首页 留学需要注射的疫苗

留学需要注射的疫苗

举报
开通vip

留学需要注射的疫苗 Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report QuickGuide / Vol. 60 / No. 4 February 4, 2011 The recommended adult immunization schedule has been approved by the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices, the American Academy of Family Physicians, the American...

留学需要注射的疫苗
Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report QuickGuide / Vol. 60 / No. 4 February 4, 2011 The recommended adult immunization schedule has been approved by the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices, the American Academy of Family Physicians, the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, and the American College of Physicians. Suggested citation: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Recommended adult immunization schedule—United States, 2011. MMWR 2011;60(4). Recommended Adult Immunization Schedule — United States, 2011 Each year, the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) reviews the recommended adult immunization schedule to ensure that the schedule reflects current recommendations for the licensed vaccines. In October 2010, ACIP approved the adult immuni- zation schedule for 2011, which includes several changes. The notation for influenza vaccination in the figure and footnotes was changed to reflect the expanded recommendation for annual influenza vaccina- tion for all persons aged 6 months and older, which was approved by ACIP in February 2010. In October 2010, ACIP issued a permissive recommendation for use of tetanus, diphtheria, and acellular pertus- sis (Tdap) vaccine in adults aged 65 years and older, approved the recommendation that Tdap vaccine be administered regardless of how much time has elapsed since the most recent tetanus and diphtheria toxoids (Td)–containing vaccine, and approved a recommendation for a 2-dose series of meningococcal vaccine in adults with certain high-risk medical conditions. The vaccines listed in the figures have been reordered to keep all universally recommended vaccines together (e.g., influenza, Td/Tdap, varicella, human papillomavirus [HPV], and zoster vaccines). Clarifications were made to the footnotes for measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccination; HPV vaccine; revaccination with pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPSV), and Haemophilus influenza type b (Hib) vaccine. Finally, a statement has been added to the box at the bottom of the footnotes to clarify that a vaccine series does not need to be restarted, regardless of the time that has elapsed between doses. Additional information is available as follows: schedule (in English and Spanish) at http://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/recs/schedules/adult- schedule.htm; information about adult vaccination at http://www. cdc.gov/vaccines/default.htm; ACIP statements for specific vaccines at http://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/pubs/acip-list.htm; and reporting adverse events at http://www.vaers.hhs.gov or by telephone, 800-822-7967. Changes for 2011 Footnotes (Figures 1 and 2) • The influenza vaccination footnote (#1) is revised and shortened to reflect a recommendation for vaccination of all persons aged 6 months and older, including all adults. The high-dose influenza vaccine (Fluzone), licensed in 2010 for adults aged 65 years and older, is mentioned as an option for this age group. • The Td/Tdap vaccination footnote (#2) has language added to indicate that persons aged 65 years and older who have close contact with an infant aged less than 12 months should get vaccinated with Tdap; the additional language notes that all persons aged 65 years and older may get vaccinated with Tdap. Also added is the recommendation to administer Tdap regardless of interval since the most recent Td-containing vaccine. • The HPV vaccination footnote (#4) has language added to the introductory sentences to indicate that either quadrivalent vac- cine or bivalent vaccine is recommended for females. • The MMR vaccination footnote (#6) has been revised mainly by consolidating common language that previously had been part of each of the three vaccine component sections into one introductory statement. • The revaccination with PPSV footnote (#8) clarifies that one- time revaccination after 5 years only applies to persons with indicated chronic conditions who are aged 19 through 64 years. • The meningococcal vaccination footnote (#9) has language added to indicate that a 2-dose series of meningococcal conjugate vaccine is recommended for adults with anatomic or functional asplenia, or persistent complement component deficiencies, as well adults with human immunodeficiency (HIV) virus infec- tion who are vaccinated. Language has been added that a single dose of meningococcal vaccine is still recommended for those with other indications. Also, language has been added to clarify that quadrivalent meningococcal conjugate vaccine (MCV4) is a quadrivalent vaccine. • The language for the selected conditions for the Hib footnote (#12) has been shortened to clarify which persons at high risk may receive 1 dose