句时间状语从句----常用的连词时间状语从句----常用的连词表示“当……的时候”：when，while, as, just as, next time (下次)，the last time (上次……的时候) 表示时间先后：after, before, when 用于完成时态：by the time, it is the first/second time, hardly…when，no sooner…than，scarcely…when, now that, since, ever since时间状语从句----常用的连词时间状语从句----常用的连词表示习惯性，经常性“每次”：each time, every time, whenever 表示“一旦”：as soon as, once 表示“直到”：the instant, the moment, the minute, the second, the day, until, till时间状语从句---注意事项时间状语从句---注意事项1. 时态： 1) 时间状语从句中一般不用将来时，若谈论将来的事情，往往用一般现在时来代替一般将来时，用一般过去时替代过去将来时。 I won’t have dinner until my mother comes back. I will discuss this with you when we meet.null2) 用于完成时态：by the time, it is the first/second time, hardly…when，no sooner…than，scarcely…when, now that, since, ever since 注意事项注意事项no sooner…than…, hardly/scarcely…when, 这一结构的时态搭配， no sooner 与hardly/scarcely引导的主句谓语动词用过去完成时，而than与when从句中谓语用一般过去时。此外，当把no sooner和 hardly/scarcely提到句首时，就用倒装语序。 I had hardly got home when it began to rain. Hardly had I got home when it began to rain.注意事项注意事项2.特殊时间状语从句 The police went into action ____ they heard the alarm. A. promptly B. presently C. quickly D. directly I will telephone you directly/ immediately/ instantly/the moment I hear the news.注意事项注意事项3. It + be + 时间 + before-clause 这个句型中的时间一般为表示一段时间的词语(如：long years , months , weeks , days ,hours , minutes ) ，主句中的谓语动词用肯定式，意为"过多长时间才......"。 主句的谓语动词是否定式时，意为"没过多长时间就......"。主句的时态可用过去时was或将来时will be；用was 时，before从句的动词用一般过去时；用will be 时，before从句常用一般现在时。 例如： It was long/one year before she came home. It will not be long before we meet again. It was a long time _____ the guards discovered what had happened. A before B until C since D when 真题真题60. The couple had no sooner got to the station ____ the coach left. (2009) A. when B. as C. until D. than 56. I enjoyed myself so much ___ I visited my friends in Paris last year. (2008) A. when B. which C. that D. where D A真题真题1. Come and see me whenever ______. (1997--48) A. you are convenient B. you will be convenient C. it is convenient to you D. it will be convenient to youc条件状语从句条件状语从句条件状语从句 条件状语从句 常用if，unless（除非，如果不），as/so long as只要， only if, once, on condition that (条件是), provided/providing (that), suppose/supposing (that) (多用于问句)，assuming (that), in the event (that), in case (that), given (that)等。条件状语从句—注意事项条件状语从句—注意事项如果主句是将来时,条件状语从句用一般现在时表示。例如: As long as I live, I shall work hard. I shall not go to the cinema unless I finish my homework. In the event that our team wins, there will be a big celebration.Only if vs. if onlyOnly if vs. if only only if 引起的条件状语从句，是一个对“条件”限制更严的“限制性条件状语从句”，表示“只有……(才) ；只有在……的时候；唯一的条件是……”的意思；与if引起的一般条件句相比，它有一种增强主句语势的作用。例如： Only if the case is urgent should you call out the doctor in the middle of the night. 只有患者情况紧急时，你才可以在半夜叫医生看病。 2. if only引导的条件句，通常用来表示说话人对某事所寄予的某种强烈愿望，相当于as long as。它可以独立使用，用来表示由于客观条件限制，为某事不大可能或完全不可能实现而感到惋惜或遗憾的复杂心情，常用虚拟语气。例如： If only I were as clever as you！要是我像你一样聪明该多好啊！ 注意注意Only if置于句首，需要倒装 If only用于虚拟语气，谓语动词用一般过去时，表示现在没有实现的愿望，用过去完成时，表示过去没有实现的愿望，常译为“要是……就好了”真题真题1. He asked me to lend him some money, which I agreed to do, _____that he paid me back the following week. (2005--64) A. on occasion B. on purpose C. on condition D. only if 2.____ both sides accept the agreement ____ a lasting peace be established in this region. A. Only if, will B. If only, would C. Should, will D. Unless, would CA 真题真题3. You won‘t get a loan __ you can offer some security. (1996--41) A. lest B. in case C. unless D other than C原因状语从句原因状语从句原因状语从句 原因状语从句 引导原因状语从句的从属连词有：because, as, since, now (that), seeing (that), for the reason that, in that, considering that。   原因状语从句 原因状语从句 Because, since, as和for because语气最强，强调原因。回答“why”问句。表原因的强调句型中，也只用because。在“not…but…”结构中，也用它。 