_______________General Description
The MAX1044 and ICL7660 are monolithic, CMOS
switched-capacitor voltage converters that invert, dou-
ble, divide, or multiply a positive input voltage. They are
pin compatible with the industry-standard ICL7660 and
LTC1044. Operation is guaranteed from 1.5V to 10V with
no external diode over the full temperature range. They
deliver 10mA with a 0.5V output drop. The MAX1044
has a BOOST pin that raises the oscillator frequency
above the audio band and reduces external capacitor
size requirements.
The MAX1044/ICL7660 combine low quiescent current
and high efficiency. Oscillator control circuitry and four
power MOSFET switches are included on-chip.
Applications include generating a -5V supply from a
+5V logic supply to power analog circuitry. For applica-
tions requiring more power, the MAX660 delivers up to
100mA with a voltage drop of less than 0.65V.
________________________Applications
-5V Supply from +5V Logic Supply
Personal Communications Equipment
Portable Telephones
Op-Amp Power Supplies
EIA/TIA-232E and EIA/TIA-562 Power Supplies
Data-Acquisition Systems
Hand-Held Instruments
Panel Meters
____________________________Features
' Miniature µMAX Package
' 1.5V to 10.0V Operating Supply Voltage Range
' 98% Typical Power-Conversion Efficiency
' Invert, Double, Divide, or Multiply Input Voltages
' BOOST Pin Increases Switching Frequencies
(MAX1044)
' No-Load Supply Current: 200µA Max at 5V
' No External Diode Required for Higher-Voltage
Operation
______________Ordering Information
Ordering Information continued at end of data sheet.
* Contact factory for dice specifications.
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Switched-Capacitor Voltage Converters
________________________________________________________________ Maxim Integrated Products 1
Call toll free 1-800-998-8800 for free samples or literature.
19-4667; Rev 1; 7/94
MAX1044
ICL7660
4
3
2
1
CAP-
GND
CAP+
(N.C.) BOOST
5
6
7
8
VOUT
LV
OSC
V+
TOP VIEW
( ) ARE FOR ICL7660
DIP/SO/µMAX
TO-99
ICL7660
N.C.
CAP+
GND
CAP-
VOUT
LV
OSC
V+ AND CASE
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
_________________Pin Configurations
NEGATIVE VOLTAGE CONVERTER
CAP+
CAP-
V+
VOUT
GND
INPUT
SUPPLY
VOLTAGE
NEGATIVE
OUTPUT
VOLTAGE
MAX1044
ICL7660
__________Typical Operating Circuit
Dice*
8 SO
8 Plastic DIP
PIN-PACKAGETEMP. RANGE
0°C to +70°C
0°C to +70°C
0°C to +70°CMAX1044C/D
MAX1044CSA
MAX1044CPA
PART
8 Plastic DIP-40°C to +85°CMAX1044EPA
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2 _______________________________________________________________________________________
ABSOLUTE MAXIMUM RATINGS
ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS
(Circuit of Figure 1, V+ = 5.0V, LV pin = 0V, BOOST pin = open, ILOAD = 0mA, TA = TMIN to TMAX, unless otherwise noted.)
Stresses beyond those listed under “Absolute Maximum Ratings” may cause permanent damage to the device. These are stress ratings only, and functional
operation of the device at these or any other conditions beyond those indicated in the operational sections of the specifications is not implied. Exposure to
absolute maximum rating conditions for extended periods may affect device reliability.
Note 1: The Maxim ICL7660 and MAX1044 can operate without an external output diode over the full temperature and voltage
ranges. The Maxim ICL7660 can also be used with an external output diode in series with pin 5 (cathode at VOUT) when
replacing the Intersil ICL7660. Tests are performed without diode in circuit.
Note 2: fOSC is tested with COSC = 100pF to minimize the effects of test fixture capacitance loading. The 1pF frequency is correlat-
ed to this 100pF test point, and is intended to simulate pin 7’s capacitance when the device is plugged into a test socket
with no external capacitor. For this test, the LV pin is connected to GND for comparison to the original manufacturer’s
device, which automatically connects this pin to GND for (V+ > 3V).
