孙万彪英汉法律翻译教程

英汉法律翻译教程 A Course in Translation of Legal Documents 孙万彪 编著 上海外语教育出版社 2003年1月 0 导论：法律文件的翻译 0.1法律英语的特点 法律英语是指法律界通用的 书 关于书的成语关于读书的排比句社区图书漂流公约怎么写关于读书的小报汉书pdf 面英语（包括法律、法规、条例、规章、协定、判决、裁定等），尤其是指律师起草法律文件（ 合同 劳动合同范本免费下载装修合同范本免费下载租赁合同免费下载房屋买卖合同下载劳务合同范本下载 、章程、 协议 离婚协议模板下载合伙人协议 下载渠道分销协议免费下载敬业协议下载授课协议下载 、契约等）惯常使用的语言。法律英语有其自身的特点，词语、词义、专业用语和表达方式有别于普通英语，形成了一种特殊的文体。语言学界把这种文体归为“庄重的”（solemn）、“刻板的”（rigid）文体，是因为法律英语语句正规，有一定的程式，专用于严肃客观地表述所涉事项。也有人认为这种文体是“神秘的”（mystical），甚至是“矫揉造作的”（assiduously stilted），理由是法律英语文词艰涩难懂，语句冗长复杂。但不管怎样，法律文件必须用词准确，结构严谨，并采用业内普遍接受的格式，以充分体现法律的严肃性和严密性。从事法律翻译，首先应当了解法律英语的特点。为此，有必要从词汇和句法两个方面人手，对法律英语作一些探讨。 0.2法律文件的用语 法律文件往往使用正式的（formal）词语、被赋予专门意义并已进入法律英语范畴的普通词语、英语古词语料来词语（主要来自拉丁语）、法律术语和行话、套话。 1）使用正式的词语 体现法律英语文体特点的，首先是法律文件偏爱“正式的”词语——与普通语言不一样的词语。正式词语在各类法律文件中随处可见。 例如，在合同中，不用before而用prior，不用after而用subsequent，不用 but而用 provided that，在这几个例子中，常用词都被正式的词取代。其他的正式用语还有：construe, deem, operate, same, object to, whereas, without, prejudice等等。 宣誓书（affividat）的正式用语有 being first duly sworn, depose and says; before me, a notary public。而判决书则用Now therefore, It is ordered, adjudged, and decreed做出判决。 2）使用具有不同意义的常用词 英语不少普通词用在法律文件里，失去了一般人所理解的通常意义，而具有属于法律范畴的、与其原义大相径庭的意思。下面所列的一些（仅仅是一部分）常用词，用在法律文件中所表示的意义，往往只有律师才清楚：action（诉讼）、alienation（转让）、avoid（取消）、consideration（对价）、counterpart（有同等效力的副本）、execute（签署）、hand（签名）、instrument（法律文件）、negligence（过失）、party（一方）、prejudice（损害）、presents（本法律文件）。 said（上述，该）、save（除了）、serve（送达）。 3）使用古英语和中古英语中常用担当代很少使用的词 古英语（Old English）是公元约 1100年以前的英语，中古英语（Middle English）则是公元约 1100年至 1500年间的英语。虽说古英语和中古英语都早已过时，但今天的法律英语中还保留着许多那个时期常用的词以及其词义，其中最主要是以here, there和where与介词合成的词： -​ hereafter, herein, hereof, hereto, heretofore, hereunder, herewith； -​ thereafter, thereat, thereby, therefore, therefrom, therein, thereof, thereon, thereto, theretofore, thereunder, therewith; -​ whereas, whereby, wherein, whereof 此外还有aforesaid, forthwith及作形容词用的 said和such。 4）使用外来词语 传统上，英美两国法律专业的学生都要学习拉丁文。在现代标准法律词典里，仍然收录了直接来自拉丁文的词语。其中有些拉丁词已被吸收成为英语词，如：affidavit（宣誓书）、alias（化名；别名）、alibi（不在犯罪现场）、quorum（法定人数）等。虽然大部分拉丁词语如今不再使用，但还有不少词语常常出现在法律文件中，成为法律英语的一个印记，如：ad hoc（专门的；专门地）、bona fide（真诚的，真诚地）、de facto（事实上的）、in re（关于）、inter alia（除了别的因素以外）、mutatis mutandis（在细节上作适当修正后）、part passu（按相同比例）、per se（自身）、pro bono（为了公益）、pro rata（按比例）等。 5）使用法律术语和行话、套话 各行各业都有专门术语和行话，律师行业亦不例外。法律术 语和行话对不熟悉法律业务的外行人来说，是难以理解的，但对于律师开展业务和起草文件却是不可或缺的。律师使用的术语和行话不胜枚举，这里仅收录最为常见的一些用语：alibi（不在犯罪现场）、appeal（上诉）、bail（保释）、burden of proof（举证责任）、cause of action（案由）、contributory negligence（与有过失）、damages（损失赔偿金）、defendant（被告）、due diligence（审慎调查）、felony（重罪）、lessee（承租人）、lessor（出租人）、letters Patent（专利证书）、 negotiable instrument（流通票据）、novation（更替）、plaintiff（原告）、prejudice（损害）、reasonable doubt（合理的怀疑）、remedy（救济）、secondment（临时调任）、tort（侵权行为）。 为了使要表达的意思更为精确，或界定适用范围，律师在起草合同文件时每每使用现成的套话，如：and for no other purposes, shall not operate as a waiver, shall not be deemed a consent, including but not limited to, or other similar or dissimilar causes, without prejudice to, nothing contained herein shall等。 