首页 03 古老人群mtDNA研究中存在的问题和对策

03 古老人群mtDNA研究中存在的问题和对策

举报
开通vip

03 古老人群mtDNA研究中存在的问题和对策 � 48� � 6� 2003� 3� � � 632 www.scichina.com ���� mtDNA���� �� �� ��� �� ��� ��* (�������� �� ��������������, �� 650223; ������� �!"#$% &'()�*+ ,-���, �� 650091; .�������%�, /0 100039. *123, E-mail: zhangyp@public.km.yn.cn) �� ������, �� �� � DNA����...

03 古老人群mtDNA研究中存在的问题和对策
� 48� � 6� 2003� 3� � � 632 www.scichina.com ���� mtDNA���� �� �� ��� �� ��� ��* (�������� �� ��������������, �� 650223; ������� �!"#$% &'()�*+ ,-���, �� 650091; .�������%�, /0 100039. *123, E-mail: zhangyp@public.km.yn.cn) �� ������, �� �� � DNA�����������, ������� !"#� $%. &'()*$%"#�+,-./01, 234�56789 :;�<=, >?@(�A BCDEF��G9H� DNAIJ KLM���NOP. �Q(RSTU�� B mtDNAIJ M��VP./WXY, Z[ mtDNA \]�]^_`a]b�, (cd(:efR� g5h)�� Bij./Wkc��. Elmn, )*�� DNA ij�op-M�q�qr�VP; EstA�� 5u B � mtDNA vwxy, �z({��|}i~@� mtDNA �+,-./€1‚ƒ, Z ��„5($%<=./�…. ��, ( g5h�� B mtDNA ijkc���El, †‡ˆ5h ‰g BŠ�‹Œs�Ž�‘’. ��� �� DNA mtDNA���� �� �������� �� ���� , �� ����� ������ , ��������� !"#$��%& , '�()�*+,-��. /[1,2], 012�3456789+:;; <� � +(Archeogenetics)[3]. =>���� �?@A�B � !CDEFGH� �IJKLM�NO, PQ RCDS��� �?@TUVWXY. Z[, �� ��\VZ �]^_`� �abc�dVZ . Ge , f>7ghi�� �?@��BCD�j klm. n���� �?@op� qr, 2s> tu'gj4 , v&7gF>���� �w�W x�yz. GX, �{ DNAqr7�A|}~€. 1 �� DNA������ =>�‚ƒ„\A|…†G‡�NO , �{ ]ˆ\� DNA ‰‚���Š�‹t�Œ, Ž� { DNAqr\‚�‘’. ‘’“7P”•–—, ˜™š›]ˆ\"œx DNA, žxTf�(�Ÿ  , 02¡¢£¤¥� DNA �¦§. ¨n'7‘’, ()2�m�qr©v�54 , ™ªM��h«� DNA "œ–¬�”•; m­®6¢nZ7¯°EZ 7]ˆ�VZ±²œ¯op��[4~6]; �VZ³v´ ®6op³vµL , ¶T·& [6,7]; R¸¹Z7 º \»¼]ˆ DNA �½¾"œL�n¿[8], Àop» ¼ÁÂ��[6,9], ÃÄ ºPQÅÆ�{ DNA � ‚. �{ DNA qr�‘’“Ç, P™šnÈÉW� Ê��{DNAËÌop2¡¢ÍÎ, 'gDNAËÌ Ï.P²> mtDNAÐÑÒÓ 1}JÒ(hypervariable segmentÔ of mtDNA control region, HVSÔÕ� 100 ~ 300 bpŸ . '7‘’�Ö×tuRQ, � fØ| ?k�Ù×Ú. ()ÛܪM�ݬPÞ�{ DNA ËÌ����ËÌß�7� , @5ØàáâãÀä åfØa , ��»\�{¯ˆ���¯ˆ�æ*� � [10~13]. '†Ý¬çèmF>éê¬ÀëìÚí î, ï=>���Ÿ ð.Ê, � 2ñ, �{¯ˆ ����¯ˆ�æ*fØ�=VZòwóô@5� Øàã\�dVZ[14,15]. X1, Þ���ËÌõö½ ��{ DNA Ÿ 7¯�÷~, ��éê¬@58B À�Bø�ØàáâãXV<ùúØ(lineage)øû ³�ØàáâfØ , üüVdý�¢_`Ÿ \Ò � mtDNA þ��*�(haplogroup)���2ñ� , �Wx7gð.���?� . 78�� �� � �PWangK�[11]� L. ¼���������� ¢Òé� 2500 � 2000 �)[10]����� mtDNA 185 bp ËÌw�, �� 2500 �)�������� ������TU, 2000 �)�����î��� ����������\ø*�; ƒ� 2500 ��� � –��!