Supply Voltage (V+ to GND, or GND to VOUT)....................10.5V
Input Voltage on Pins 1, 6, and 7 .........-0.3V ≤ VIN ≤ (V+ + 0.3V)
LV Input Current ..................................................................20µA
Output Short-Circuit Duration (V+ ≤ 5.5V)..................Continuous
Continuous Power Dissipation (TA = +70°C)
Plastic DIP (derate 9.09mW/°C above +70°C) ............727mW
SO (derate 5.88mW/°C above +70°C).........................471mW
µMAX (derate 4.1mW/°C above +70°C) ......................330mW
CERDIP (derate 8.00mW/°C above +70°C).................640mW
TO-99 (derate 6.67mW/°C above +70°C)....................533mW
Operating Temperature Ranges
MAX1044C_ _ /ICL7660C_ _ ..............................0°C to +70°C
MAX1044E_ _ /ICL7660E_ _ ............................-40°C to +85°C
MAX1044M_ _ /ICL7660M_ _ ........................-55°C to +125°C
Storage Temperature Range ............................-65°C to + 150°C
Lead Temperature (soldering, 10sec) .............................+300°C
kHz
TA = 0°C to +70°C
TA = +25°C
TA = -55°C to +125°C
VOSC = 0V or V+, LV open
RL = 5kΩ, TA = +25°C, fOSC 5kHz, LV open
TA = -40°C to +85°C
RL = 10kΩ, LV open
RL = 10kΩ, LV to GND
fOSC = 2.7kHz (ICL7660),
fOSC = 1kHz (MAX1044),
V+ = 2V, IL = 3mA,
LV to GND
30 200RL = ∞,
pins 1 and 7
no connection,
LV open
µA
10
Supply Current
20
Pin 1 = 0V
Pin 1 = V+
3Oscillator Sink or
Source Current
%95 98Power Efficiency
COSC = 1pF,
LV to GND (Note 2)
400
1
Ω
325
Output Resistance
IL = 20mA,
fOSC = 5kHz,
LV open
200
TA = 0°C to +70°C
TA = -40°C to +85°C
200
UNITSMAX1044MIN TYP MAXPARAMETER
325
TA = +25°C
130
325
130
150
200
V
1.5 10
Supply Voltage
Range (Note 1)
65 100
5
Oscillator Frequency
100
V+ = 2V
V+ = 5V
MΩ1.0
Oscillator Impedance
80 175
95 98
400
300
250
225
ICL7660
MIN TYP MAX
300
140
250
120
150
250
3.0 10.0
1.5 3.5
55 100
10
100
1.0
TA = -55°C to +125°C
RL = ∞, pins 1 and 7 = V+ = 3V
TA = +25°C
TA = +25°C
TA = 0°C to +70°C
TA = -40°C to +85°C
TA = -55°C to +125°C
V+ = 5V
V+ = 2V
RL = ∞, TA = +25°C, LV open 99.0 99.9 %97.0 99.9Voltage Conversion Efficiency
µA
kΩ
CONDITIONS
80
90
100
30
101
EFFICIENCY
vs. OSCILLATOR FREQUENCY
70
M
AX
10
44
-F
ig
7
OSCILLATOR FREQUENCY (Hz)
EF
FI
CI
EN
CY
(%
)
104
50
40
102 103 6x105
60
105
C1
, C
2
=
10
0µ
F
C1
, C
2
=
10
µF
C1
, C
2
=
1µ
F
EXTERNAL
HCMOS
OSCILLATOR
10,000
100,000
0.1
1
OSCILLATOR FREQUENCY
vs. EXTERNAL CAPACITANCE
1000
M
AX
10
44
-F
ig
8
COSC (pF)
OS
CI
LL
AT
OR
F
RE
QU
EN
CY
(H
z)
1000
10
1
10 100 100,000
100
10,000
ICL7660 and
MAX1044 with
BOOST = OPEN
MAX1044 with
BOOST -V+
100
1
OSCILLATOR FREQUENCY
vs. SUPPLY VOLTAGE
M
AX
10
44
-F
ig
9
SUPPLY VOLTAGE (V)
OS
CI
LL
AT
OR
F
RE
QU
EN
CY
(H
z)
4
10,000
1000
2 3 6 7 8 9 10
100,000
5
FROM TOP TO BOTTOM AT 5V