此外，由于英语的名词和代词有单数和复数形式，又有性别之分，为了防止所涉及的条款出现片面性解释，在合同的“定义和解释”部分，通常都有这样“以一概全”的固定句子：Words in the singular Include the plural and vice versa；words used in the masculine gender include every gender．这种法律文件特有的套话在普通英语里是找不到的，因而也更能反映法律英语的文体特色。 0.3法律文件的句子结构 尽管随着时代的变迁，法律英语也呈现了一些简化趋势，但与日常英语相比，法律文件中依然会出现不少结构复杂、文词冗长的句子，这与法律规定和合同条款的表述刻意追求精确、严密木无关系。拟定规定和条款，最主要的是确立主题事项，但有时候还必须顾及实施的依据、前提、条件、假设、例外情况等，这就要借助相应的状语修饰语（短语和从句）续密地表达规定和条款的完整意思。由此形成的英语复合句不可能不长。另外，法律文件最突出的特点是客观公正，不带主观色彩，因而句子中较少出现人称主语，更多的是被动语态和名词化结构。下面拟对法律文件的这两个句法特点作一些 分析 定性数据统计分析pdf销售业绩分析模板建筑结构震害分析销售进度分析表京东商城竞争战略分析 。 1）结构复杂的长句 法律文件的句子，根据其内容有长有短，但长句出现的频率相对较高。长句的形成，是因为句子中有众多起修饰作用的定语和状语，如： If, after the signing of this Agreement, the Chinese government either at the State, provincial, municipal or local level adopts any new law, regulation, decree or rule, amends or repeals any provision of any law, regulation, decree or rule, or adopts any different interpretation or method of implementation of any law, regulation，decree or rule, which contravenes this Agreement or which materially and adversely affects a Party’s economic benefit under this Agreement, then upon written notice thereof from the affected party to the other Party, the Party shall promptly consult and decide whether（i）to continue to implement the Agreement in accordance with the original provisions thereof as per the relevant provisions of the Contract Law of the People’s Republic of China; or（ii）to effectuate necessary adjustments in order to preserve each Party’s economic benefit under this Agreement on a basis no less favorable than the economic benefit it would have received if such law, regulation, decree or rule had not been adopted，amended，repealed or so Interpreted or implemented. 上面这个句子的主句前面有一个很长的条件状语从句和时间状语，主句本身也有多个状语，而且状语从句中又有表示时间的状语和定语从句，修饰语套修饰语，一个接一个叠加，一环扣一环相连，构成了复杂的修饰和被修饰关系。要理解并翻译这个长句的完整意思，必须首先弄清楚句子里各个成分的相互关系。 2）被动语态和名词化结构 与文学作品多用主动语态以增强表现力度和动感迥然不同，法律文件旨在对人们的行为做出法律规定， 规范 编程规范下载gsp规范下载钢格栅规范下载警徽规范下载建设厅规范下载 各种经济活动在没有具体人物执行某一动作，或表述重点在于动作本身而不在于动作执行者的情况下，把动词转化为抽象化的名词和使用被动语态恰恰适合法律英语庄重刻板的文体特点。下面的例子充分反映出法律文件的这一句法特征： Unless otherwise provided for herein, failure or delay on the part of any party to exercise any right, power or privilege under this Agreement shall not operate as a waiver thereof, not shall any single or partial exercise of any right，power or privilege preclude further exercise thereof or exercise of any other right, power or privilege．A waiver by one of the parties at any time of a breach of any term or provision of this Agreement committed by the other party shall not be construed as a waiver by such party of any subsequent breach to be committed by the other party, nor shall it be construed as a waiver by such party of its rights under such provision or any of its other rights under this Agreement. 上面的这条合同条款中，有这样一些源自动词的抽象化名词，如：failure, delay, waiver, exercise, breach；被动结构则有unless otherwise provided for herein, shall not be construed as等。 