Designation: D 3359 – 02
Standard Test Methods for
Measuring Adhesion by Tape Test1
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 3359; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1. Scope
1.1 These test methods cover procedures for assessing the
adhesion of coating films to metallic substrates by applying and
removing pressure-sensitive tape over cuts made in the film.
1.2 Test Method A is primarily intended for use at job sites
while Test Method B is more suitable for use in the laboratory.
Also, Test Method B is not considered suitable for films thicker
than 5 mils (125µm).
NOTE 1—Subject to agreement between the purchaser and the seller,
Test Method B can be used for thicker films if wider spaced cuts are
employed.
1.3 These test methods are used to establish whether the
adhesion of a coating to a substrate is at a generally adequate
level. They do not distinguish between higher levels of
adhesion for which more sophisticated methods of measure-
ment are required.
NOTE 2—It should be recognized that differences in adherability of the
coating surface can affect the results obtained with coatings having the
same inherent adhesion.
1.4 In multicoat systems adhesion failure may occur be-
tween coats so that the adhesion of the coating system to the
substrate is not determined.
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
standard. The values given in parentheses are for information
only.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address the safety
concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and
health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D 609 Practice for Preparation of Cold-Rolled Steel Panels
for Testing Paint, Varnish, Conversion Coatings, and
Related Coating Products2
D 823 Practices for Producing Films of Uniform Thickness
of Paint, Varnish, and Related Products on Test Panels2
D 1000 Test Method For Pressure-Sensitive Adhesive-
Coated Tapes Used for Electrical and Electronic Applica-
tions3
D 1730 Practices for Preparation of Aluminum and
Aluminum-Alloy Surfaces for Painting4
D 2092 Guide for Preparation of Zinc-Coated (Galvanized)
Steel Surfaces for Painting5
D 2370 Test Method for Tensile Properties of Organic
Coatings2
D 3330 Test Method for Peel Adhesion of Pressure-
Sensitive Tape 6
D 3924 Specification for Standard Environment for Condi-
tioning and Testing Paint, Varnish, Lacquer, and Related
Materials2
D 4060 Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of Organic
Coatings by the Taber Abraser2
3. Summary of Test Methods
3.1 Test Method A—An X-cut is made through the film to
the substrate, pressure-sensitive tape is applied over the cut and
then removed, and adhesion is assessed qualitatively on the 0
to 5 scale.
3.2 Test Method B—A lattice pattern with either six or
eleven cuts in each direction is made in the film to the
substrate, pressure-sensitive tape is applied over the lattice and
then removed, and adhesion is evaluated by comparison with
descriptions and illustrations.
4. Significance and Use
4.1 If a coating is to fulfill its function of protecting or
decorating a substrate, it must adhere to it for the expected
service life. Because the substrate and its surface preparation
(or lack of it) have a drastic effect on the adhesion of coatings,
a method to evaluate adhesion of a coating to different
substrates or surface treatments, or of different coatings to the
1 These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D01 on
Paint and Related Coatings, Materials, and Applications and are the direct
responsibility of Subcommittee D01.23 on Physical Properties of Applied Paint
Films.
Current edition approved Aug. 10, 2002. Published October 2002. Originally
published as D 3359 – 74. Last previous edition D 3359 – 97.
2 Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 06.01.
3 Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 10.01.
4 Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 02.05.
5 Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 06.02.
6 Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 15.09.
1
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
Copyright ASTM International
Reproduced by IHS under license with ASTM Licensee=daimlerchyrsler account/5957216001
Not for Resale, 12/09/2005 00:34:54 MSTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS
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same substrate and treatment, is of considerable usefulness in
the industry.
4.2 The limitations of all adhesion methods and the specific
limitation of this test method to lower levels of adhesion (see
1.3) should be recognized before using it. The intra- and
inter-laboratory precision of this test method is similar to other
widely-accepted tests for coated substrates (for example, Test
Method D 2370 and Test Method D 4060), but this is partly the
result of it being insensitive to all but large differences in
adhesion. The limited scale of 0 to 5 was selected deliberately
to avoid a false impression of being sensitive.