of Hib vaccine. QuickGuide 2 MMWR / February 4, 2011 / Vol. 60 / No. 4 NOTE: The above recommendations must be read along with the footnotes on pages 3–4 of this schedule. * Covered by the Vaccine Injury Compensation Program For all persons in this category who meet the age requirements and who lack evidence of immunity (e.g., lack documentation of vaccination or have no evidence of previous infection) Recommended if some other risk factor is present (e.g., based on medical, occupational, lifestyle, or other indications) No recommendation VACCINE AGE GROUP 19–26 years 27–49 years 50–59 years 60–64 years ≥65 years Influenza1,* Tetanus, diphtheria, pertussis (Td/Tdap)2,* Varicella3,* Human papillomavirus (HPV)4,* Zoster5 Measles, mumps, rubella (MMR)6,* Pneumococcal (polysaccharide)7,8 Meningococcal9,* Hepatitis A10,* Hepatitis B11,* FIGURE 1. Recommended adult immunization schedule, by vaccine and age group — United States, 2011 1 dose annually Substitute 1-time dose of Tdap for Td booster; then boost with Td every 10 years Td booster every 10 years 2 doses 3 doses (females) 1 dose 1 or 2 doses 1 dose 1 dose1 or 2 doses 1 or more doses 2 doses 3 doses INDICATION Pregnancy Immunocompro- mising conditions (excluding hu- man immuno- deficiency virus [HIV])3,5,6,13 HIV infection3,6,12,13 CD4+ T lymphocyte count Diabetes, heart disease, chronic lung disease, chron- ic alcoholism Asplenia12 (including elective splenectomy) and persistent complement component deficiencies Chronic liver disease Kidney failure, end-stage renal disease, receipt of hemodialysis Health-care personnelVACCINE <200 cells/µL ≥200 cells/µL Influenza1,* Tetanus, diphtheria, per- tussis (Td/Tdap)2,* Varicella3,* Human papillomavirus (HPV)4,* Zoster5 1 dose Measles, mumps, rubella6,* 1 or 2 doses Pneumococcal (polysaccharide)7,8 1 of 2 doses Meningococcal9,* Hepatitis A10,* Hepatitis B11,* 1 dose TIV annually Substitute 1-time dose of Tdap for Td booster; then boost with Td every 10 years 2 doses Contraindicated 1 dose 1 or 2 doses 1 or 2 doses 1 or more doses FIGURE 2. Vaccines that might be indicated for adults, based on medical and other indications — United States, 2011 * Covered by the Vaccine Injury Compensation Program For all persons in this category who meet the age requirements and who lack evidence of immunity (e.g., lack documentation of vaccination or have no evidence of previous infection) Recommended if some other risk factor is present (e.g., on the basis of medical, occupational, lifestyle, or other indications) No recommendation Td Contraindicated 2 doses Contraindicated 3 doses 1 dose TIV or LAIV annually 3 doses through age 26 years QuickGuide MMWR / February 4, 2011 / Vol. 60 / No. 4 3 1. Influenza vaccination Annual vaccination against influenza is recommended for all persons aged 6 months and older, including all adults. Healthy, nonpregnant adults aged less than 50 years without high-risk medical conditions can receive either intranasally administered live, attenuated influenza vaccine (FluMist), or inactivated vaccine. Other persons should receive the inactivated vaccine. Adults aged 65 years and older can receive the standard influenza vaccine or the high-dose (Fluzone) influenza vaccine. Additional information about influenza vaccination is available at http://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/vpd-vac/flu/ default.htm. 2. Tetanus, diphtheria, and acellular pertussis (Td/Tdap) vaccination Administer a one-time dose of Tdap to adults aged less than 65 years who have not received Tdap previously or for whom vaccine status is unknown to replace one of the 10-year Td boosters, and as soon as feasible to all 1) postpartum women, 2) close contacts of infants younger than age 12 months (e.g., grandparents and child-care providers), and 3) health-care personnel with direct patient contact. Adults aged 65 years and older who have not previously received Tdap and who have close contact with an infant aged less than 12 months also should be vaccinated. Other adults aged 65 years and older may receive Tdap. Tdap can be administered regardless of interval since the most recent tetanus or diphtheria-containing vaccine. Adults with uncertain or incomplete history of completing a 3-dose primary vac- cination series with Td-containing vaccines should begin or complete a primary vac- cination series. For unvaccinated adults, administer the first 2 doses at least 4 weeks apart and the third dose 6–12 months after the second. If incompletely vaccinated (i.e., less than 3 doses), administer remaining doses. Substitute a one-time dose of Tdap for one of the doses of Td, either in the primary series or for the routine booster, whichever comes first. If a woman is pregnant and received the most recent Td vaccination 10 or more years previously, administer Td during the second or third trimester. If the woman received the most recent Td vaccination less than 10 years previously, administer Tdap during the imme- diate postpartum period. At the clinician’s discretion, Td may be deferred during pregnancy and Tdap substituted in the immediate postpartum period, or Tdap may be administered