e.g. He decided to give up the chance of going abroad, not because he did not want to but because his wife was ill. since语气弱于because, 其次是as，for的语气最弱。Since和as往往表达的是人们所知的或显而易见的原因，强调主句。For表示一种解释 说明 关于失联党员情况说明岗位说明总经理岗位说明书会计岗位说明书行政主管岗位说明书 。Since 和now (that)Since 和now (that)since 既然：用来表达众所周知的理由 Since we‘ve no money , we can’t buy it. Since you are going , I will go too. now (that ) 既然, 表示新出现的情况 Now (that) we have gone so far , we might go a little further. Now (that) you are well again , you can travel .你已康复，可以远行了。原因状语从句 ---真题原因状语从句 ---真题Barry had an advantage over his mother ____ he could speak French. (2001-49) A. ever since B. in that C. at that D. so that 54. Men differ from animals ____ they can think and speak. (2008) A. for which B. for that C. in that D. in which 让步状语从句让步状语从句让步状语从句 让步状语从句 常用though/although，as （尽管），much as(不管，尽管)，in spite of the fact that, while, even if/though，for all (尽管)，however，whatever，wherever，whoever，no matter how/what/who等引导。让步状语从句 ---though, although让步状语从句 ---though, althoughAlthough与though两者意思相同，一般可互换，可以与yet, still或nevertheless连用，但不能和but连用。 Though the sore be healed, yet a scar may remain. 伤口虽愈合，但伤疤留下了。 （谚语） 注意： 1）though还可以用作副词，意为“可是，然而”，置于句末。 He said he would come; he didn’t, though. 2）though引导的从句也可象as引导的从句一样用倒装语序，但是although引导的从句只能用正常语序。 让步状语从句---even if, even though 让步状语从句---even if, even though Even though he knows it, he‘ll not let out the secret.（他知道这个秘密）. Even if he knows it, he’ll not let out the secret.（不确定他是否知道这个秘密）. though 常表示一些已经确定的消息，而if由它本身所带的“如果”的含义，表示了一种对假设信息的不确定。 Even though 是“虽说”，而Even if 是“就算”。前者是事实而后者是假设。 让步状语从句---as, though 让步状语从句---as, though as / though引导的让步从句必须表语或状语提前（形容词、副词、分词、实义动词提前）。 Child as /though he was, he knew what was the right thing to do. = Though he was a small child, he knew what was the right thing to do. Hard as/ though he works, he makes little progress. (=Though he works hard, he makes little progress.) 注意： a.　句首名词不能带任何冠词。 b.　句首是实义动词，其他助动词放在主语后。如果实义动词有宾语和状语，随实义动词一起放在主语之前。 Try hard as he will, he never seems able to do the work satisfactorily. = Though he tries hard, he never seems… 虽然他尽了努力，但他的工作总做的不尽人意。 让步状语从句 --Whether….or….（不管…..还是….） 让步状语从句 --Whether….or….（不管…..还是….） Whether you believe it or not, it is true. 让步状语从句--- "no matter +疑问词" 或"疑问词+后缀ever" 让步状语从句--- "no matter +疑问词" 或"疑问词+后缀ever" No matter what happened, he would not mind. Whatever happened, he would not mind. 替换：no matter what = whatever no matter who = whoever no matter when = whenever no matter where = wherever no matter which = whichever no matter how = however 注意：no matter 不能引导主语从句和宾语从句。 （错）No matter what you say is of no use now. （对）Whatever you say is of no use now. （错）Prisoners have to eat no matter what they're given, （对）Prisoners have to eat whatever they're given.　howeverhoweverhowever为连接副词，引导让步状语从句，其意义和作用相当于no matter how。 可用于如下结构： however + 形容词/副词 + 主语 + 谓语 However late he is, Mother will wait for him to have dinner together. We’ll have to finish the jog, however long it takes.真题真题1. _______, Mr. Wells is scarcely in sympathy with the working class. (2005--52) A. Although he is a socialist B. Even if he is a socialist C. Being a socialist D. Since he is a socialist 2. _______I like economics, I like sociology much better. (2003--49) A. As much as B. So much C. How much D. Much as A D真题真题3. Fool ______ Jane is, she could not have done such a thing. (2002--48) A. who B. as C. that D. like 4. _______he always tries his best to complete it on time. (1999--51) A. However the task is hard B. However hard the task is C. Though hard the task is D. Though hard is the taskB B真题真题5. Much as _______, I couldn't lend him the money because I simply didn't have that much spare cash. (1999--52) A. I would have liked to B. I would