MAX1044, BOOST = V+, LV = GND
MAX1044, BOOST = V+, LV = OPEN
ICL7660, LV = GND
ICL7660, LV = OPEN
MAX1044, BOOST = OPEN, LV = GND
MAX1044, BOOST = OPEN, LV = OPEN
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
OUTPUT VOLTAGE and OUTPUT RIPPLE
vs. LOAD CURRENT
-0.5
-2.0
M
AX
10
44
-F
ig
1
LOAD CURRENT (mA)
OU
TP
UT
V
OL
TA
GE
(V
)
OU
TP
UT
R
IP
PL
E
(m
Vp
-p
)
-1.5
-1.0
0
250
200
150
100
50
400
350
300
OUTPUT
VOLTAGE
V+ = 2V
LV = GND
OUTPUT RIPPLE
A: MAX1044 with
BOOST = V+
B: ICL7660
C: MAX1044 with
BOOST = OPEN
A
B
C
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
OUTPUT VOLTAGE and OUTPUT RIPPLE
vs. LOAD CURRENT
-0.5
-2.0
-2.5
-3.0
-3.5
-4.0
-4.5
-5.0
M
AX
10
44
-F
ig
2
LOAD CURRENT (mA)
OU
TP
UT
V
OL
TA
GE
(V
)
OU
TP
UT
R
IP
PL
E
(m
Vp
-p
)
-1.5
-1.0
0
720
640
560
480
400
320
240
160
80
800
OUTPUT VOLTAGE
OUTPUT RIPPLE
V+ = 5V
LV = OPEN
A
A
B
C
B
C
A: MAX1044 with
BOOST = V+
B: ICL7660
C: MAX1044 with
BOOST = OPEN
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
OUTPUT VOLTAGE and OUTPUT RIPPLE
vs. LOAD CURRENT
-1
-4
-5
-6
-7
-8
-9
-10
M
AX
10
44
-F
ig
3
LOAD CURRENT (mA)
OU
TP
UT
V
OL
TA
GE
(V
)
OU
TP
UT
R
IP
PL
E
(m
Vp
-p
)
-3
-2
0
700
630
560
490
420
350
280
210
140
70
V+ = 10V
LV = OPEN
OUTPUT
RIPPLE
A
B
A: MAX1044 with
BOOST = V+
B: ICL7660
C: MAX1044 with
BOOST = OPEN
C
B
C
A
OUTPUT
VOLTAGE
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
EFFICIENCY and SUPPLY CURRENT
vs. LOAD CURRENT
10
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
M
AX
10
44
-F
ig
4
LOAD CURRENT (mA)
EF
FI
CI
EN
CY
(%
)
SU
PP
LY
C
UR
RE
NT
(m
A)
30
20
0
7
8
9
10
6
5
4
3
2
1
SUPPLY CURRENT
EFFICIENCY
V+ = 2V
LV = GND
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
EFFICIENCY and SUPPLY CURRENT
vs. LOAD CURRENT
10
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
M
AX
10
44
-F
ig
5
LOAD CURRENT (mA)
EF
FI
CI
EN
CY
(%
)
SU
PP
LY
C
UR
RE
NT
(m
A)
30
20
0
35
40
45
50
30
25
20
15
10
5
V+ = 5V
LV = OPEN
EFFICIENCY
A: MAX1044 with
BOOST = V+
B: ICL7660
C: MAX1044 with
BOOST = OPEN
SUPPLY CURRENT
B
C
A
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
EFFICIENCY and SUPPLY CURRENT
vs. LOAD CURRENT
10
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
M
AX
10
44
-F
ig
6
LOAD CURRENT (mA)
EF
FI
CI
EN
CY
(%
)
SU
PP
LY
C
UR
RE
NT
(m
A)
30
20
0
35
40
45
50
30
25
20
15
10
5V+ = 10V
LV = OPEN
A: MAX1044 with
BOOST = V+
B: ICL7660
C: MAX1044 with
BOOST = OPEN
SUPPLY CURRENT
B, C
EFFICIENCY
A
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_______________________________________________________________________________________ 3
__________________________________________Typical Operating Characteristics
(V+ = 5V; CBYPASS = 0.1µF; C1 = C2 = 10µF; LV = open; OSC = open; TA = +25°C; unless otherwise noted.)