TEST METHOD A—X-CUT TAPE TEST
5. Apparatus and Materials
5.1 Cutting Tool—Sharp razor blade, scalpel, knife or other
cutting devices. It is of particular importance that the cutting
edges be in good condition.
5.2 Cutting Guide—Steel or other hard metal straightedge
to ensure straight cuts.
5.3 Tape—25-mm (1.0-in.) wide semitransparent pressure-
sensitive tape7 with an adhesion strength agreed upon by the
supplier and the user is needed. Because of the variability in
adhesion strength from batch-to-batch and with time, it is
essential that tape from the same batch be used when tests are
to be run in different laboratories. If this is not possible the test
method should be used only for ranking a series of test
coatings.
5.4 Rubber Eraser, on the end of a pencil.
5.5 Illumination—A light source is helpful in determining
whether the cuts have been made through the film to the
substrate.
6. Test Specimens
6.1 When this test method is used in the field, the specimen
is the coated structure or article on which the adhesion is to be
evaluated.
6.2 For laboratory use apply the materials to be tested to
panels of the composition and surface conditions on which it is
desired to determine the adhesion.
NOTE 3—Applicable test panel description and surface preparation
methods are given in Practice D 609 and Practices D 1730 and D 2092.
NOTE 4—Coatings should be applied in accordance with Practice
D 823, or as agreed upon between the purchaser and the seller.
NOTE 5—If desired or specified, the coated test panels may be subjected
to a preliminary exposure such as water immersion, salt spray, or high
humidity before conducting the tape test. The conditions and time of
exposure will be governed by ultimate coating use or shall be agreed upon
between the purchaser and seller.
7. Procedure
7.1 Select an area free of blemishes and minor surface
imperfections. For tests in the field, ensure that the surface is
clean and dry. Extremes in temperature or relative humidity
may affect the adhesion of the tape or the coating.
7.1.1 For specimens which have been immersed: After
immersion, clean and wipe the surface with an appropriate
solvent which will not harm the integrity of the coating. Then
dry or prepare the surface, or both, as agreed upon between the
purchaser and the seller.
7.2 Make two cuts in the film each about 40 mm (1.5 in.)
long that intersect near their middle with a smaller angle of
between 30 and 45°. When making the incisions, use the
straightedge and cut through the coating to the substrate in one
steady motion.
7.3 Inspect the incisions for reflection of light from the
metal substrate to establish that the coating film has been
penetrated. If the substrate has not been reached make another
X in a different location. Do not attempt to deepen a previous
cut as this may affect adhesion along the incision.
7.4 Remove two complete laps of the pressure-sensitive
tape from the roll and discard. Remove an additional length at
a steady (that is, not jerked) rate and cut a piece about 75 mm
(3 in.) long.
7.5 Place the center of the tape at the intersection of the cuts
with the tape running in the same direction as the smaller
angles. Smooth the tape into place by finger in the area of the
incisions and then rub firmly with the eraser on the end of a
pencil. The color under the transparent tape is a useful
indication of when good contact has been made.
7.6 Within 90 6 30 s of application, remove the tape by
seizing the free end and pulling it off rapidly (not jerked) back
upon itself at as close to an angle of 180° as possible.
7.7 Inspect the X-cut area for removal of coating from the
substrate or previous coating and rate the adhesion in accor-
dance with the following scale:
5A No peeling or removal,
4A Trace peeling or removal along incisions or at their intersection,
3A Jagged removal along incisions up to 1.6 mm (1⁄16 in.) on either side,
2A Jagged removal along most of incisions up to 3.2 mm (1⁄8 in.) on either
side,
1A Removal from most of the area of the X under the tape, and
0A Removal beyond the area of the X.
7.8 Repeat the test in two other locations on each test panel.
For large structures make sufficient tests to ensure that the
adhesion evaluation is representative of the whole surface.
7.9 After making several cuts examine the cutting edge and,
if necessary, remove any flat spots or wire-edge by abrading
lightly on a fine oil stone before using again. Discard cutting
tools that develop nicks or other defects that tear the film.
8. Report
8.1 Report the number of tests, their mean and range, and
for coating systems, where the failure occurred that is, between
first coat and substrate, between first and second coat, etc.