like to have C. I should have to like D. I should have liked to 6. _______he needed money for a new car, he decided not to borrow it from the bank. (1998--48) A. Much as B. Much though C. As much D. Though muchA A真题真题7. _______, he is ready to accept suggestions from different sources. (1997--46) A. Instead of his contributions C. His making notable contributions B. For all his notable contributions D. However his notable contributionsBnull8. ____ he wanted to go out with his friends at the weekend, he had to stay behind to finish his assignment. (2008) A. Much though B. Much as C. As much D. Though much B比较状语从句比较状语从句比较状语从句 比较状语从句 常用as, than, the more…the more, Just as…, so…; A is to B what C is to D; as A is to B, (so) C is to D; no more than; not so much A as B(与其说A不如说B)等。 It rains more often in Shanghai than in Beijing. As a man lives, so he dies. Her mother is not as tall as she (is).比较结构中的省略比较结构中的省略More than后面可以引导省略主语的比较从句, 从句中常见的形容词有：necessary, good, Possible, anticipate, expect, feel, suggest, report, require, think. -- The man drank a little more than was good for him. = The man drank a little more than what was good for him. -- There were more accidents than (what) was reported. -- He eats more than (what/it) is good for him. As后面可以引导省略主语的比较从句 -- He eats as much as (what/it) is good for him. -- The man drank as much as (what) was good for him.比较状语从句比较状语从句1. The experiment requires more money than_____. (2002--49) A. have been put in B. being put in C. has been put in D. to be put in 2. There ought to be less anxiety over the perceived risk of mountain climbing than ___ in the public mind today.(1999) A. exists B. exist C. existing D. to exist C Anull3. Western Nebraska generally receives less snow than _____Eastern Nebraska. (1996) A. in B. it receives in C. does D. it does in 4. They stood chatting together as easily and naturally as ___. (2008) A. it could be B. could be C. it was D. was. C Bnull1. ___ the two, Bob is __ student. (1995) A. Of, more diligent B. In, more diligent C. Of, the more diligent D. In, the more diligent 2. Mary is __ than Alice.(1992) A. more experienced a teacher B. a more experienced teacher C. more an experienced teacher D. more experienced teacher 3. The less the surface of the ground yields to the weight of a fully-loaded truck, ____ to the truck.(2003) A. the greater stress is B. greater is the stress C. the stress is greater D. the greater the stress CBAnull1. Twelve is to three ___ four is to one. A. what B. as C. that D. like 2. Intellect is to the mind __ sight is to the body. (2001--45) A. what B. as C. that D. like A AnullFat cannot change into muscle ____ muscle changes into fat. A. any more than B. no more than C. no less than D. much more than Anull1. That trumpet player was certainly loud. But I wasn't bothered by his loudness __ by his lack of talent. A. so much as B. rather than C. as D. than 2. It is not ____ much the language as the background that makes the book difficult to understand. A. that B. as C. so D. very 3. Language belongs to each member of the society, to the cleaner __ to the professor. (1998--47) A. as far as B. the same as C. as much as D. as long as ACC结果状语从句结果状语从句结果状语从句 结果状语从句 常用so…that, such…that, to the extent that, to the degree that, to such a degree that, so much so that, 等。 结果状语从句 结果状语从句 e.g. They are such diligent students that they all performed well in the nationwide examinations. e.g. He was excited to such a degree that he couldn’t sleep last night.结果状语从句 结果状语从句 1. so much so that用于形容词或副词后，表示“到如此程度以至于” e.g. He was very weak, so much so that he couldn’t walk. 2. 当名词前有little, few, much, many修饰时，要用so，不用such. e.g. He has so few friends that he often feels lonely. 