ØFG"á#�=���$���� %�. '†&%�'��7–—������ !C D [16]2�x(, Z[cRÄ)*+, L [17]T- .. 7–—, ¼�����ƒ� 2500��, �� – � � � 48� � 6� 2003� 3� www.scichina.com 633 ���!ØFG"á#�=���$����% � [11]; /7–— , ¼�0����VZ¢1��! Ø �?@‚���Z�Ú , 01Þ'†Z�Ú �>923[,45�6�7 [17]. 8è , 923 [,45�7�[øS9:> 2500 m�)�D; [, . ™�923[,�*�<=�>i�?,� �� �?@ , @A0B�2?,!ØFG"%� á#CD+, ��n'Ew�op�9��. ?� "`, �����B mtDNA *�, FˆSF�G� �|HI����� mtDNA *�\[18,19], �?@ JBS���K–��TUÚ� [20]. Ge , �n W|�Ê�Ë̟ op���tL[ , 7i9T MNO[20]. Pèʟ Q2�� R2ñ , 78¹è�S ¬�PTRɜ÷�Ë̟ ¸op�� . =>� {¯ˆ\�³��P DNA mU‹t, V­žW dÉWÊ�Ÿ  , σm8ʟ �Xž�� Ë, 1kS�GY x78÷7Z�Ÿ . X1, � �[�G\]()���� mtDNA �qr?�, ¨ nVZ mtDNA*��7g^_Òh`Ja²Zób cd, W|Q2IJZ�ʟ , oX��ÉWem �� . ï�³fµLƒ„\, '†m­ž�nm 8VZÒ-Ÿ op�� , üüc�žg¦§À» ¼xh�i� , Vd&V­W|�Ÿ FP�{ ¯ˆ�û³ DNA, 'jkc��{ DNAqržl� mnûo�‘~. (), [p2–¬dqrtu'7 ‘’. › mtDNA úØ�ØàáâfØs~, nW| �� DNA ËÌ� optÆ<ù���, du�m n'gŸ �ûo"#vw , ›Xn7gxWyk �ËÌ�á�)9��&³ , z{ÞVÖ×�w �|}>~. 2 mtDNA � �� � ����� � DNA mtDNA Èh2� �hÚ, ™!Ø �E�� *K, ui� mtDNA ËÌSá#�V7­J€ (‚ƒJ�J„Z…¥)Fd�ËÌ\^†� ¸. σnËÌS‡ˆ�'gJop��, 1kS �G5mtDNAû³�Øàã. n>V78mtDNA, ��»PQQ2Øàáâã\‰8æ*Š(‹˜þ� �*�)�h`>iJ, c�PTn��{7g� J , Z[�w�"\©ƒ^_Ò� Ö×&³� þ��*����»¼ mtDNAúØopË̌À T+Œ(matching or near-matching)��, �Gގ ��|Øàáâã�…8æ*Š\. è?, σ� �VZ�B\…þ��*���}���ËÌJa, �G‘¢8`x�B�¢1�’E �?@�[“ J’, G�”•x�B7Àá# !�Ž[ø. '†�–“�Øàáâ¢1�� (phylogeographic analysis)�–¬, �+,� L\2�m�—M�H I [18,19,21,22], 01n>˜L�{ DNA cð.2 ¡ [18,20]. �—�GD+™š›K� [13]á��w�L � �, œBž™š› mtDNA �Øàáâfظ mn�tL�{ DNAw�. ™K�[13]���é� 2000 ~ 2500�)9Ÿ ¡ ¢£¤¥¦7§¨¢ 488BmtDNA HVSIËÌ 363 bp �Ja��(»³P]ÖËÌ[23]\ 16056 ~ 16378 Ò-ø� 323 bp Ÿ , ©M�…ªcdËÌ), Z [[«��þ��*� A( + 663Hae¬), B(CO­� tRNALys FGø 9 bp Ÿ ��® (9 bp del)), C(−13259Hinc­), D(− 5176AluÔ)�M(+10394DdeÔ, +10397AluÔ)�h`Ja²Z. '¯nZ78¯ˆZ [opÐÑÒ�^_ÒËÌ�� , 1kS�¯¯$ �7 Ê�HVSÔËÌ� opmtDNAþ��*� ��eÖ×E�°, xW"3. '»\, *� C � D P M ��*�À�*�(sub-haplogroup). c�P z, � mtDNA Øàã\, C � D æ*ŠP±Q�7 8��–�M�æ*Š\, M*�� 48h`> i²Z, 489 ~ 10400 ~ 14783 ~ 15043(Tn>L�¥ �(outgroup)�ð� L3*�[19]), �*� C� D�8 B\F�x�. *� C � D �ÒnîB��…¹� þ��*��haÚJS , ™ D *�Q2 5178A(Ja²ZgSJ?�²FGxÄZP³ ´; −5176AluÔ)� 4883KJ, X*�CQ2 3552A, 9545, 11914, 13263(−13259Hinc­ )� 14318 K J[18,19]. *� A �ØàáâfØS�>78�* � N, *� B �ØàáâfØS�>*� R(*� R ˆµ0P*� N �78�*�). X1, mwþ� �*��ÐÑÒËÌ\c2h`Ja¶Â (motif), ™*� AQ2 16223 ~ 16290 ~ 16319�Ja¶Â, D Q2 16223 ~ 16362, CQ2 16223 ~ 16298 ~ 16327, BQ2 16189. 