澳大利亚井下采矿词汇

UNDERGROUND TERMINOLOGY GLOSSARY OF AUSTRALIAN HARD ROCK UNDERGROUND TERMINOLOGY 澳大利亚井下采矿词汇 Adit 平硐 A tunnel driven horizontally into the side of a hill or pit as opposed to a decline or shaft. Once very common due to the use of rail haulage in mines. 隧道水平进入一个矿山或矿坑，与斜坡道和竖井相对。曾经在使用轨道运输的矿山很普遍。 Air leg 气腿子 (1) A telescopic ram driven by compressed air. Designed to fit into a pivot attached to a pneumatic hand-held rock drill. (2) The assembled leg and drill. (combination also known as “Machine & Leg” or “Machine”). A non-pivoting drill and ram being known as a “Stoper” or “Rise & Feed” rockdrill. Air Blast 空气冲击波 (1) The concussion or air movement caused by firing of explosives. Air blast is increased if explosives are unable to release energy in the breaking of rock either through not being confined or having too low a powder factor to break to the free face. (2) The air movement caused by massive failure of stopes as when a cave stops propagating (hangs up) and then releases, creating a piston type effect. AMG澳大利亚网格 Australian Map Grid. Any of the planar grid systems derived from mathematical rules that have been applied in Australia to allow for the curvature of the earth and how it affects heights and distances (Geodetic Surveying) relative to flat planes. There are a number of AMG standards that are used by mines to orient themselves relative to other mines or in submissions to government institutions. Each is numbered by the year is was implemented. eg. AMG52, AMG96, etc… ANFO铵油炸药 A mixture of Ammonium Nitrate (AN) and Fuel Oil (Diesel) used as a cheap but powerful explosive. AN by itself will explode if initiated by a booster but the addition of Diesel increases the power significantly. A major limitation being that the “prills” of AN dissolve easily in water and lose effectiveness. Annulus环形孔，内齿轮 The difference in radii between two concentric circles. Used to describe the gap between the wall of a hole and the drill string. Affects the ability to lift drill cuttings to the top of the hole and keep holes straight. A-pillarA矿柱 The unbroken rock left between two mill holes to direct the ore to the millholes. Once very common but rarely left in modern mining with the development of remote bogging technology. Can also be used in very large stopes to reduce the amount of remote bogging required and then recovered once the stope is empty. Azimuth方位角 (cf. Bearing). (Arabic, “The way”) The horizontal clockwise angle to a point from a reference point or direction. Originally the reference was the pole star and as such azimuth is generally not a compass bearing. In surveying, azimuth may refer to magnetic north, true north, mine north or one of the many other ‘norths’. In astronomy the reference line is the celestial south pole. Back or Backs悬帮 The roof of an underground working. Backfill充填 (1) The act of placing backfill. (2) Material placed into a mined opening to act as support to the walls of the opening. Can be loose rock placed by dumping (rock or mullock fill), classified tails or dunesand placed hydraulically (sandfill), stabilised classified tails (cemented hydraulic fill, CHF), cemented whole tails (pastefill), cemented rock fill (CRF), cemented aggregate fill (CAF) or any combination of the above. Barring down撬落 With the use of a scaling bar, to remove loose rock from the backs or walls especially after firing but prior to installing ground support. Scaling after installing ground support is generally referred to as Check Scaling. Bearers托架，支座 Wooden or steel beams placed across an opening to support decking or ladders etc. Bell Wire雷管与母线间连线 A light twin-strand wire, originally used for connecting signalling bells or telephones to communicate with a hoist or chute operator. Now generally used in short, single-use runs for connecting firing line to electric detonators and as a general purpose string. Bird Cage钢丝绳的局部断股 A type of cable bolt where the end portion of the cable is frayed into individual strands to increase the anchoring characteristics. Sometimes confused with a Garford bulbed cable. Booster助推器 A high explosive charge used in combination with a detonator to initiate or increase the power of non-detonator sensitive explosives. Boom悬臂，吊杆 A rail or slide on which a drill moves, that can be articulated in any direction. A rail than can only be articulated in less than five directions is generally referred to as a mast. Brattice风障，风帘 A temporary structure to restrict air movement for underground ventilation. Generally constructed from mesh covered in fabric. In coal mining where explosives are not used, brattice may be used in place of vent ducting to create a continuous airway even in blind headings. Brow井口 The edge of a drive that abuts a vertical shaft or stope. May go either up or down. Bulkhead隔风墙 A wall, generally to isolate or direct airflow or to hold back backfill as a kind of dam. Typically of strong construction. Bull Hose 大软管 Any flexible thick-walled rubber hose whose diameter is greater than 1” (25mm), used for air or water. Bulls Horns U型钉 Made from a flat plate bolted to a resin anchored rockbolt and with a profile somewhat like a longhorn steer. Serves to keep pipes, cables, etc… close to the backs and able to support a significant amount of weight. Burn空眼掏槽 Also known as a burn cut or box holes. The holes in a face to be fired first. The principle being to place the holes closely spaced with a very high powder factor so that explosive gas ejects the fired rock, creating a “free face” and allowing holes around the burn