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The keywords of the Oxford 3000 have
been carefully selected by a group of language
experts and experienced teachers as the words
which should receive priority in vocabulary
study because of their importance and
usefulness. The selection is based on
three criteria.
The words which occur most frequently in
English are included, based on the information
in the British National Corpus and the Oxford
Corpus Collection. (A corpus is an electronically
held collection of written or spoken texts, often
consisting of hundreds of millions of words.)
However, being frequent in the corpus alone
is not enough for a word to qualify as a keyword:
it may be that the word is used very frequently,
but only in a narrowly defined area, such as
newspapers or scientific articles. In order to
avoid including these restricted words, we
include as keywords only those words which are
frequent across a range of different types of text.
In other words, keywords are both frequent and
used in a variety of contexts. In addition, the list
includes some very important words which
happen not to be used frequently, even though
they are very familiar to most users of English.
These include, for example, words for parts of
the body, words used in travel, and words which
are useful for explaining what you mean when
you do not know the exact word for something.
These words were identified by consulting a
panel of over seventy experts in the fields of
teaching and language study.
The words of the Oxford 3000 are shown in the
main section of the dictionary in larger print,
and with a key symbol immediately
following. On the CD-ROM the keywords are
shown in red. The most useful parts of the
entries (particular parts of speech, meanings,
phrasal verbs and idioms) are marked with a
small key symbol. The entries for keywords
often have extra information in the form of
more examples of use, special notes explaining
synonyms or related words, or helpful
illustrations. This means that the keywords
make an excellent starting point for expanding
your vocabulary. With most keywords, there is
far more to learn about them than the first
meaning in the entry: often these words have
many meanings, have a large family of words
d
derived from them, or are used in a variety of
patterns. All of this means that each one of the
keywords repays close study.
The list covers British and American English.
It is arranged to emphasize the connections
between words, so that words which are very
closely related (including adverbs ending in -ly
and opposites starting withun-) are grouped
together. Some basic phrases are also included.
Proper names (names of people, places, etc.
beginning with a capital letter) and numbers
are not included in the main list.
A separate list of words which are important for
language study, but less important in everyday
life, follows the main list. Knowing these words
will help you to understand more of the informa-
tion given in the entries, especially regarding the
word’s grammar and register (whether it is for-
mal, informal, etc.).
In order to make the definitions in this
dictionary easy to understand, we have written
them using the keywords of the Oxford 3000.
All words used in normal definition text are
keywords, or are on the list of language study
terms. Numbers and proper names are also used
in definitions. When it has been necessary to use
a specialist term which is not in the Oxford
3000, the word is shown in small capitals,
and in blue on the CD-ROM. If you do not know
the meaning of this word, look it up in the
dictionary: it will help you to understand the
definition that you are interested in, and
will probably be a useful word to learn
because it will be related to the original word
you looked up.
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advertisement
(also ad, advert) n.
advice n.
advise v.
affair n.
affect v.
affection n.
afford v.
afraid adj.
after prep., conj., adv.
afternoon n.
afterwards
(especially BrE) (NAmE
usually afterward) adv.
again adv.
against prep.
age n.
aged adj.
agency n.
agent n.
aggressive adj.
ago adv.
agree v.
agreement n.
ahead adv.
aid n., v.
aim n., v.
air n.
aircraft n.
airport n.
alarm n., v.
alarming adj.
alarmed adj.
alcohol n.
alcoholic adj., n.
alive adj.
all det., pron., adv.
allow v.
all right adj., adv.,
exclamation
ally n., v.
allied adj.
almost adv.
alone adj., adv.
along prep., adv.
alongside prep., adv.
aloud adv.
alphabet n.
alphabetical adj.
alphabetically adv.
already adv.
also adv.
alter v.
alternative n., adj.
alternatively adv.
although conj.
altogether adv.
always adv.
a.m. (NAmE also A.M.)
abbr.
amaze v.
amazing adj.
amazed adj.
ambition n.
ambulance n.
among (also amongst)
prep.
amount n., v.
amuse v.
amusing adj.
amused adj.
a, an indefinite article
abandon v.
abandoned adj.
ability n.
able adj.
unable adj.
about adv., prep.
above prep., adv.
abroad adv.
absence n.
absent adj.
absolute adj.
absolutely adv.
absorb v.
abuse n., v.
academic adj.
accent n.
accept v.
acceptable adj.
unacceptable adj.
access n.
accident n.
by accident
accidental adj.
accidentally adv.
accommodation n.
accompany v.
according to prep.
account n., v.