0.1
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
QUIESCENT CURRENT
vs. SUPPLY VOLTAGE
M
AX
10
44
-F
ig
1
2
SUPPLY VOLTAGE (V)
QU
IE
SC
EN
T
CU
RR
EN
T
(µ
A)
10
1
100
1000
2000
A
B
D
C
A: MAX1044, BOOST = V+, LV = GND
B: MAX1044, BOOST = V+, LV = OPEN
C: ICL7660 and MAX1044 with
BOOST = OPEN, LV = GND;
ABOVE 5V, MAX1044 ONLY
D: ICL7660 and MAX1044 with
BOOST = OPEN, LV = OPEN
0
101 102 103 104 105
OUTPUT RESISTANCE
vs. OSCILLATOR FREQUENCY
M
AX
10
44
-F
ig
1
4
FREQUENCY (Hz)
RE
SI
ST
AN
CE
(Ω
)
200
100
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
C1
, C
2
=
10
0µ
F
C1
, C
2
=
1µ
F
C1
, C
2
=
10
µF
EXTERNAL
HCMOS
OSCILLATOR
0
-50 -25 0 25 50 75 100 125
QUIESCENT CURRENT
vs. TEMPERATURE
M
AX
10
44
-F
ig
1
3
TEMPERATURE (°C)
QU
IE
SC
EN
T
CU
RR
EN
T
(µ
A)
200
100
300
400
500
ICL7660, MAX1044 with BOOST = OPEN
MAX1044 with
BOOST = V+
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
OUTPUT RESISTANCE
vs. SUPPLY VOLTAGE
M
AX
10
44
-F
ig
1
5
SUPPLY VOLTAGE (V)
OU
TP
UT
R
ES
IS
TA
NC
E
(Ω
)
40
20
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
20
-60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
OUTPUT RESISTANCE
vs. TEMPERATURE
M
AX
10
44
-F
ig
1
6
TEMPERATURE (°C)
OU
TP
UT
R
ES
IS
TA
NC
E
(Ω
)
40
30
50
60
70
80
ICL7660,
MAX1044 with
BOOST = OPEN
MAX1044 with
BOOST = V+
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4 _______________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________Typical Operating Characteristics (continued)
(V+ = 5V; CBYPASS = 0.1µF; C1 = C2 = 10µF; LV = open; OSC = open; TA = +25°C; unless otherwise noted.)
0
-50
OSCILLATOR FREQUENCY
vs. TEMPERATURE
M
AX
10
44
-F
ig
1
0
TEMPERATURE (°C)
OS
CI
LL
AT
OR
F
RE
QU
EN
CY
(k
Hz
)
25
40
20
-25 0 75 100 125
60
80
100
50
A: MAX1044 with
BOOST = V+
B: ICL7600
C: MAX1044 with
BOOST = OPEN
B
A
C
1
100 101 102 103 104 105 5x105
QUIESCENT CURRENT
vs. OSCILLATOR FREQUENCY
M
AX
10
44
-F
ig
1
1
OSCILLATOR FREQUENCY (Hz)
QU
IE
SC
EN
T
CU
RR
EN
T
(µ
A)
100
10
1000
10,000
USING
EXTERNAL
HCMOS
OSCILLATOR
USING
EXTERNAL
CAPACITOR
_______________Detailed Description
The MAX1044/ICL7660 are charge-pump voltage con-
verters. They work by first accumulating charge in a
bucket capacitor and then transfer it into a reservoir
capacitor. The ideal voltage inverter circuit in Figure 2
illustrates this operation.