'g*��·Â(nested)��ØàfØ, ¸¹�™K� [13]«��ºö²Z� HVSÔJa* Æ\ , W�x�G�?� : *� A, + 663Hae¬ , � 48� � 6� 2003� 3� � � 634 www.scichina.com + 5176AluÔ, 9 bp non-del, −10394DdeÔ, −10397AluÔ, +13259Hinc­, 16223 ~ 16290 ~ 16319; *� B, −663 Hae¬ , + 5176AluÔ , 9 bp del, −/+10394DdeÔ , −10397 AluÔ, + 13259Hinc­, 16189; *� C, −663 Hae¬ , +5176 AluÔ , 9 bp non-del, +10394DdeÔ , +10397AluÔ, −13259Hinc­, 16223 ~ 16298 ~ 16327; *� D, −663Hae¬ , −5176AluÔ , 9 bp non-del, −10394DdeÔ, −10397AluÔ, +13259Hinc­, 16189 ~ 16223 ~ 16362 (10397²ôS�J�Ž 10394DdeÔ � 10397AluÔºö²ZZ[»®, ÄJa>i� D *��78�*� D5[18,19])À−663Hae¬, −5176AluÔ, 9 bp non-del, +10394DdeÔ , +10397AluÔ , +13259 Hinc­, 16223 ~ 16362. ™�x�»¼�7gºö* Æ*�(V±¼CO­� tRNALysFGø 9 bpŸ �� ® , Ä�®�»¼þ��*�\�d�m­®6á # [24]), D�d�P=>¦§, À½P³vƒ„\ ��G‡ŽVZ¯ˆ¾¿À½VZ mtDNAúØø �� *. �™K�[13]ÁÂ�� 2 \, ¸¹VZâ�¯ ˆ 2� 4� HVSÔË̯Q2 16234Ja(� 2"| 16234 á# C→T Ä´PÙ×�, ï�Ó 4 ÅÆÞ» ÇÈ� T→C Ä´� A→C ³´), ºö?�TZ (−663Hae¬, +5176AluÔ, 9 bp non-del, −10394DdeÔ, −10397AluÔ, +13259Hinc­), 8`Ä*��> N * �À R*�(±¼ N� R��*�). =>Ä8B�Ë Ì� Richards K�[22]àb�����\x��8 H*�8B\, 01[‚� 38TÉ7­J�T+ *�(H: 16234 ~ 16293, 16234 ~ 16349 del; J: 16126 ~ 16234), ÈGÄ mtDNA *��d�>���þ� �*� H. ¯ˆ 3 � HVSÔËÌJa� 16129 ~ 16223 ~ 16298 ~ 16327, œ2*� C�Ja¶Â, 0 1RHI�9ŸÊË 18C*�8B(XJ8435)[18]�Ì ÍÎË 18 C*�8B[25]�ËÌÏЌ. e¥, � ��ÑÒÊË��[17]E\��[26]EÓ��(W2^§ 17.22�8B, Xð� 3\"|� 288B)[27]EÑÔ Õ� Koryak ��[28]� Mansi ��[29]G�Ö� Akah ��[30]\c2RįˆËÌÏЌ� C*�8B. èX , nįˆ^_Ò���?� (−663Ha e¬ , + 5176AluÔ,×9 bp non-del, −10394DdeÔ, −10397AluÔ, + 13259Hinc­)�ž, Ä8B�> N *�(±¼»� *�), V�>*� M, eV�>*� C. Ge, Ä8 BP N *�8B^_Ò� C *�8BÐÑÒËÌø ���*. ¯ˆ 1� HVSÔËÌ� 16298 ~ 16319, ���ØÙ�����mtDNAw�"(ڃ 2200�) \p2á�ÏЌ*� , ï�9Ÿ¢ÒÌÍÎ Ë[25]E‚Ë 1)G�ÛÊÊ˯ˆ[18]\Ja� 16223 ~ 16298 ~ 16319, �>þ��*� M8a8B�ËÌT +. ™�¯ˆ 1 c�> M8a *�, @A�7i‚� 5176AluÔºö²Z, XVPÁÜ[13]� 2\ÝÞ|� ¯ D*�\ßx��−5176AluÔ. ÈG, ÄËÌ�d P*� M8a � D �78*, 01 16223 ²ôS� JUàá. '†VZ mtDNA þ��*�øËÌ� �*��Œ, �+,HI�w�\0Vâ/, 㙠LeeK�[31]HI� 988ä��mtDNAÐÑÒ�åæ ç‡BFGÐËÌ\, �‚��m�VZþ��*� ø�ËÌ*�²Fàá�Œ; Silva K�[32]�i� 8.8 kb mtDNA ËÌ\c‚����ËÌ*�Œ, 01[àá�TMm�Ja²Z . ªMˆÁèé� › mtDNA ØàáâfØs~nËÌop¹«, cê �Gá�w�\‚��ë’ , ›X�á�“)9 ì³. 3 ������ DNA�� � ��SÁ"|�Ë̌�T+Œ�� , [ �GnHI�\�¢Ò»¼�{�� mtDNA[33, 34]í îopþ��*���, 0��'g�{ mtDNA �����\PQ2�}��}���¸��em �CD. ClissonK�[33]qr�é� 2000m�)Z7 8Ãïáðx�8¯ˆ. »\, ¯ˆ 1� HVSÔË Ì(n©>]ÖËÌ 16021 ~ 16417Ò-)�]ÖËÌ ÏÐTZ, �dP����\}ñò�}� H * �, X1Ä H *��\���[26]���9Ÿ¢Ò� � [25]c2�}. xWóô�P, ��õ�ÊË [19]� öK÷Ë[21,35]¯ˆ\c2 HVSÔËÌ�]ÖËÌÏ ÐTZ�8B, ï^_ÒËÌ���ž, 'g8B� >����h2�*� F2ÀM7. ¯ˆ 2ËÌJa� 16223 ~ 16278 ~ 16362, œ2 �� G*� HVSÔJ a¶Â, ����i�9Ÿ¢ÒÓ�˯ˆ\ G * �(+4831HhaÔ)8BËÌ 1)ÏÐ7Ž. e¥, �¯ˆ 2ËÌTÉ7­²FJ�G*�, ™ 16223 ~ 16227 ~ 16278 ~ 16362, 16223 ~ 16234 ~16278 ~ 16362� 1) ���. ����� �-� � DNA���. ���������������. 2002 � � � 48� � 6� 2003� 3� www.scichina.com 635 16093 ~ 16223 ~ 16278 ~ 16362K, �\��[26]E� �9Ÿ�‚ËEÓ�Ë�ÌÍÎË[25]\c2�}. Ovchinnikov K�[34]����é�ì 2000 �) Jety-Asar��� 38]ˆ, 'g]ˆ�øùF��x ����h`. ¼��i� HVSÔËÌn©>]Ö ËÌ 16208 ~ 16401Ò-, ºö��Tn>™K�[13]m «�� 16517Hae¬²Z. ¯ˆ 1 �Ja�−663Hae¬, + 5176AluÔ, 9 bp non-del, −10394DdeÔ, −10397AluÔ, +13259Hinc­, +16517Hae¬, 16362. Ä8B�9Ÿ ÌÍÎË\ 1 8 H *�8B� HVSÔËÌ(16362 ~ 16482)TZ[25], �9ŸÊË� 38 D*� mtDNA\ (16362; 16174~16362; 16093~16362)[18]\cx�. o 7ú� Richards K�[22]ûJ�����w�"�� ?á� , įˆ�ËÌ�����\� H *� (16095G ~ 16188 ~ 16362, 16111 ~ 16362, 16129 ~ 16362, 16129 ~ 16153 ~ 16362, 16150 ~ 16362, 16173 ~ 16362, 16189 ~ 16362, 16192 ~ 16362, 16362, 16362 ~ 16482), HV*�(16168 ~ 16362, 16192A ~ 16362, 16362), J*�(16126 ~ 16362, 16126 ~ 16193 ~ 16362) � U *�(16362, 16189 ~ 16362, 16153 ~ 16362, 16129 ~ 16362, 16129 ~ 16189 ~ 16362, 16129C ~ 16154 ~ 16362, 16129C ~ 16189 ~ 16362, 16129T ~ 16189 ~ 16362)Kcx�. 8è, 'üË̌�� VdÖ×"`¯ˆ 1|r�>ý8*�. ¯ˆ 2Ja �−663Hae¬, + 5176AluÔ, 9 bp non-del, −10394DdeÔ, −10397AluÔ,× +13259Hinc­þ× −16517Hae¬, 16223 ~ 16257A ~ 16261, �> �� N9a*�. ÄËÌ�� ���\�}ñò� 0% ~ 8%, 1�K–�Ñ ¢Ò ��\ñò�}7g[18,21,25,35]. /¥, �\��[26]E ���[22]EÓ��[27]Eä��[31]��ˆ�[36]KF2 �} , X�����\p2á� . ÈG , įˆ mtDNA �>����h2*�. ¯ˆ 3 ^_Ò� (−663Hae¬, −5176AluÔ, 9 bp non-del, −10394DdeÔ, −10397AluÔ, +13259Hinc­, +16517 Hae¬)8`Ä 8B�> D5 *�, c�Pz, Ä8B HVSÔËÌ1 kS�2 16189 ~ 16223 ~ 16362 �h`Ja¶Â, ï OvchinnikovK�[34]ÝÞ|� HVSÔJa� 16223 ~ 16311 ~ 16357, RöKÊË(YN164)���ÊË (LN7593)\� M10 *�ËÌ[18]ÏЌ, X��� w�"� D5*�\�V|�šŒÀT+�Œ* �. ÈG, 78�d�tLPÄ8B‚� D5 � M10 *�ËÌø���*. 4 �� n¸¹\�¢Ò(±¼��9Ÿ¢Ò)é� 2000 m�) mtDNA �9��8`, 'g�{ DNA w ���°Ú‚�ÀmÀâ�ë’ . ÞHI�'g� {¯ˆ��7�( 9 8), �G›“�B”'7s~¸ € 2000 m�)\�¢Ò���!ØFG"*½. 8è, 2000m�)\�¢Ò��� mtDNA*�F� G��|������haÚ�þ��*� \ [18,19,22], ���Ä¢Ò���!