0.4法律翻译的标准 法律翻译的标准，同其他文字翻译一样，就是译文务求忠实通顺。然而，由于法律文件具有高度的严肃性和严密性，法律翻译必须不折不扣、准确无误地译出原文的内容，同时又要使译文顺畅，且符合法律语言的文体风格。翻译时，一词一句都应紧扣原文，遣词造句要仔细斟酌，切忌因一味追求“达”和“雅”而随意解释或删改原意。忠实于原文应该是法律翻译的第一标准。即使原文有的句子比较生涩，也不能为求“顺”而舍“信”，借用鲁迅先生的话来说，就是“宁信而不顺”。当然，理想的法律翻译应该是“忠实”和“通顺”的完满结合，这也应该成为翻译工作者孜孜以求的目标。就法律翻译的方法而言，“直译”（简言之，即严格按原文的词句翻译）是最可取的。 具体而言，翻译时对法律文件的每一个词（包括虚词）都不能掉以轻心，尤其是用在法律英语里的常用词（如前文第二节第二段所列举的一些词），应该按其在法律语境中的意思进行翻译（如将action译为“诉讼”，而不是“行动”）。即使是平时不大起眼的介词，如 at, in, on等也应给以足够的重视，如下面一句句子中的几个介词分别指明“土地”的不同位置，必须——准确翻译出来，否则以后有可能引起合同争议。 Party A represents and warrants that there are no conditions at, on, under, or related to, the real property constituting all or any portion of the Land which presently or potentially pose a hazard to human health or the environment, whether or not in compliance with law and there has been no manufacture, use, treatment, storage, transportation, or disposal of any hazardous or toxic substance, pollutant, or contaminant on the Land nor any release of any hazardous or toxic substance, pollutant, or contaminant into or upon or over the Land. 翻译句子，尤其是结构复杂的长句，应首先弄清句子各个成分之间的相互关系，在准确理解句子的完整意思的基础上，按中国人所习惯的时间顺序（如由过去、现在到将来）和逻辑思维顺序（如由“因”而“果”），将英语原句译成符合汉语表达习惯的文字。由于英语的状语位置灵活，可放在句首、句尾或句子中间，定语又有前置定语、后置定语和同位语，翻译长句时，不可能把英语原句的结构转换成与其一模一样的汉语句子。译者需要先对原句的内容按语段进行拆分，而后按汉语表达方式，将拆分后的各部分内容重新合成意思与英语原句完全相同的句子。实践证明，这种“拆分——整合”的处理方式有助于将长句的意思忠实而又通顺地翻译出来。因此可以这样说，翻译法律文件，处理好长句是保证译文质量的关键之一。 0.5法律翻译的基本要求 法律翻译工作者除了应具备从事一般文字翻译所必需的能力外，在英语和汉语的功底和写作能力上有较高的要求，同时还需要有一定的法律和经济方面的知识。前面说过，法律语言是一种正式文体，有特殊的用语和不同于一般文章的写作方式，且不时出现艰涩难懂的文句，英语水平欠缺的人甚至在阅读和理解法律文件时就会遇到不少困难。同样，译者的汉语写作能力达不到水准也难以产生符合要求的翻译文本。法律文件，特别是商业律师事务所起草的各种合同、协议和其他文件，涉及面广而杂，法律、经济、商业、贸易、金融、证券、保险、税收、仓储、运输、海关、商品检验、环境保护、知识产权等无所不包。这就要求法律翻译工作者对这些领域有尽可能多的了解，并且要不断掌握这方面的最新知识。为了适应、进而胜任法律翻译工作的需要，学习有关教程，查阅有关参考资料（包括勤查经济、法律工具书）和请教精于相关领域的律师，对于熟悉和掌握专业知识会有很大帮助。从这个意义上讲，法律翻译的过程也是一个学习的过程。 翻译法律文件要求忠实于原文，这不但需要表意准确，而且还要符合法律语言的风格。具体而言，译文要正规，不宜使用口语化的词汇和表达方式，要按照汉语大多重复名词的习惯，尽量少用和不用人称代词和物主代词，这样既可以避免出现对象指代不清的问题，又可以使文字更加正式。这里，需要指出的是，虽然法律文件中有较多意义相近的并列词语和结构复杂的长句，但并不等于法律语言罗唆、晦涩。因此，翻译法律文件，文字要精确，洗练，句子再长也要把原文的意思表达得一清二楚，务必去除任何多余的和不必要的词语。对于法律翻译，“言贵简洁”的格言也同样适用。 行文至此，有必要特别强调，法律翻译是一项严肃的工作，容不得半点差错，否则很有可能引起法律纠纷。因此，从事法律翻译，首先要有高度的责任心和敬业精神，工作中不允许丝毫懈怠和马虎。翻译前要做到心中有数，下笔时要慎之又慎，稍有疏忽就会出错，有时候差之毫厘，可能失之千里。每译完一篇法律文件，都应当核对原文，仔细检查有无差错和遗漏，直到满意时才润色定稿。从事法律翻译，只有具备上述各项能力和良好的素质，方能圆满完成所承担的任务。 1 Assignment / Transfer 翻译练习 1.​ Neither Party may assign this Agreement, in whole or in part, without the other Party's prior written consent, ex​cept to (i) any corporation resulting from any merger, consolidation or other reorganization involving the assigning Party, and (ii) any entity to which the assigning Party may transfer all or substantially all of its assets; provided that the assignee agrees in writing to be bound by all the terms and conditions of this Agreement and provides documenta​tion as evidence that the assignee has the ability and capa​bility of meeting all of the obligations under this Agree​ment. 2.