instead of Td to a pregnant woman after an informed discussion with the woman. The ACIP statement for recommendations for administering Td as prophylaxis in wound management is available at http://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/pubs/acip-list.htm. 3. Varicella vaccination All adults without evidence of immunity to varicella should receive 2 doses of single- antigen varicella vaccine if not previously vaccinated or a second dose if they have received only 1 dose, unless they have a medical contraindication. Special consideration should be given to those who 1) have close contact with persons at high risk for severe disease (e.g., health-care personnel and family contacts of persons with immunocom- promising conditions) or 2) are at high risk for exposure or transmission (e.g., teachers; child-care employees; residents and staff members of institutional settings, including correctional institutions; college students; military personnel; adolescents and adults living in households with children; nonpregnant women of childbearing age; and international travelers). Evidence of immunity to varicella in adults includes any of the following: 1) docu- mentation of 2 doses of varicella vaccine at least 4 weeks apart; 2) U.S.-born before 1980 (although for health-care personnel and pregnant women, birth before 1980 should not be considered evidence of immunity); 3) history of varicella based on diagnosis or verification of varicella by a health-care provider (for a patient reporting a history of or having an atypical case, a mild case, or both, health-care providers should seek either an epidemiologic link with a typical varicella case or to a laboratory-confirmed case or evidence of laboratory confirmation, if it was performed at the time of acute disease); 4) history of herpes zoster based on diagnosis or verification of herpes zoster by a health-care provider; or 5) laboratory evidence of immunity or laboratory confir- mation of disease. Pregnant women should be assessed for evidence of varicella immunity. Women who do not have evidence of immunity should receive the first dose of varicella vaccine upon completion or termination of pregnancy and before discharge from the health-care facility. The second dose should be administered 4–8 weeks after the first dose. 4. Human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination HPV vaccination with either quadrivalent (HPV4) vaccine or bivalent vaccine (HPV2) is recommended for females at age 11 or 12 years and catch-up vaccination for females aged 13 through 26 years. Ideally, vaccine should be administered before potential exposure to HPV through sexual activity; however, females who are sexually active should still be vaccinated consistent with age-based recommendations. Sexually active females who have not been infected with any of the four HPV vaccine types (types 6, 11, 16, and 18, all of which HPV4 prevents) or any of the two HPV vaccine types (types 16 and 18, both of which HPV2 prevents) receive the full benefit of the vaccination. Vaccination is less beneficial for females who have already been infected with one or more of the HPV vaccine types. HPV4 or HPV2 can be administered to persons with a history of genital warts, abnormal Papanicolaou test, or positive HPV DNA test, because these conditions are not evidence of previous infection with all vaccine HPV types. HPV4 may be administered to males aged 9 through 26 years to reduce their likelihood of genital warts. HPV4 would be most effective when administered before exposure to HPV through sexual contact. A complete series for either HPV4 or HPV2 consists of 3 doses. The second dose should be administered 1–2 months after the first dose; the third dose should be administered 6 months after the first dose. Although HPV vaccination is not specifically recommended for persons with the medical indications described in Figure 2, “Vaccines that might be indicated for adults based on medi- cal and other indications,” it may be administered to these persons because the HPV vaccine is not a live-virus vaccine. However, the immune response and vaccine efficacy might be less for persons with the medical indications described in Figure 2 than in persons who do not have the medical indications described or who are immunocompetent. 5. Herpes zoster vaccination A single dose of zoster vaccine is recommended for adults aged 60 years and older regardless of whether they report a previous episode of herpes zoster. Persons with chronic medical conditions may be vaccinated unless their condition constitutes a contraindication. 