During the first half of each cycle, switches S1 & S3
close and switches S2 & S4 open, which connects the
bucket capacitor C1 across V+ and charges C1.
During the second half of each cycle, switches S2 & S4
close and switches S1 & S3 open, which connects the
positive terminal of C1 to ground and shifts the nega-
tive terminal to VOUT. This connects C1 in parallel with
the reservoir capacitor C2. If the voltage across C2 is
smaller than the voltage across C1, then charge flows
from C1 to C2 until the voltages across them are equal.
During successive cycles, C1 will continue pouring
charge into C2 until the voltage across C2 reaches
- (V+). In an actual voltage inverter, the output is less
than - (V+) since the switches S1–S4 have resistance
and the load drains charge from C2.
Additional qualities of the MAX1044/ICL7660 can be
understood by using a switched-capacitor circuit
model. Switching the bucket capacitor, C1, between
the input and output of the circuit synthesizes a resis-
tance (Figures 3a and 3b.)
When the switch in Figure 3a is in the left position,
capacitor C1 charges to V+. When the switch moves to
the right position, C1 is discharged to VOUT. The
charge transferred per cycle is: ∆Q = C1(V+ - VOUT). If
the switch is cycled at frequency f, then the resulting
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_______________________________________________________________________________________ 5
MAX1044
ICL7660
BOOST
CAP+
GND
CBYPASS
= 0.1µF
V+
RL
CAP-
V+
OSC
C1
10µF
LV
VOUT
C2
10µF
COSC
EXTERNAL
OSCILLATOR
VOUT
_____________________________________________________________ Pin Description
NAME FUNCTION
BOOST
(MAX1044)
Frequency Boost. Connecting BOOST to V+ increases the oscillator frequency by a factor of six. When the
oscillator is driven externally, BOOST has no effect and should be left open.
PIN
1
N.C.
(ICL7660)
No Connection
3 GND Ground. For most applications, the positive terminal of the reservoir capacitor is connected to this pin.
2 CAP+ Connection to positive terminal of Charge-Pump Capacitor
6 LV
Low-Voltage Operation. Connect to ground for supply voltages below 3.5V.
ICL7660: Leave open for supply voltages above 5V.
5 VOUT
Negative Voltage Output. For most applications, the negative terminal of the reservoir capacitor is
connected to this pin.
4 CAP- Connection to negative terminal of Charge-Pump Capacitor
7 OSC
Oscillator Control Input. Connecting an external capacitor reduces the oscillator frequency. Minimize stray
capacitance at this pin.
8 V+ Power-Supply Positive Voltage Input. (1.5V to 10V). V+ is also the substrate connection.
Figure 1. Maxim MAX1044/ICL7660 Test Circuit
M
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4
4
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L
7
6
6
0 current is: I = f x ∆Q = f x C1(V+ - VOUT). Rewriting thisequation in Ohm’s law form defines an equivalent resis-
tance synthesized by the switched-capacitor circuit
where:
where f is one-half the oscillator frequency. This resis-
tance is a major component of the output impedance of
switched-capacitor circuits like the MAX1044/ICL7660.
As shown in Figure 4, the MAX1044/ICL7660 contain
MOSFET switches, the necessary transistor drive cir-
cuitry, and a timing oscillator.
________________Design Information
The MAX1044/ICL7660 are designed to provide a
simple, compact, low-cost solution where negative or
doubled supply voltages are needed for a few low-
power components. Figure 5 shows the basic negative
voltage converter circuit. For many applications, only
two external capacitors are needed. The type of
capacitor used is not critical.