​ Without prior written approval, no Party shall assign any and all of its rights and interests and delegate its responsibil​ities under this Agreement to any third party. However, Party B shall have the right to assign its rights and interests and delegate its responsibilities hereunder to an affiliate; provided that Party B shall continue to warrant that such af​filiate will complete the purchase of the equity interest in the manner contemplated by this Agreement. 3.​ Neither Party hereto shall assign this Agreement or any of its rights and interests hereunder without the other Party's prior written consent, which shall not be unreasonably withheld. Notwithstanding the above provision of this Clause, (a) Party A shall have the right to assign its rights to any subsidiary, affiliate or successor entity as long as Party A remains liable to perform all of its obligations under this Agreement as applicable, and (b) Party B may, without the consent of Party A, assign in whole, but not in part, its rights hereunder to any subsidiary, affiliate or successor en​tity of Party B or its ultimate parent company (provided that any such assignment to any such subsidiary shall not be deemed as a release of Party B's obligations hereunder unless Party A shall have given prior written consent to any such release and Party B shall remain liable to Party A in respect of any breach of this Clause). Any attempted assignment in contravention of this Clause shall be void. 4.​ Transfer of Registered Capital a)​ Either Party may transfer all or part of its registered capital contribution to the Company to any third party, provided that it first obtains the unanimous approval of the Board and the approval of the Approval Authority and complies with the provisions of this Article. b)​ When a Party (the "Disposing Party") wishes to trans​fer all or part of its registered capital contribution to a third party, it shall provide a written notice (the "No​tice") to the other Party (the "Non-Disposing Party"). The Notice shall state that the Disposing Party wishes to make the transfer and shall specify the interest it wi​shes to transfer, the terms and conditions of the trans​fer, and the identity of the proposed transferee (the "Transferee"). c)​ The Non-Disposing Party shall have a preemptive right to purchase the whole of such interest (i) on terms and conditions no less favorable than those specified in the Notice or (ii) at a fair market value appraised as set forth in paragraph (e). If the Non-Disposing Party elects to exercise its preemptive right, it shall notify the Disposing Party in writing (the "Acceptance Notice") within thirty (30) days of the actual delivery of the No​tice to the Non-Disposing Party that it intends to pur​chase the whole of the interest to be transferred. d)​ If the Non-Disposing Party fails to respond in writing to the Notice within such thirty (30)-day period, the Non-Disposing Party shall be deemed to have consented to the transfer. If the Non-Disposing Party consents, or is deemed to have consented to the transfer, the Dispo​sing Party may transfer such interest to the Transferee, on the terms and conditions set forth in the Notice, but not otherwise, provided that such transfer takes place within six (6) months after the delivery of the Notice and that the Transferee agrees in writing to become subject to and to comply with the terms and conditions of this Contract and the Articles of Association. The Disposing Party shall provide the Non-Disposing Party with a duplicate of its executed transfer agreement with the Transferee within fourteen (14) days after the agreement is executed. e)​ If the Non-Disposing Party elects to purchase the inter​est to be transferred at fair market value, the Non-Disposing Party shall state in the Acceptance Notice that it so elects, and shall include in the Acceptance Notice a list of at least two (2) internationally recog​nized accounting firms with experience in conducting valuations in China. The Disposing Party shall, within thirty (30) days after receiving the Acceptance Notice, by notice in writing delivered to the Non-Disposing Par​ty, nominate one of the accounting firms whose names were provided by the Non-Disposing Party to value the interest to be transferred. The Non-Disposing Party shall arrange the valuation, which shall be completed within three (3) months after the delivery of the Ac​ceptance Notice. 参考译文 转 让 1.​ 任何一方未经另一方事先书面同意，不得转让本协议的全部或部分，除非转让给（i）涉及转让方的因兼并、合并或其他重组而产生的任何公司，（ii）转让方可以向其转让全部成绝大部分资产的实体；但受让方须书面同意受本协议所有条款和条件约束，并提供文件证明受让方有资格、有能力履行本协议项下的全部义务。 2.​ 任何一方未经事先书面批准，不得将其在本协议项下的任何和全部权利和权益让与及将其在本协议项下的责任委托给任何第三方。但乙方有权将其在本协议项下的权利和权益让与及将其在本协议项下的责任委托给一家关联公司，但是乙方应继续保证该关联公司将以本协议拟定的方式完成对股权的购买。 3.​ 本协议任何一方未经另一方事先书面同意（该另一方不得无理拒绝同意），不得转让本协议或其在本协议项下的任何权利和权益。尽管本条有上述规定，但（a）甲方有权将其权利让与任何子公司、关联公司或继承实体，只要在适用情况下，甲方仍有责任履行其在本协议项下的全部义务，山）乙方可以无须经甲方同意，将其在本协议项下的全部（而不是部分）权利让与乙方的任何予公司、关联公司或继承实体或其最终的母公司（但是向任何该等子公司进行转让，不应被视为解除乙方在本协议项下的义务，除非甲方已事先书面同意予以解除，且乙方若违反本条规定仍须对甲方负有责任）。任何试图违反本条规定进行的转让均为无效。 4.​ 注册资本的转让 a)​ 任何一方均可将其在公司注册资本中的全部和部分出资转让给任何第三方，但该等转让首先项经董事会一致通过及审批机构的批准，并符合本条的规定。 b)​ 一方（“转让方”）欲将其全部或部分注册资本出资额转让给第三方时，应向另一方（“非转让方”）提供书面通知（“通知”）。通知应表明转让方欲转让其出资，明确欲转让的股权、转让的条款和条件及受让人（“受让人”）的身份。 c)​ 非转让方有优先权，（i）按不逊于通知规定的条款和条件，或（ii）按(C)段规定，以经评估的公平市价购买全部该等股权。如果非转让方决定行使优先权，应在转让方向非转让方实际送交通知后三十（30）天内，以书面形式通知转让方（“接受通知”），表明其有意购买拟转让的全部股权。 d)​ 如果在上述三十（30）内非转让方未能作出书面回应，即被视为业已同意转让。如果非转让方同意、或被视为同意转让，转让方只可按通知规定的（而不是其他的）条款和条件，将该等股权向受让人转让，但转让须在通知发出后六（6）个月内进行，且受让人须书面同意服从和遵守本合同和章程的条款和条件。转让方应在与受让人签署转让协议后十四（14）天内，向非转让方提供经其签署的转让协议副本。 e)​ 如果非转让方决定以公平的市价购买拟转让的股权，应在接受通知中表明其此等意向，并在其中列出至少两（2）家在中国进行评估方面具有经验的国际知名会计事务所名单。转让方应在收到接受通知后三十（30）天内，向转让方送交书面通知，提名非转让方提供的两家会计事务所之一对拟转让的股权进行评估。