accurate adj.
accurately adv.
accuse v.
achieve v.
achievement n.
acid n.
acknowledge v.
acquire v.
across adv., prep.
act n., v.
action n.
take action
active adj.
actively adv.
activity n.
actor, actress n.
actual adj.
actually adv.
ad i advertisement
adapt v.
add v.
addition n.
in addition (to)
additional adj.
address n., v.
adequate adj.
adequately adv.
adjust v.
admiration n.
admire v.
admit v.
adopt v.
adult n., adj.
advance n., v.
advanced adj.
in advance
advantage n.
take advantage of
adventure n.
advertise v.
advertising n.
an i a, an
analyse (BrE )
(NAmE analyze) v.
analysis n.
ancient adj.
and conj.
anger n.
angle n.
angry adj.
angrily adv.
animal n.
ankle n.
anniversary n.
announce v.
annoy v.
annoying adj.
annoyed adj.
annual adj.
annually adv.
another det., pron.
answer n., v.
anti- prefix
anticipate v.
anxiety n.
anxious adj.
anxiously adv.
any det., pron., adv.
anyone
(also anybody) pron.
anything pron.
anyway adv.
anywhere adv.
apart adv.
apart from (also aside
from especially in NAmE )
prep.
apartment n.
(especially NAmE )
apologize
(BrE also -ise) v.
apparent adj.
apparently adv.
appeal n., v.
appear v.
appearance n.
apple n.
application n.
apply v.
appoint v.
appointment n.
appreciate v.
approach v., n.
appropriate adj.
approval n.
approve (of) v.
approving adj.
approximate adj.
approximately adv.
April n. (abbr. Apr.)
area n.
argue v.
argument n.
arise v.
arm n., v.
arms n.
armed adj.
army n.
around adv., prep.
arrange v.
arrangement n.
arrest v., n.
arrival n.
arrive v.
arrow n.
art n.
article n.
artificial adj.
artificially adv.
artist n.
artistic adj.
as prep., adv., conj.
ashamed adj.
aside adv.
aside from
i apart from
ask v.
asleep adj.
fall asleep
aspect n.
assist v.
assistance n.
assistant n., adj.
associate v.
associated with
association n.
assume v.
assure v.
at prep.
atmosphere n.
atom n.
attach v.
attached adj.
attack n., v.
attempt n., v.
attempted adj.
attend v.
attention n.
pay attention
attitude n.
attorney n.
(especially NAmE )
attract v.
attraction n.
attractive adj.
audience n.
August n. (abbr. Aug.)
aunt n.
author n.
authority n.
automatic adj.
automatically adv.
autumn n. (especially BrE )
available adj.
average adj., n.
avoid v.
awake adj.
award n., v.
aware adj.
away adv.
awful adj.
awfully adv.
awkward adj.
awkwardly adv.
baby n.
back n., adj., adv., v.
background n.
backwards (also backward
especially in NAmE ) adv.
backward adj.
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bacteria n.
bad adj.
go bad
badly adv.
bad-tempered adj.
bag n.
baggage n.
(especially NAmE )
bake v.
balance n., v.
ball n.
ban v., n.
band n.
bandage n., v.
bank n.
bar n.
bargain n.
barrier n.
base n., v.
based on
basic adj.
basically adv.
basis n.
bath n.
bathroom n.
battery n.
battle n.
bay n.
be v., auxiliary v.
beach n.
beak n.
bear v.
beard n.
beat n., v.
beautiful adj.
beautifully adv.
beauty n.
because conj.
because of prep.
become v.
bed n.
bedroom n.
beef n.
beer n.
before prep., conj., adv.
begin v.
beginning n.
behalf n.:
on behalf of sb,
on sb’s behalf
(BrE) (NAmE in behalf of
sb, in sb’s behalf)
behave v.
behaviour (BrE )
(NAmE behavior) n.
behind prep., adv.
belief n.
believe v.
bell n.
belong v.
below prep., adv.
belt n.
bend v., n.
bent adj.
beneath prep., adv.
benefit n., v.
beside prep.
bet v., n.
betting n.
better, best i good, well
between prep., adv.
beyond prep., adv.
bicycle (also bike) n.
bid v., n.
big adj.
bill n.
bin n. (BrE )
biology n.
bird n.
birth n.
give birth (to)
birthday n.
biscuit n. (BrE )
bit n. (especially BrE )
a bit
bite v., n.
bitter adj.
bitterly adv.
black adj., n.
blade n.
blame v., n.
blank adj., n.
blankly adv.
blind adj.