Proper Use of the Low-Voltage (LV) Pin
Figure 4 shows an internal voltage regulator inside the
MAX1044/ICL7660. Use the LV pin to bypass this
regulator, in order to improve low-voltage performance
I
(V+ - V )
1 / (f x C1)
R
1
f x C1
OUT
EQUIV
=
=
and
Switched-Capacitor Voltage Converters
6 _______________________________________________________________________________________
S1
V+
S2
S3 S4
C1
C2
VOUT = -(V+)
Figure 2. Ideal Voltage Inverter
V+
C1
f
C2 RLOAD
VOUT
Figure 3a. Switched Capacitor Model
REQUIV =
REQUIV
VOUT
RLOAD
1
V+
f × C1
C2
Figure 3b. Equivalent Circuit
1M
BOOST
pin 1
OSC
pin 7
LV
pin 6
GND
pin 3
CAP-
pin 4
S2S1
S4S3
CAP+
pin 2
V+
pin 8
VOUT
pin 5
÷ 2
Q
OS
CI
LL
AT
OR
IN
TE
RN
AL
RE
GU
LA
TO
R
Q
Figure 4. MAX1044 and ICL7660 Functional Diagram
and allow operation down to 1.5V. For low-voltage
operation and compatibility with the industry-standard
LTC1044 and ICL7660, the LV pin should be connect-
ed to ground for supply voltages below 3.5V and left
open for supply voltages above 3.5V.
The MAX1044’s LV pin can be grounded for all operat-
ing conditions. The advantage is improved low-voltage
performance and increased oscillator frequency. The
disadvantage is increased quiescent current and
reduced efficiency at higher supply voltages. For
Maxim’s ICL7660, the LV pin must be left open for
supply voltages above 5V.
When operating at low supply voltages with LV open,
connections to the LV, BOOST, and OSC pins should
be short or shielded to prevent EMI from causing
oscillator jitter.
Oscillator Frequency Considerations
For normal operation, leave the BOOST and OSC pins
of the MAX1044/ICL7660 open and use the nominal
oscillator frequency. Increasing the frequency reduces
audio interference, output resistance, voltage ripple,
and required capacitor sizes. Decreasing frequency
reduces quiescent current and improves efficiency.
Oscillator Frequency Specifications
The MAX1044/ICL7660 do not have a precise oscillator
frequency. Only minimum values of 1kHz and 5kHz for
the MAX1044 and a typical value of 10kHz for the
ICL7660 are specified. If a specific oscillator frequency
is required, use an external oscillator to drive the OSC
pin.
Increasing Oscillator Frequency
Using the BOOST Pin
For the MAX1044, connecting the BOOST pin to the V+
pin raises the oscillator frequency by a factor of about 6.
Figure 6 shows this connection. Higher frequency oper-
ation lowers output impedance, reduces output ripple,
allows the use of smaller capacitors, and shifts switch-
ing noise out of the audio band. When the oscillator is
driven externally, BOOST has no effect and should be
left open. The BOOST pin should also be left open for
normal operation.
Reducing the Oscillator Frequency Using COSC
An external capacitor can be connected to the OSC pin
to lower the oscillator frequency (Figure 6). Lower
frequency operation improves efficiency at low load
currents by reducing the IC’s quiescent supply current.
It also increases output ripple and output impedance.
This can be offset by using larger values for C1 and C2.
Connections to the OSC pin should be short to prevent
stray capacitance from reducing the oscillator frequency.
Overdriving the OSC Pin with an External Oscillator
Driving OSC with an external oscillator is useful when
the frequency must be synchronized, or when higher
frequencies are required to reduce audio interference.
The MAX1044/ICL7660 can be driven up to 400kHz.
The pump and output ripple frequencies are one-half
the external clock frequency. Driving the
MAX1044/ICL7660 at a higher frequency increases the
ripple frequency and allows the use of smaller
capacitors. It also increases the quiescent current.
The OSC input threshold is V+ - 2.5V when V+ ‡ 5V,
and is V+ / 2 for V+ < 5V. If the external clock does not
swing all the way to V+, use a 10kΩ pull-up resistor
(Figure 7).
Output Voltage Considerations
The MAX1044/ICL7660 o
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