3. so…that结构有时可以放于句首，要用倒装。 e.g. So bright is the little boy that he has learned 100 poems up to now.结果状语从句 so … that 和such … that结果状语从句 so … that 和such … thatso + 形容词或副词+ that ； such + 名词+ that 。 He ran so fast that his brother couldn‘t catch up with him . 他跑得太快了，他弟弟赶不上他。 He is such a naughty boy that he becomes unwelcome in his neighborhood . 他是那么个调皮的孩子，以至在邻里中不受欢迎。null—Does Alan like hamburgers？ —Yes. So much __that he eats them almost every day. （2003） A. for B. as C. to D. so His remarks were ____ annoy everybody at the meeting.  (2005) A. so as to           B. such as to                C. such to               D. as much as to 方式状语从句方式状语从句方式状语从句 方式状语从句 方式状语从句放在主句之后, as, just as, (just) as…so…, as if/though, the way等引导。as if和as though引导的从句一般用虚拟语气。但如果从句中所陈述的情况很可能实现,也可用陈述语气。例如: The old man runs very fast as if he were a young man. The teacher told the students to do as he did. Leave it as it is.the waythe waythe way后面的引导词常用that,而且经常省略。一般不用in which。例如: We didn't like the way__________ he treated us. (A. which B. where C. that D. in which) 此题答案应该是C。所以"the way"一般可以看作是引导一个方式状语从句的词组。 Sometimes we teach our children the way our parents have taught us. (以……的方式) 真题真题She did her work ___ her manager had instructed. (2002-41) A. as B. until C. when D. though定语从句定语从句nullnull关联词在定语从句中有三个作用： a.引导定语从句 b.在从句中代替先行词 c.在从句中担任某一句子成份null一、先行词是指物的名词或代词时，关系代词用that, which。 （一） that 与 which 指物时一般情况可以互换，但在下列情况下通常用that, 不用which。 1.当先行词（定语从句所修饰的名词或代词）是everything, anything, nothing, all, much, few, little, none, the one, no one, some 等不定代词时。 e.g. All that can be done has been done. Is there anything that you want? 2. 当先行词被any, few, little, no, all, every, very, much, one of, the only, the very, the right, some 修饰时，常用that。e.g. The only thing that he remembered was her name. There is no difficulty that we can’t overcome.null3. 当先行词被序数词或形容词的最高级修饰时，用that。 e.g. This is the first letter that I’ve written in English. She is the most careful student that I’ve ever known.4. 两个并列的先行词，既有指人的，也有指物的，用that。 e.g. They talked about the teachers and the things that they remembered in the school.5. 当被修饰的成份在主句中是系动词be后的表语或关系词本身在定语从句中做表语，用that。 （be的分类: a. am, is, are. b. 表变化的get. c. 感观动词look, smell. d. 表保持的stay.) e.g. China isn’t the country that she used to be fifty years ago. It’s a book that will help you a great deal.null6. 当主句是由who, which, what开头的特殊疑问句（不管指人指物）用that。 e.g. Who is the man that is waiting at the bus stop? What did you hear that made you so angry? Which is the task, that overtook as yesterday?7. 主句是由“There be + 主语（表物）”开头时，定语从句用that。 e.g. There is a seat that is still free. There are two tickets that are for you.8. 当先行词是基数词时常用that。 e.g. caught two fish yesterday, now, you can see the two that are still alive.真题真题1. Firms that use computers have found that the number of staff ____ is needed for quality control can be substantially reduced. A. whose B. as C. what D. that 2. He is quite worn out form years of hard work. He is not the man ___he was twenty years ago. A. which B. that C. who D. whomD B真题真题3. I have never been to London, but that is the city ___. A. where I like to visit most B. I’d like to visit C. which I like to visit mostly D. where I’d like most to visit 4. I’ve never been to Lhasa, but that’s the city ___. A. I’d most like to visit B. where I like to visit C. which I like to visit mostly D. I’d like much to visit 5. there is no one in the world _____. A. that ever made mistakes B. that has ever made mistakes C. that never makes mistakes D. that sometimes makes mistakesB A Cnull（二） that与which指物时用which而不用that的情况 1. 在非限制性定语从句中用which。 2. 当关系代词的前面有介词时。 e.g. This is the factory in which we once worked. 3. 当先行词本身是that或those(指物)时，用which引导。 