block n., v.
blonde adj., n.,
blond adj.
blood n.
blow v., n.
blue adj., n.
board n., v.
on board
boat n.
body n.
boil v.
bomb n., v.
bone n.
book n., v.
boot n.
border n.
bore v.
boring adj.
bored adj.
born: be born v.
borrow v.
boss n.
both det., pron.
bother v.
bottle n.
bottom n., adj.
bound adj.: bound to
bowl n.
box n.
boy n.
boyfriend n.
brain n.
branch n.
brand n.
brave adj.
bread n.
break v., n.
broken adj.
breakfast n.
breast n.
breath n.
breathe v.
breathing n.
breed v., n.
brick n.
bridge n.
brief adj.
briefly adv.
bright adj.
brightly adv.
brilliant adj.
bring v.
broad adj.
broadly adv.
broadcast v., n.
broken i break
brother n.
brown adj., n.
brush n., v.
bubble n.
budget n.
build v.
building n.
bullet n.
bunch n.
burn v.
burnt adj.
burst v.
bury v.
bus n.
bush n.
business n.
businessman,
businesswoman n.
busy adj.
but conj.
butter n.
button n.
buy v.
buyer n.
by prep., adv.
bye exclamation
c abbr. i cent
cabinet n.
cable n.
cake n.
calculate v.
calculation n.
call v., n.
be called
calm adj., v., n.
calmly adv.
camera n.
camp n., v.
camping n.
campaign n.
can modal v., n.
cannot
could modal v.
cancel v.
cancer n.
candidate n.
candy n. (NAmE )
cap n.
capable (of) adj.
capacity n.
capital n., adj.
captain n.
capture v., n.
car n.
card n.
cardboard n.
care n., v.
take care (of)
care for
career n.
careful adj.
carefully adv.
careless adj.
carelessly adv.
carpet n.
carrot n.
carry v.
case n.
in case (of)
cash n.
cast v., n.
castle n.
cat n.
catch v.
category n.
cause n., v.
CD n.
cease v.
ceiling n.
celebrate v.
celebration n.
cell n.
cellphone
(also cellular phone) n.
(especially NAmE)
cent n. (abbr. c, ct)
centimetre (BrE )
(NAmE centimeter) n.
(abbr. cm)
central adj.
centre (BrE )
(NAmE center) n.
century n.
ceremony n.
certain adj., pron.
certainly adv.
uncertain adj.
certificate n.
chain n., v.
chair n.
chairman,
chairwoman n.
challenge n., v.
chamber n.
chance n.
change v., n.
channel n.
chapter n.
character n.
characteristic
adj., n.
charge n., v.
in charge of
charity n.
chart n., v.
chase v., n.
chat v., n.
cheap adj.
cheaply adv.
cheat v., n.
check v., n.
cheek n.
cheerful adj.
cheerfully adv.
cheese n.
chemical adj., n.
chemist n.
chemist’s n. (BrE )
chemistry n.
cheque (BrE )
(NAmE check) n.
chest n.
chew v.
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chicken n.
chief adj., n.
child n.
chin n.
chip n.
chocolate n.
choice n.
choose v.
chop v.
church n.
cigarette n.
cinema n.
(especially BrE)
circle n.
circumstance n.
citizen n.
city n.
civil adj.
claim v., n.
clap v., n.
class n.
classic adj., n.
classroom n.
clean adj., v.
clear adj., v.
clearly adv.
clerk n.
clever adj.
click v., n.
client n.
climate n.
climb v.
climbing n.
clock n.
close /kl@Us,
NAmE kloUs/ adj.
closely adv.
close /kl@Uz,
NAmE kl@Uz/ v.
closed adj.
closet n.
(especially NAmE )
cloth n.
clothes n.
clothing n.
cloud n.
club n.
cm abbr. i centimetre
coach n.
coal n.
coast n.
coat n.
code n.
coffee n.
coin n.
cold adj., n.
coldly adv.
collapse v., n.
colleague n.
collect v.
collection n.
college n.
colour (BrE )
(NAmE color) n., v.
coloured (BrE )
(NAmE colored) adj.
column n.
combination n.
combine v.
come v.
comedy n.
comfort n., v.
comfortable adj.
comfortably adv.
uncomfortable adj.
command v., n.
comment n., v.
commercial adj.
commission n., v.
commit v.
commitment n.
committee n.
common adj.
in common
commonly adv.
communicate v.
communication n.
community n.
company n.
compare v.
comparison n.
compete v.
competition n.
competitive adj.
complain v.
complaint n.