非转让方应对评估作出安排，评估应在送交接受通知三（3）个月内完成 补充翻译练习 1.​ The rights and obligations of the JVC under this Agreement may not be assigned or sub-contracted in whole or in part without the prior written consent of Party A. 2.​ Should one Party assign all or part of its registered capital, prior written consent shall be obtained from the other Par​ty, in addition, the other Party shall have a preemptive right on the same terms and conditions to the extent permit​ted by law. Notwithstanding the foregoing, a Party hereby waives its preemptive right in the case of any assignment of all or part of the other Party's registered capital to an affiliate of the other Party. Each of the Parties further agrees to cause the director(s) it has appointed to the Board of Directors to vote in favor of any such proposed assignment. If, as a re​sult of its corporate restructuring, Party A transfers its equity interest in the CJV to one of its newly-founded affili​ates ("Party A Affiliate"), Party A shall provide Party B with a written assurance guaranteeing the performance of the obligations under this Contract by Party A Affiliate. 3.​ If a Party ("Intending Transferor") intends to sell or other​wise transfer (collectively referred to in this Clause as "Transfer") all or part of its equity interest in the JV Com​pany (collectively referred to in this Clause as "Transferred Equity Interest"), it shall first send a written notice ("Transfer Notice") to the other two Parties, stating its in​tention to make the transfer, the quantity of the Trans​ferred Equity Interest, the conditions for purchase thereof and the identity of the proposed transferee. The other two Parties shall have the preemptive right to purchase the Transferred Equity Interest. If the other two Parties exer​cise their preemptive right to purchase all (but not part) of the Transferred Equity Interest, they shall, within ninety (90) days of receipt of the Transfer Notice, purchase the Transferred Equity Interest at a price equal to the selling price set out in the Transfer Notice. If the other two Parties fail to exercise such preemptive right to purchase or pay the selling price to the Intending Transferor within the ninety (90-day period, they shall be deemed to have given their prior written consent to the proposed transfer. When the Intending Transferor transfers the Transferred Equity Inter​est, the actual conditions for such transfer may not be more favorable than the conditions for purchase set out in the Transfer Notice. Where the Intending Transferor is either Party B or Party C, and Party A cannot increase its Equity Ration in the registered capital of the JV Company due to the restriction imposed by Chinese law, then Party A shall have the right to assign its preemptive right of purchase to a third party approved by Party A. 补充翻译练习参考译文 1.​ 未经甲方事先书面同意，合营公司在本协议项下的权利和义务不得全部或部分转让或分包。 2.​ 如果一方转让其全部或部分注册资本，应事先获得另一方的书面同意。