Assessment sheet4

窗体顶端 Assessment sheet (Chapter 4) Question 1. Exploratory studies are done for all except which one of the following purposes? a. to sort out the ethical implications of a study b. to test the feasibility of undertaking a more extensive study c. to develop the methods to be used in any subsequent study d. to satisfy the researcher's curiosity and desire for better understanding Question 2. Exploration is the purpose of research that involves describing situations and events. a. False b. True Question 3. A goal in social research, in which the researcher describes situations and events, is known as description Question 4. Desiree did a study on the causes of juvenile delinquency. Specifically, she examined if living in a city as opposed to the suburbs caused adolescents to become more delinquent. Which purpose of research did she pursue? a. exploration b. explanation c. cross-sectional d. longitudinal Question 5. With the   _________________   type of explanation, we try to find a few factors that can account for many of the variations in a given phenomenon. Question 6. Cindy established that gender came before voting in her study of adults in her city, so the time order was clear. She also ruled out the effects of age, religiosity, and other "third" variables. Which criterion for causality remains for her to establish? a. that the unit of analysis is appropriate b. that no serious ethical violations have occurred c. that no serious political violations have occurred d. that a relationship exists Question 7. Spurious relationships are relevant for which criterion for establishing nomothetic causality? a. the effect cannot be explained in terms of some third variable b. exceptional cases c. time order d. correlation Question 8. Brunelle concluded from her study on gender and delinquency that it is not just probabilistic that men commit more delinquency, but that gender is the only relevant factor in the finding that high levels of delinquency are always committed by men. Which false criterion for nomothetic causality is reflected in this example? a. majority of cases b. complete causation c. falsification of cases d. exceptional cases Question 9. To say that one variable causes another is to say that the first variable completely causes the other variable. a. False b. True Question 10. Exceptions frequently disprove a causal relationship in nomothetic explanations. a. False b. True Question 11. In order to receive an honorable or dishonorable discharge from the military, you must be in the military. In terms of the discharge type, being in the military is a/an: a. sufficient cause b. necessary cause c. exceptional cases cause d. majority of cases cause Question 12. We never discover single causes that are absolutely necessary and absolutely sufficient when analyzing nomothetic relationships. a. True b. False Question 13. A type of cause that represents a condition that must be present for the effect to follow is known as a   necessary . Question 14. A type of cause that represents a condition that, if it is present, guarantees the effect in question is known as a   sufficient   . Question 15. What or whom is studied in social research is represented by   unites of analysis . Question 16. Andrea studied Native American women to learn more about how they cope with their minority status. What was her unit of analysis? a. individuals b. artifacts c. organizations d. groups Question 17. If you study a large collection of people, such as students at your school, that means that your unit of analysis is a group instead of individuals. a. True b. False Question 18. Ricardo studied married couples in order to see if length of marriage affected the nature and quality of communication patterns. Which unit of analysis did he use? a. group b. social artifact c. individual d. organization Question 19. Andrew studied family conflict as portrayed in the media by reading letters to advice columns. What was his unit of analysis? a. social artifacts b. individuals c. groups d. organizations Question 20. Units of analysis are limited to individuals, groups, organizations, social interactions, and artifacts. a. True b. False Question 21. The ecological fallacy is most relevant in terms of which one of the following? a. purposes of research b. units of analysis c. necessary and sufficient causes d. criteria for establishing nomothetic causal explanations Question 22. Which one of the following is the best example of the ecological fallacy? a. Sean did not actually study the same individuals in his longitudinal study of worker alienation but called his study a panel study b. Jack mistakenly called his unit of analysis organizations but it was really social artifacts in his study of humor c. Felisha studied Census tracts for her study on crime but then wrote up her conclusions in terms of individuals d. Catherina studied the ecology of social interaction in her dorm but focused only on individuals Question 23. Which one of the following is the best example of reductionism? a. Sam reduced his sample of church members from 500 to 200 so that it was more manageable b. Roberto explained suicide entirely in terms of psychological factors c. Reba used only one theory in her study of cheating d. Steve used only cross-sectional research in his study of teen alcohol consumption Question 24. Reductionism involves attempts to explain a particular phenomenon in terms of limited and/or lower-order concepts. a. True b. False Question 25. Which one of the following designs involves studying a sample at one point in time? a. cohort b. panel c. trend d. cross-sectional Question 26. Longitudinal studies are particularly useful for addressing which criterion for establishing causality? a. nonspuriousness b. time order c. complete causation d. correlation Question 27. Senator Robertson wants to know how voter interest in issues in his district has changed over time. Best to use would be a: a. trend study b. cross-sectional study c. panel study d. cohort study Question 28. Yugorsky studied five fifth-grade classes over three years to determine how friendship patterns established in the fifth grade affected friendship patterns in the eighth grade. He studied the same group of students over time, but not necessarily the same individuals. Which design did he use? a. cross-sectional b. trend c. panel d. cohort Question 29. Margot wants to examine how student nurses change in their orientation towards patients over the course of their three years in nursing school. She is particularly concerned with following changes within the same individuals. Best to use would be a: a. cohort study b. trend study c. cross-sectional study d. panel study Question 30. Attrition of study participants is most critical for which of the following designs? a. cohort b. panel c. trend d. cross-sectional Question 32. Nate wants to make some causal assertions in his cross-sectional study about the effects of high school involvement on violence among young adults (all the people he studied are in their early 20s). He can approximate a longitudinal study by: a. using path analysis b. using age differences c. make logical inferences based on the time order of his variables d. following the same individuals over time Question 33. Researchers can draw approximate conclusions about processes that take place over time by using cross-sectional data. a. False b. True Question 34. Once you have a well-defined purpose for your study and a clear description of the kinds of outcomes you want to achieve, the next step in your research design is: a. conceptualization b. operationalization c. population and sampling d. choice of research method Question 35. Generally, the first thing in a research proposal is the description of the subjects for study. a. True b. False