8.2 For field tests report the structure or article tested, the
location and the environmental conditions at the time of
testing.
8.3 For test panels report the substrate employed, the type of
coating, the method of cure, and the environmental conditions
at the time of testing.
8.4 If the adhesion strength of the tape has been determined
in accordance with Test Methods D 1000 or D 3330, report the
7 Permacel 99, manufactured by Permacel, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, and
available from various Permacel tape distributors, is reported to be suitable for this
purpose. The manufacturer of this tape and the manufacturer of the tape used in the
interlaboratory study (see RR: D01-1008), have advised this subcommittee that the
properties of these tapes were changed. Users of it should, therefore, check whether
current material gives comparable results to previous supplied material.
D 3359 – 02
2Copyright ASTM International
Reproduced by IHS under license with ASTM Licensee=daimlerchyrsler account/5957216001
Not for Resale, 12/09/2005 00:34:54 MSTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS
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results with the adhesion rating(s). If the adhesion strength of
the tape has not been determined, report the specific tape used
and its manufacturer.
8.5 If the test is performed after immersion, report immer-
sion conditions and method of sample preparation.
9. Precision and Bias 8
9.1 In an interlaboratory study of this test method in which
operators in six laboratories made one adhesion measurement
on three panels each of three coatings covering a wide range of
adhesion, the within-laboratories standard deviation was found
to be 0.33 and the between-laboratories 0.44. Based on these
standard deviations, the following criteria should be used for
judging the acceptability of results at the 95 % confidence
level:
9.1.1 Repeatability—Provided adhesion is uniform over a
large surface, results obtained by the same operator should be
considered suspect if they differ by more than 1 rating unit for
two measurements.
9.1.2 Reproducibility—Two results, each the mean of trip-
licates, obtained by different operators should be considered
suspect if they differ by more than 1.5 rating units.
9.2 Bias cannot be established for these test methods.
TEST METHOD B—CROSS-CUT TAPE TEST
10. Apparatus and Materials
10.1 Cutting Tool9—Sharp razor blade, scalpel, knife or
other cutting device having a cutting edge angle between 15
and 30° that will make either a single cut or several cuts at
once. It is of particular importance that the cutting edge or
edges be in good condition.
10.2 Cutting Guide—If cuts are made manually (as opposed
to a mechanical apparatus) a steel or other hard metal straight-
edge or template to ensure straight cuts.
10.3 Rule—Tempered steel rule graduated in 0.5 mm for
measuring individual cuts.
10.4 Tape, as described in 5.3.
10.5 Rubber Eraser, on the end of a pencil.
10.6 Illumination, as described in 5.5.
10.7 Magnifying Glass—An illuminated magnifier to be
used while making individual cuts and examining the test area.
11. Test Specimens
11.1 Test specimens shall be as described in Section 6. It
should be noted, however, that multitip cutters10 provide good
results only on test areas sufficiently plane that all cutting edges
contact the substrate to the same degree. Check for flatness
with a straight edge such as that of the tempered steel rule
(10.3).
12. Procedure
12.1 Where required or when agreed upon, subject the
specimens to a preliminary test before conducting the tape test
(see Note 3). After drying or testing the coating, conduct the
tape test at room temperature as defined in Specification
D 3924, unless D 3924 standard temperature is required or
agreed.
12.1.1 For specimens which have been immersed: After
immersion, clean and wipe the surface with an appropriate
solvent which will not harm the integrity of the coating. Then
dry or prepare the surface, or both, as agreed upon between the
purchaser and the seller.
12.2 Select an area free of blemishes and minor surface
imperfections, place on a firm base, and under the illuminated
magnifier, make parallel cuts as follows:
12.2.1 For coatings having a dry film thickness up to and
including 2.0 mils (50 µm) space the cuts 1 mm apart and make
eleven cuts unless otherwise agreed upon.