此外，该另一方在相同的条款和条件下，在法律允许范围内有优先购买权。尽管有上述规定，如果一方将其全部或部分注册资本转让给一家关联公司，另一方则在此放弃其优先购买权。各方进一步同意促使其向董事会委派的董事投票赞成该等拟议的转让。如果由于甲方进行公司重组而将其在合作经营企业中的股权转让给其新成立的关联公司之一（“甲方关联公司”），则甲方应向动方提供书面保证，确保甲方关联公司履行本合同项下的义务。 3.​ 若一方（“拟转让方”）意欲出售或以其他方式转让（在本条中统称“转让”）其在合资公司的全部或部分股权（在本条中统称“转让股权”）时，首先应向另外两方发出书面通知（“转让通知”），表明其转让意向、转让股权的数量、购买条件以及拟议的受让人身份。另外两方享有购买转让股权的优先权。若另外两方行使其优先权购买全部（但不是部分）转让股权，则应在收到转让通知后的九十（叨）天内以相等于转让通知内列明的出售价的价款购买转让股权。若另外两方在九十（90）天期限内未行使其优先购买权或未向拟转让方支付出售价款，则应被视为已就该项拟议中的转让给予事前书面同意。拟转让方转让股权时，实际转让条件不得比转让通知内所载的购买条件优惠。若拟转让方是乙方或丙方，而甲方因受中国法律限制不能增加其在合资公司注册资本中的股份比例，则甲方有权将其优先购买权让与其认可的第三方。 2 Breach and Infringement 1.​ If Party A materially breaches this Contract, Party B or it; successor in interest is entitled to terminate this Contract or claim damages for the breach of contract. If Party B materi​ally breaches this Contract, Party A is entitled to request Party B, by issuing a written notice, to redress the breach within fifteen (15) days upon receiving such notice. If Party B fails to redress the breach within the fifteen (15) day peri​od, Party A is entitled to rescind the Contract and claim damages for the breach of contract. 2.​ If a Party materially fails to perform any of its obligations under this Contract or if a Party's representation or warranty under this Contract is materially untrue or inaccu​rate, such Party shall be deemed to have breached this Con​tract. The Party in breach shall have thirty (30) days from receipt of a notice from the other Party specifying the breach to correct such breach if it is remediable. The Party in breach shall in any case be liable to the other Party for all damages caused by the breach. Liability for such damages shall not be waived in the event the non-breaching Party terminates this Contract under Article X. All remedies pro​vided for herein and under law shall be cumulative. 3.​ The Licensee shall promptly notify the Licensor, in writing, of any acts of infringement or suspected infringement or acts of unfair competition involving the Trademarks and of any applications or registrations of confusingly similar marks which may come to its attention. The Licensee shall not be entitled to take any proceedings or call on the Licen​sor to take any proceedings in any of the aforesaid matters; provided, however, that the Licensor may, at its own dis​cretion and cost, prosecute or otherwise stop or prevent such actual or threatened infringement in the name of both the Licensor and the Licensee or either of them, and in each case the Licensee shall render all reasonable assistance re​quired by the Licensor. 4.​ Infringement and legal proceedings a)​ The Licensee shall give the Licensor in writing full particu​lars of any use or proposed use by any other person, firm or company of a trade name, trademark or get-up of goods or means of promotion or advertising which amounts to or is likely to amount to infringement of the