6. Measles, mumps, rubella (MMR) vaccination Adults born before 1957 generally are considered immune to measles and mumps. All adults born in 1957 or later should have documentation of 1 or more doses of MMR vaccine unless they have a medical contraindication to the vaccine, laboratory evidence of immunity to each of the three diseases, or documentation of provider-diagnosed measles or mumps disease. For rubella, documentation of provider-diagnosed disease is not considered acceptable evidence of immunity. Measles component: A second dose of MMR vaccine, administered a minimum of 28 days after the first dose, is recommended for adults who 1) have been recently exposed to measles or are in an outbreak setting; 2) are students in postsecondary edu- cational institutions; 3) work in a health-care facility; or 4) plan to travel internationally. Persons who received inactivated (killed) measles vaccine or measles vaccine of unknown type during 1963–1967 should be revaccinated with 2 doses of MMR vaccine. Mumps component: A second dose of MMR vaccine, administered a minimum of 28 days after the first dose, is recommended for adults who 1) live in a community experiencing a mumps outbreak and are in an affected age group; 2) are students in postsecondary educational institutions; 3) work in a health-care facility; or 4) plan to travel internationally. Persons vaccinated before 1979 with either killed mumps vaccine or mumps vaccine of unknown type who are at high risk for mumps infection (e.g. persons who are working in a health-care facility) should be revaccinated with 2 doses of MMR vaccine. Rubella component: For women of childbearing age, regardless of birth year, rubella immunity should be determined. If there is no evidence of immunity, women who are not pregnant should be vaccinated. Pregnant women who do not have evidence of immunity should receive MMR vaccine upon completion or termination of pregnancy and before discharge from the health-care facility. Health-care personnel born before 1957: For unvaccinated health-care personnel born before 1957 who lack laboratory evidence of measles, mumps, and/or rubella immunity or laboratory confirmation of disease, health-care facilities should 1) consider routinely vaccinating personnel with 2 doses of MMR vaccine at the appropriate interval (for measles and mumps) and 1 dose of MMR vaccine (for rubella), and 2) recommend 2 doses of MMR vaccine at the appropriate interval during an outbreak of measles or mumps, and 1 dose during an outbreak of rubella. Complete information about evidence of immunity is avail- able at http://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/recs/provisional/default.htm. 7. Pneumococcal polysaccharide (PPSV) vaccination Vaccinate all persons with the following indications: Medical: Chronic lung disease (including asthma); chronic cardiovascular diseases; diabetes mellitus; chronic liver diseases; cirrhosis; chronic alcoholism; functional or anatomic asplenia (e.g., sickle cell disease or splenectomy [if elective splenectomy is planned, vaccinate at least 2 weeks before surgery]); immunocompromising condi- tions (including chronic renal failure or nephrotic syndrome); and cochlear implants and cerebrospinal fluid leaks. Vaccinate as close to HIV diagnosis as possible. Other: Residents of nursing homes or long-term care facilities and persons who smoke cigarettes. Routine use of PPSV is not recommended for American Indians/ Alaska Natives or persons aged less than 65 years unless they have underlying medical conditions that are PPSV indications. However, public health authorities may consider recommending PPSV for American Indians/Alaska Natives and persons aged 50 through 64 years who are living in areas where the risk for invasive pneumococcal disease is increased. 8. Revaccination with PPSV One-time revaccination after 5 years is recommended for persons aged 19 through 64 years with chronic renal failure or nephrotic syndrome; functional or anatomic asplenia (e.g., sickle cell disease or splenectomy); and for persons with immunocom- promising conditions. For persons aged 65 years and older, one-time revaccination is recommended if they were vaccinated 5 or more years previously and were aged less than 65 years at the time of primary vaccination. 9. Meningococcal vaccination Meningococcal vaccine should be administered to persons with the following indications: Medical: A 2-dose series of meningococcal conjugate vaccine is recommended for adults with anatomic or functional asplenia, or persistent complement component deficiencies. Adults with HIV infection who are vaccinated should also receive a routine 2-dose series. The 2 doses should be administered at 0 and 2 months. Other: A single dose of meningococcal vaccine is recommended for unvaccinated first-year college students living in dormitories; microbiologists routinely exposed to isolates of Neisseria meningitidis; military recruits; and persons who travel to or live in countries in which meningococcal disease is hyperendemic or epidemic (e.g., the “meningitis belt” of sub-Saharan Africa during the dry season [December through June]), particularly if their contact with local populations will be prolonged. Vaccination is required by the government of S
本文档为【留学需要注射的疫苗】,请使用软件OFFICE或WPS软件打开。作品中的文字与图均可以修改和编辑, 图片更改请在作品中右键图片并更换,文字修改请直接点击文字进行修改,也可以新增和删除文档中的内容。
该文档来自用户分享,如有侵权行为请发邮件ishare@vip.sina.com联系网站客服,我们会及时删除。
[版权声明] 本站所有资料为用户分享产生,若发现您的权利被侵害,请联系客服邮件isharekefu@iask.cn,我们尽快处理。
本作品所展示的图片、画像、字体、音乐的版权可能需版权方额外授权,请谨慎使用。
网站提供的党政主题相关内容(国旗、国徽、党徽..)目的在于配合国家政策宣传,仅限个人学习分享使用,禁止用于任何广告和商用目的。
下载需要: 免费 已有0 人下载
最新资料
资料动态
专题动态
is_907577
暂无简介~
格式:pdf
大小:241KB
软件:PDF阅读器
页数:4
分类:
上传时间:2011-08-09
浏览量:25