12.2.2 For coatings having a dry film thickness between 2.0
mils (50 µm) and 5 mils (125 µm), space the cuts 2 mm apart
and make six cuts. For films thicker than 5 mils use Test
Method A.11
12.2.3 Make all cuts about 20 mm (3⁄4 in.) long. Cut through
the film to the substrate in one steady motion using just
sufficient pressure on the cutting tool to have the cutting edge
reach the substrate. When making successive single cuts with
the aid of a guide, place the guide on the uncut area.
12.3 After making the required cuts brush the film lightly
with a soft brush or tissue to remove any detached flakes or
ribbons of coatings.
12.4 Examine the cutting edge and, if necessary, remove
any flat spots or wire-edge by abrading lightly on a fine oil
stone. Make the additional number of cuts at 90° to and
centered on the original cuts.
12.5 Brush the area as before and inspect the incisions for
reflection of light from the substrate. If the metal has not been
reached make another grid in a different location.
12.6 Remove two complete laps of tape and discard. Re-
move an additional length at a steady (that is, not jerked) rate
and cut a piece about 75 mm (3 in.) long.
12.7 Place the center of the tape over the grid and in the area
of the grid smooth into place by a finger. To ensure good
contact with the film rub the tape firmly with the eraser on the
end of a pencil. The color under the tape is a useful indication
of when good contact has been made.
12.8 Within 90 6 30 s of application, remove the tape by
seizing the free end and rapidly (not jerked) back upon itself at
as close to an angle of 180° as possible.
12.9 Inspect the grid area for removal of coating from the
substrate or from a previous coating using the illuminated
magnifier. Rate the adhesion in accordance with the following
scale illustrated in Fig. 1:
8 Supporting data are available from ASTM International Headquarters. Request
RR: D01–1008.
9 Multiblade cutters are available from a few sources that specialize in testing
equipment for the paint industry. One supplier that has assisted in the refinement of
these methods is given in footnote 10.
10 The sole source of supply of the multitip cutter for coated pipe surfaces known
to the committee at this time is Paul N. Gardner Co., 316 NE First St., Pompano
Beach, FL 33060. If you are aware of alternative suppliers, please provide this
information to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive
careful consideration at a meeting of the responsible technical committee,1 which
you may attend.
11 Test Method B has been used successfully by some people on coatings greater
than 5 mils (0.13 mm) by spacing the cuts 5 mm apart. However, the precision
values given in 14.1 do not apply as they are based on coatings less than 5 mm (0.13
mm) in thickness.
D 3359 – 02
3Copyright ASTM International
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5B The edges of the cuts are completely smooth; none of the squares of the
lattice is detached.
4B Small flakes of the coating are detached at intersections; less than 5 %
of the area is affected.
3B Small flakes of the coating are detached along edges and at intersec-
tions of cuts. The area affected is 5 to 15 % of the lattice.
2B The coating has flaked along the edges and on parts of the squares.
The area affected is 15 to 35 % of the lattice.
1B The coating has flaked along the edges of cuts in large ribbons and
whole squares have detached. The area affected is 35 to 65 % of the
lattice.
0B Flaking and detachment worse than Grade 1.
12.10 Repeat the test in two other locations on each test
panel.
13. Report
13.1 Report the number of tests, their mean and range, and
for coating systems, where the failure occurred, that is,
between first coat and substrate, between first and second coat,
etc.
13.2 Report the substrate employed, the type of coating and
the method of cure.
13.3 If the adhesion strength has been determined in accor-
dance with Test Methods D 1000 or D 3330, report the results
with the adhesion rating(s). If the adhesion strength of the tape
has not been determined, report the specific tape used and its
manufacturer.
13.4 If the test is performed after immersion, report immer-
sion conditions and method of sample preparation.
14. Precision and Bias 8
14.1 On the basis of two interlaboratory tests of this test
method in one of which operators in six laboratories made one
adhesion measurement on three panels each of three coatings
covering a wide range of adhesion and in the other operators in
six laboratories made three measurements on two panels each
of four different coatings applied over two other coatings, the
pooled standard deviations for within- and between-
laboratories were found to be 0.37 and 0.7. Based on these
standard deviations, the following criteria should be used for
judging the acceptability of results at the 95 % confidence
level:
14.1.1 Repeatability—Provided adhesion is uniform over a
large surface, results obtained by the same operator should be
c
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