Ø �*�S* U[25~26], X1, mw�{ mtDNA *��M¢�� ��\Fdu�|ËÌÏÐ7Ž�Œ8B , '� �\�¢Ò����FG£H� Æ=¸���� �. Ê� HVSÔËÌ"#�� ��2ñ. 7g8 B� HVSÔËÌTZ, ïc�d�>VZþ��* �, ™SÁ\"| HVSÔËÌ�]ÖËÌTZ�8 B�GP���� H*�, c�GP����M7À F2 K*�. ���Ÿ �Ê, ËÌx�TZ�i� ��m . '��ÝSc���$�Ë̌�T+ Œ���¸‘~�V×iÚ. ÈG, n>�{¯ˆ, �ɜÐÑÒËÌ? , �$�W|�� opþ� �*������ , oXnTf^_Ò*�h`Ú ²Zop«��v&PÏÐ�9� [20]. ™�^_Ò "#�� �ÐÑÒJa¶Â2-. , '�"`Ä ¯ˆ�DNA�d2¦§, �99"œDNAop ��. n>G��AñÑXVdu�­���¯ˆ, nw��-.“��?�\L78zžV®�ž� �ݬ. ˆÁ3�'†nw�op¹«���, n >=d�{ DNA��Z¯c2\]ô . ��54, �VduÏÐ!…³v–—‚��"�d�¸�¦ §[, 7i9nW|� mtDNA w�›úØ�Øàá âfØs~op¹«, tLc9NO, '¯ßduD ñ~¢z{hÇ�?k. �� �������� ��( ��: 30024004)�� ���� ��( ��: 2000C0077M)��� �� ���( ��: KSCX2-SW-2010)����. � � � � 1 ���, ���. �� DNA �� �. �����, 2000, 21: 392~406 2 Jin L, Seielstad M, Xiao C, et al. Genetic, linguistic and archaeological perspectives on human diversity in Southeast Asia. � 48� � 6� 2003� 3� � � 636 www.scichina.com Singapore: World Scientific Publishing Co Pte Ltd, 2001. 41~171 3 Renfrew C. From molecular genetics to archaeogenetics. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 2001, 98: 4830~4832 4 Krings M, Stone A C, Schmitz R W, et al. Neandertal DNA sequences and the origin of modern humans. Cell, 1997, 90: 19~30 5 Stone A C, Stoneking M. mtDNA analysis of prehistoric Oneota population: implications for the peopling of the new world. Am J Hum Genet, 1998, 62: 1153~1170 6 Hofreiter M, Serre D, Poinar H N, et al. Ancient DNA. Nat Rev Genet, 2001, 2: 353~359 7 Handt O, Krings M, Ward R H, et al. The retrieval of ancient human DNA sequences. Am J Hum Genet, 1996, 59: 368~376 8 Cooper A. Reply to Stoneking: ancient DNA�� how do you really know when you have it? Am J Hum Genet, 1997, 60: 1001~1002 9 Smith C I, Chamberlain A T, Riley M S, et al. Neanderthal DNA. Not just old but old and cold? Nature, 2001, 410: 771~772 10 Oota H, Saitou N, Matsushita T, et al. Molecular genetic analysis of remains of a 2000-year-old human population in China-and its relevance for the origin of the modern Japanese population. Am J Hum Genet, 1999, 64: 250~258 11 Wang L, Oota H, Saitou N, et al. Genetic structure of a 2,500-year-old human population in China and its spatiotemporal changes. Mol Biol Evol, 2000, 17: 1396~1400 12 Adcock G J, Dennis E S, Easteal S, et al. Mitochondrial DNA sequences in ancient Australians: implications for modern human origins. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 2001, 98: 537~542 13 ��� , ��� , � , � . � ���������� DNA��. ��������, 2002, 23: 1510~1514 14 Cooper A, Rambaut A, Macaulay V, et al. Human origins and ancient human DNA. Science, 2001, 292: 1655~1656 15 Gutiérrez G, Sánchez D, Marín A. A reanalysis of the ancient mitochondrial DNA sequences recovered from Neandertal bones. Mol Biol Evol, 2002, 19: 1359~1366 16 � !, "#$, %&'. ()*+,. -.: -/�+012, 1997 17 Oota H, Kitano T, Jin F, et al. Extreme mtDNA homogeneity of continental Asian populations. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2002, 118: 146~153 18 Yao Y G, Kong Q P, Bandelt H J, et al. Phylogeographic differentiation of mitochondrial DNA in Han Chinese. Am J Hum Genet, 2002, 70: 635~651 19 Kivisild T, Tolk H, Parik J, et al. The emerging limbs and twigs of the east Asian mtDNA tree. Mol Biol Evol, 2002, 19: 1737~1751 20 Yao Y G, Kong Q P, Man X Y, et al. Reconstructing the evolutionary history of China: a caveat about inferences drawn from ancient DNA. Mol Biol Evol, 2003, 20(2): 214~219 21 Yao Y G, Zhang Y P. Phylogeographic analysis of mtDNA variation in four ethnic populations from Yunnan Province: new data and a reappraisal. J Hum Genet, 2002, 47: 311~318 22 Richards M, Macaulay V, Hickey E, et al. Tracing european founder lineages in the near Eastern mtDNA pool. Am J Hum Genet, 2000, 67: 1251~1276 23 Anderson S, Bankier A T, Barrell B G, et al. Sequence and organization of the human mitochondrial genome. Nature, 1981, 290: 457~465 24 Yao Y G, Watkins W S, Zhang Y P. Evolutionary history of the mtDNA 9-bp deletion in Chinese populations and its relevance to the Peopling of East and Southeast Asia. Hum Genet, 2000, 107: 504~512 25 Yao Y G, Lü X M, Luo H R, et al. Gene admixture in the silk road of China�� evidence from mtDNA and melanocortin 1 receptor polymorphism. Genes Genet Syst, 2000, 75: 173~178 26 Comas D, Calafell F, Mateu E, et al. Trading genes along the Silk Road: mtDNA sequences and the origin of Central Asian populations. Am J Hum Genet, 1998, 63: 1824~1838 27 Kolman C, Sambuughin N, Bermingham E. Mitochondrial DNA analysis of Mongolian populations and implications for the origin