complete adj., v.
completely adv.
complex adj.
complicate v.
complicated adj.
computer n.
concentrate v.
concentration n.
concept n.
concern v., n.
concerned adj.
concerning prep.
concert n.
conclude v.
conclusion n.
concrete adj., n.
condition n.
conduct v., n.
conference n.
confidence n.
confident adj.
confidently adv.
confine v.
confined adj.
confirm v.
conflict n., v.
confront v.
confuse v.
confusing adj.
confused adj.
confusion n.
congratulations n.
congress n.
connect v.
connection n.
conscious adj.
unconscious adj.
consequence n.
conservative adj.
consider v.
considerable adj.
considerably adv.
consideration n.
consist of v.
constant adj.
constantly adv.
construct v.
construction n.
consult v.
consumer n.
contact n., v.
contain v.
container n.
contemporary adj.
content n.
contest n.
context n.
continent n.
continue v.
continuous adj.
continuously adv.
contract n., v.
contrast n., v.
contrasting adj.
contribute v.
contribution n.
control n., v.
in control (of)
under control
controlled adj.
uncontrolled adj.
convenient adj.
convention n.
conventional adj.
conversation n.
convert v.
convince v.
cook v., n.
cooking n.
cooker n. (BrE )
cookie n.
(especiallyNAmE )
cool adj., v.
cope (with) v.
copy n., v.
core n.
corner n.
correct adj., v.
correctly adv.
cost n., v.
cottage n.
cotton n.
cough v., n.
coughing n.
could i can
council n.
count v.
counter n.
country n.
countryside n.
county n.
couple n.
a couple
courage n.
course n.
of course
court n.
cousin n.
cover v., n.
covered adj.
covering n.
cow n.
crack n., v.
cracked adj.
craft n.
crash n., v.
crazy adj.
cream n., adj.
create v.
creature n.
credit n.
credit card n.
crime n.
criminal adj., n.
crisis n.
crisp adj.
criterion n.
critical adj.
criticism n.
criticize
(BrE also -ise) v.
crop n.
cross n., v.
crowd n.
crowded adj.
crown n.
crucial adj.
cruel adj.
crush v.
cry v., n.
ct abbr. i cent
cultural adj.
culture n.
cup n.
cupboard n.
curb v.
cure v., n.
curious adj.
curiously adv.
curl v., n.
curly adj.
current adj., n.
currently adv.
curtain n.
curve n., v.
curved adj.
custom n.
customer n.
customs n.
cut v., n.
cycle n., v.
cycling n.
dad n.
daily adj.
damage n., v.
damp adj.
dance n., v.
dancing n.
dancer n.
danger n.
dangerous adj.
dare v.
dark adj., n.
data n.
date n., v.
daughter n.
day n.
dead adj.
deaf adj.
deal v., n.
deal with
dear adj.
death n.
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debate n., v.
debt n.
decade n.
decay n., v.
December n.
(abbr. Dec.)
decide v.
decision n.
declare v.
decline n., v.
decorate v.
decoration n.
decorative adj.
decrease v., n.
deep adj., adv.
deeply adv.
defeat v., n.
defence (BrE )
(NAmE defense) n.
defend v.
define v.
definite adj.
definitely adv.
definition n.
degree n.
delay n., v.
deliberate adj.
deliberately adv.
delicate adj.
delight n., v.
delighted adj.
deliver v.
delivery n.
demand n., v.
demonstrate v.
dentist n.
deny v.
department n.
departure n.
depend (on) v.
deposit n., v.
depress v.
depressing adj.
depressed adj.
depth n.
derive v.
describe v.
description n.
desert n., v.
deserted adj.
deserve v.
design n., v.
desire n., v.
desk n.
desperate adj.
desperately adv.
despite prep.
destroy v.
destruction n.
detail n.
in detail
detailed adj.
determination n.
determine v.
determined adj.
develop v.
development n.
device n.
devote v.
devoted adj.
diagram n.
diamond n.
diary n.
dictionary n.
die v.
dying adj.
diet n.
difference n.
different adj.
differently adv.
difficult adj.
difficulty n.
dig v.
dinner n.
direct adj., v.
directly adv.
direction n.
director n.
dirt n.
dirty adj.
disabled adj.
disadvantage n.
disagree v.
disagreement n.
disappear v.
disappoint v.
disappointing adj.
disappointed adj.
disappointment n.
disapproval n.
disapprove (of) v.
disapproving adj.
disaster n.
disc
(also disk, especially
in NAmE) n.
discipline n.
discount n.
discover v.
discovery n.
discuss v.
discussion n.
disease n.
disgust v., n.
disgusting adj.
disgusted adj.
dish n.
dishonest adj.
dishonestly adv.
disk n.
dislike v., n.
dismiss v.
display v., n.
dissolve v.
distance n.
distinguish v.
distribute v.
distribution n.
district n.
disturb v.
disturbing adj.
divide v.
division n.
divorce n., v.
divorced adj.
do v., auxiliary v.
undo v.
doctor n.