e.g. What was that which flashed in the sky just now. 4. 当关系代词后面带有插入语时。 e.g. Here is the English grammar book which, I’ve told you, will help improve your English.null 二、当先行词是指人的名词时，通常用who, that, whom 引导，但在下列情况下定语从句只用who不用that。 1. 先行词为the one, ones, anyone等时 e.g. Anyone who breaks the law should be punished. 2. 先行词为those( 指人)或被those修饰时 e.g. Those who learn not only from books, but also through practice will succeed.null3. 在由“There be + 主语(指人)”开头的句子中 e.g. There is a man outside who wants to see you. 4. 当先行词带有较长的后置定语时 e.g. The woman in blue with a boy on her back who is working in the fields. 5. 在非限制性定语从句中用who。三、关系代词as三、关系代词as1. 引导限制性定语从句，常与such或the same连用，构成the same…as; such…as结构，as用于代替指人或指物的先行词。 e.g. I have got into the same trouble as he (has). e.g. He is not such a boy as would cheat in the exam.关系代词as关系代词as2.引导非限制性定语从句，代替整个主句，意思“正如”，位置比较灵活，既可以指代前面提到的内容，也可指后面要提到的内容。 e.g. As is mentioned above, this method aims at improving the students’ ability in a more effective way. e.g. The test is cancelled as you have hoped. e.g. The test, as you have hoped, is cancelled.关系代词as和which关系代词as和which在引导非限制性定语从句时 ,as和which所代表的都是整个句子所表示的内容。不同之处： １、在形式上as引导的非限制定语从句可位于主句后面，也可位于主句之前；而which引导的非限制定语从句只能位于主句之后，不能位于主句的前面。 ２、as 在从句中常作宾语；作主语时，从句的谓语动词常为系动词，即：系表结构或被动结构。若为行为动词，则从句中的关系代词只能用which。 As you expected, he turned up on time. 正如你所愿，他按时到了。 As is said above, he has conquered the difficulty. 正如上面所说，他征服了困难。nullIt rained hard yesterday, ____ prevented me from going to the park. A. that　B. which　　C. as　 D. it 答案B. 真题真题1. Only take such clothes ____ really necessary. A. as were B. as they are C. as they were D. as are ____ is often the case with a new idea, much preliminary activity and optimistic discussion produced no concrete proposals. A. That B. It C. This D. AsD D关系副词引导的定语从句 关系副词引导的定语从句 四、where (=at, in which)表地点 e.g. That is the place where they met for the first time. 注意：在下列“case, policy, point, condition, situation, circumstance”等表示“情况，方面，条件”等词引导定语从句时，也用where，等于under which. e.g. Everyone may face the situation where you have to make a decision yourself.真题真题1. This company has now introduced a policy ___ pay rises are related to performance at work. A. which B. where C. whether D. what 2. Have you ever been in a situation ___ you know the other person is right yet you cannot agree with him. A. by which B. that C. in where D. where B D“介词＋关系代词”引导的定语从句“介词＋关系代词”引导的定语从句1. 在非限制性定语从句中只能用关系代词which/whom,不能用that。 2. 在非限制性定语从句中，of which/whom可以用来修饰不定代词all, each, one, many, much, more, most, any, some, a few, a little, none, both, several等。 e.g. Many people came to her party, most of whom were her former classmates. e.g. There are 50 students in our class, up to 20 of whom are from the south. 3. “介词＋which+名词”引导的定语从句 e.g. He spent two years in the U.S.A., during which period she studied law. e.g. Water boils at 100’C, at which temperature it changes into gas.真题真题That is the robber ___ arrest a reward was offered. A. for whom B. for whose C. about whom D. about whoseB关系代词和关系副词的省略关系代词和关系副词的省略1. 在从句中作直接宾语时 2. 当that在从句中作补语时 e.g. He is all (that) a teacher should be. e.g. He is not the man (that) he used to be. 3. there be结构中出现定语从句，或在定语从句中出现there be时，用作主语的关系代词that, who可以省略 e.g. There is a man downstairs (who) wants to see you. e.g. This is the best dictionary (that) there is in the library.关系代词和关系副词的省略关系代词和关系副词的省略4. 先行词是reason，且在定语从句中作原因状语时，关系代词why或that，也可以省略。 e.g. The reason (why/that) he failed was his laziness. 5. 先行词是way，且在定语从句中作方式状语时，关系代常用that，也可省略。 e.g. That was the way (that) she worked the problem out. 注意：当关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，不省略。 e.g. I don’t know the way that/which leads to the top of the mountain.关系代词what的用法关系代词what的用法1. “what is (