of new world founders. Genetics, 1996, 142: 1321~1334 28 Schurr T G, Sukernik R I, Starikovskaya Y B, et al. Mitochondrial DNA variation in Koryaks and Itel'men: population replacement in the Okhotsk Sea-Bering Sea region during the Neolithic. Am J Phys Anthropol, 1999, 108: 1~39 29 Derbeneva O A, Starikovskaya E B, Wallace D C, et al. Traces of early Eurasians in the Mansi of northwest Siberia revealed by mitochondrial DNA analysis. Am J Hum Genet, 2002, 70: 1009~1014 30 Oota H, Settheetham-Ishida W, Tiwawech D, et al. Human mtDNA and Y-chromosome variation is correlated with matrilocal versus patrilocal residence. Nat Genet, 2001, 29: 20~21 31 Lee S D, Lee Y S, Lee J B. Polymorphism in the mitochondrial cytochrome B gene in Koreans: an additional marker for individual identification. Int J Legal Med, 2002, 116: 74~78 32 Silva Jr W A, Bonatto S L, Holanda A J, et al. Mitochondrial genome diversity of Native Americans supports a single early entry of founder populations into America. Am J Hum Genet, 2002, 71: 187~192 33 Clisson I, Keyser C, Francfort H P, et al. Genetic analysis of human remains from a double inhumation in a frozen kurgan in Kazakhstan (Berel site, Early 3rd Century BC). Int J Legal Med, 2002, 116: 304~308 34 Ovchinnikov I, Buzhilova A, Mednikova M, et al. Ethnic affinities of the ancient human Jety-Asar population by mitochondrial DNA analysis. Electrophoresis, 1999, 20: 1729~1732 35 Yao Y G, Nie L, Harpending H, et al. Genetic relationship of Chinese ethnic populations revealed by mtDNA sequence diversity. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2002, 118: 63~76 36 Imaizumi K, Parsons T J, Yoshino M, et al. A new database of mitochondrial DNA hypervariable regions 3and 4 sequences from 162 Japanese individuals. Int J Legal Med, 2002, 116: 68~73 (2002-11-1456, 2003-01-165786)9
本文档为【03 古老人群mtDNA研究中存在的问题和对策】,请使用软件OFFICE或WPS软件打开。作品中的文字与图均可以修改和编辑, 图片更改请在作品中右键图片并更换,文字修改请直接点击文字进行修改,也可以新增和删除文档中的内容。
该文档来自用户分享,如有侵权行为请发邮件ishare@vip.sina.com联系网站客服,我们会及时删除。
[版权声明] 本站所有资料为用户分享产生,若发现您的权利被侵害,请联系客服邮件isharekefu@iask.cn,我们尽快处理。
本作品所展示的图片、画像、字体、音乐的版权可能需版权方额外授权,请谨慎使用。
网站提供的党政主题相关内容(国旗、国徽、党徽..)目的在于配合国家政策宣传,仅限个人学习分享使用,禁止用于任何广告和商用目的。
下载需要: 免费 已有0 人下载
最新资料
资料动态
专题动态
is_713839
暂无简介~
格式:pdf
大小:307KB
软件:PDF阅读器
页数:0
分类:
上传时间:2011-06-25
浏览量:45