(abbr. Dr, NAmE Dr.)
document n.
dog n.
dollar n.
domestic adj.
dominate v.
door n.
dot n.
double adj.,det.,adv.,
n., v.
doubt n., v.
down adv., prep.
downstairs adv., adj., n.
downwards
(also downward
especially in NAmE ) adv.
downward adj.
dozen n., det.
Dr (BrE)
(also Dr. NAmE, BrE) abbr.
i doctor
draft n., adj., v.
drag v.
drama n.
dramatic adj.
dramatically adv.
draw v.
drawing n.
drawer n.
dream n., v.
dress n., v.
dressed adj.
drink n., v.
drive v., n.
driving n.
driver n.
drop v., n.
drug n.
drugstore n. (NAmE )
drum n.
drunk adj.
dry adj., v.
due adj.
due to
dull adj.
dump v., n.
during prep.
dust n., v.
duty n.
DVD n.
each det., pron.
each other
(also one another) pron.
ear n.
early adj., adv.
earn v.
earth n.
ease n., v.
east n., adj., adv.
eastern adj.
easy adj.
easily adv.
eat v.
economic adj.
economy n.
edge n.
edition n.
editor n.
educate v.
educated adj.
education n.
effect n.
effective adj.
effectively adv.
efficient adj.
efficiently adv.
effort n.
e.g. abbr.
egg n.
either det., pron., adv.
elbow n.
elderly adj.
elect v.
election n.
electric adj.
electrical adj.
electricity n.
electronic adj.
elegant adj.
element n.
elevator n. (NAmE )
else adv.
elsewhere adv.
email (also e-mail) n., v.
embarrass v.
embarrassing adj.
embarrassed adj.
embarrassment n.
emerge v.
emergency n.
emotion n.
emotional adj.
emotionally adv.
emphasis n.
emphasize
(BrE also -ise) v.
empire n.
employ v.
unemployed adj.
employee n.
employer n.
employment n.
unemployment n.
empty adj., v.
enable v.
encounter v., n.
encourage v.
encouragement n.
end n., v.
in the end
ending n.
enemy n.
energy n.
engage v.
engaged adj.
engine n.
engineer n.
engineering n.
enjoy v.
enjoyable adj.
enjoyment n.
enormous adj.
enough det., pron., adv.
enquiry (also inquiry
especially in NAmE) n.
ensure v.
enter v.
entertain v.
entertaining adj.
entertainer n.
entertainment n.
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enthusiasm n.
enthusiastic adj.
entire adj.
entirely adv.
entitle v.
entrance n.
entry n.
envelope n.
environment n.
environmental adj.
equal adj., n., v.
equally adv.
equipment n.
equivalent adj., n.
error n.
escape v., n.
especially adv.
essay n.
essential adj., n.
essentially adv.
establish v.
estate n.
estimate n., v.
etc. (full form et cetera)
euro n.
even adv., adj.
evening n.
event n.
eventually adv.
ever adv.
every det.
everyone (also everybody)
pron.
everything pron.
everywhere adv.
evidence n.
evil adj., n.
ex- prefix
exact adj.
exactly adv.
exaggerate v.
exaggerated adj.
exam n.
examination n.
examine v.
example n.
excellent adj.
except prep., conj.
exception n.
exchange v., n.
in exchange (for)
excite v.
exciting adj.
excited adj.
excitement n.
exclude v.
excluding prep.
excuse n., v.
executive n., adj.
exercise n., v.
exhibit v., n.
exhibition n.
exist v.
existence n.
exit n.
expand v.
expect v.
expected adj.
unexpected adj.
unexpectedly adv.
expectation n.
expense n.
expensive adj.
experience n., v.
experienced adj.
experiment n., v.
expert n., adj.
explain v.
explanation n.
explode v.
explore v.
explosion n.
export v., n.
expose v.
express v., adj.
expression n.
extend v.
extension n.
extensive adj.
extent n.
extra adj., n., adv.
extraordinary
adj.
extreme adj., n.
extremely adv.
eye n.
face n., v.
fac
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