to “strip” into the fired opening. The pattern contains unfired holes that have been reamed to around 4 times the volume of a normal hole (reamers) to provide an initial free face. Butt残孔，残炮 (1) The remains of a drill hole left in a face from the previous cut. (2) Any unbroken or undetonated portion of a hole left after firing. “C” spannerC型扳手 A “C” shaped tool, normally used in a pair for coupling and uncoupling poly-pipe fittings. Cable bolt钢丝绳锚杆 (Also “Cable Dowel”) A type of flexible rockbolt, generally longer than 3m. Formed from steel cable and stronger than standard bolts, cable bolts are grouted in place to provide strength and support in openings that are larger than standard drive width or where deeper anchors are required. Cage罐笼 A conveyance that travels in a shaft in which persons and materials are carried. Capel套环 Pronounced “Capelle”. A coupling for attaching a wire rope to a conveyance in a shaft. Cap Lamp帽灯 A battery powered light designed to be mounted on the front of a miner’s helmet. Normally powered by a lead-acid, or gel battery secured to the hip of the miner and connected by cable to the lighting unit. Originally provided light by candles or oil lamps and later the burning of the acetylene gas given off when mixing carbide powder with water. Recent innovations include the use of lightweight high-power batteries in combination with high-intensity LED’s. Cart小车 To carry broken dirt or water in a truck. Catenary吊线，悬链线 A rope or line used to support or hang cables or other items from. Charging up装药 The procedure of loading explosives into drill and blast holes. Chute溜槽，溜道 (1) A flow control (gate) installed in passes and bins, generally at the bottom, for filling of trucks or rail-carriages. (2) The part of the pass leading immediately to a gate control. Collar井口 (1) The area around the top of a shaft or rise. (2) The first part of a drillhole. Come-along万能螺帽扳子 A hand-operated winch similar to a block and tackle that can operate with it’s handle in either a fully rotating or ratchet mode. Compartment隔间 A section of the area of a shaft that is used for a particular purpose. Eg. A shaft that had a cage, counterweight, 2 skips, services (power, water, air, pumps), Mary-Ann and a ladderway would be referred to as a 7 compartment shaft. In times past, the walls of the shaft would have been supported by beams and joists (buntons) configured so as to allow unobstructed travel in each of the compartments. Cone Bolt锥形螺栓 A type of fully-encapsulated grouted or resin-anchored rockbolt designed to yield and absorb energy under dynamic stress. ie. during rockbursts. Core岩芯 The cylindrical rock samples cut by a diamond drill. Also “drill core”. Counterweight对重，平衡重 A weight in a shaft or elevator used to reduce power and braking requirements by balancing the weight of a skip or cage that does not run in tandem with another conveyance. Runs in a separate compartment of the shaft on it’s own guides. Generally engineered to be heavier than the unloaded conveyance but lighter than the loaded conveyance. Coxon Mixer混药器 A mixing device for AN and diesel to create ANFO. Consists of a hopper and auger with metering valves to add diesel. Crescent转换装置 A variable size spanner or wrench. Also known as a Shifter. Crib午餐 (1) Food for Lunch. (2) Lunchtime. Originally used exclusively underground but now generally accepted throughout the industry. Also “Crib time”, “Crib bag”, “Crib room”. Crib Port餐盒 A Queensland term for a crib bag or lunchbox. Derived from the Queensland habit of referring to a suitcase as a “port” (from portmanteau). Cross cut穿巷 A horizontal tunnel driven across the prevailing direction of the ore to access the ore body. Cuddy硐室 A recess cut into rock in a travel way, generally as a refuge for pedestrians around mobile equipment as in the case of Safety Nooks and Remote Cuddies. Sometimes also as a platform for stationary equipment such as pumps and diamond drills, to allow mobile equipment to travel past. Cut截割 (1) The section of rock wall and backs exposed by firing of a development face. (2) The broken dirt after firing a face. (3) A grade-estimation method that discards assays above or below a particular value and assigns that value in order to prevent the sample from having an unrepresentative effect on the averages. (4) Another name for a Burn. Cuttings钻粉，钻屑 Ground or chipped rock particles created during drilling. DCB分配控制板 Distribution and Control Board (Box). A Queensland term. See also Jumbo Box/Starter, Gate End Panel or MCC. Generally set up for more than one outgoing cable. Decline斜坡道 A major roadway originally driven downward in a mine. Detonator雷管 A small explosive device used to initiate large explosive charges, generally with a delayed initiation capability. Detonator cord导爆线 A waterproof string or cord impregnated with explosive powder that can be initiated by a standard No.8 detonator and contains equivalent shock energy to a detonator along it’s entire length. Also known as “det cord” or “green cord”. Standard weight of explosive is 3.5 grams per metre of PETN explosive but was originally 5g/m. Cord with 10g/m is known as “Red cord” and powerful enough to initiate non-det sensitive explosives. Cord with 30, 50 or 70g/m is known as “Shear cord” and used for cutting timber and steel rather than initiating explosive. 80-100g/m cord is sometimes used as a decoupled low-impact explosive for perimeter control. Development掘进 (1) The process of excavating all of the tunnels and shafts required to extract ore in the most efficient manner, as opposed to “Stoping”. (2) The tunnels and shafts in question. Diamond drilling金刚石钻探 A drilling method used to produce solid “drill core” for geological sampling and making observations as to the insitu characteristics of the rock. Dint起底，压顶 A coal-mining term for stripping of the backs or floors of a drive. Dip倾角 The angle of a hole or plane (fault, shear, orebody, etc…) taken at 90 degrees to the lateral direction of a series of stope rings or the plane in question. The lateral direction is known as Strike. Angle down dip but trending in line with strike, such as the boundaries of an orebody, or an intersection where two inclined planes come together is known as Plunge. Angle in line with the direction of stope rings, to incline the rings, is known as Dump. Dirt 碎矿 Broken rock Draw point放矿点 An opening from which broken rock can be bogged, generally at the base of a pass. Also known as “mill hole” when drawing broken rock from a stope. Drift平巷 A northern hemisphere and coal mining term for a lateral tunnel or drive. Drifter架式钻机 The hammer and rotation assembly mounted on the boom or mast of a drill rig for “top hammer” drilling of rock. Originally used to differentiate between a machine for drifting (driving) and one for stoping. (Rise and Feed Stoper, Bar and Arm Drifter). Drill Rod钻杆 Any of the many varieties of drilling tubes, rods, steels, etc… that connect the bit to the rotation motor or drifter, through which may be passed air, water and/or cuttings. Drive巷道 A development heading or tunnel, generally driven on a slight upward incline. Also known as a “Drift” outside of Australia. Dropper支脉，分脉 A short branch of pipe coming from the main air or water services line where it is run in the drive shoulder and dropping to within easy reach of operators – generally located every 50-100m and used for connecting hoses into. Drummy撬顶时发出的声音 The sound that loose rock can make when tapped with a scaling bar. Dump倾角 See Dip. Emulsion乳化炸药 An explosive based on ANFO but treated with an emulsion of water, fuel and additives so that the explosive will not dissolve in contact with water. A side effect being a significant increase in power, reduction in explosive gas and increased consistency in result. End工作面 Another name for a face, cut or heading depending on the context. End-Unit前装式装载机 A Queensland term for a Front End Loader. No longer commonly used. En-echelon雁列的 (pron. On-Eshelon, derived from Old French for ‘Ladder’ and originally applied to naval formations). A term to describe the sequencing of stope extraction where levels progress with the stope next door coming out immediately following the previous stope (ie, with no pillar left between) and the levels above leading or lagging so that an angled front of extracted stopes is established. This maintains a consistent level of induced ground stress distribution on the stoping area by preventing isolation of one area relative to the regional stress field, which in turn reduces dilution and ore loss. Escapeway应急通道 A ladderway running up through a purpose built shaft or rise, installed for the purpose of providing a second means of egress from a working area should primary access to that area become blocked for any reason. Face工作面 The area of exposed rock being worked on underground. Generally at the end of a tunnel being developed but can also be a longwall face. Fault断层 A zone or plane where there has been displacement of rock relative to either side of the fault. Feed推进 The amount of force or pressure applied to a drill in order to regulate the speed that it will drill at. Also “feed rail”, “feed rope”, “feed motor”, “feed rate”, “feed ram”, “screw feed”, “rise & feed”, etc.. Fingers销 (1) A flow control device that can be either raised or lowered to block the base of a pass feeding a loading pocket - to either empty the bin below or allow different material to be fed from another pass. Formed from a series of bent over steel beams that look like fingers about to play a piano. (2) A series of long stockpiles used in the blending of ore to a mill to create a consistent feed. Finger pass小通道 A short pass that feeds into or out of a more arterial pass system. Finger stope小采场 A small stope that does not fall into the category of sublevel but is not located on a level. Generally located by climbing ladders and feeding ore via chutes and passes. Firing引爆 The act of initiating explosives. Firing Line导爆索 A multi-use wire used for connecting a detonator via bell-wire to a safe firing location. Generally more robust and of lower electrical resistance than bell wire. Fishing打捞工作 Attempting to recover equipment from a borehole after whatever was suspending the equipment has broken off part-way down the hole. Often unsuccessful but worth attempting due to the expensive nature of equipment such as drill strings, cameras, etc… Footwall底帮 The lower side of an inclined vein, lode, bed of ore or fault. Footwall drive 拉底巷 A drive which runs parallel to an ore body on the footwall side of the orebody. Fresh air base新鲜空气补给站 A location for use in an emergency - situated or equipped so as to always provide a supply of fresh air should the mine’s main ventilation system become contaminated. Fuming炮烟中毒 An incident where a miner is affected by blast fumes (or fumes caused by intersecting pockets of gas or generated by chemical reactions) to the point of losing consciousness or even death. Blast fumes having a typical cocktail of nasty gases such as nitrous oxides, carbon monoxide, sulphurous oxides and carbon dioxide. Typically the carbon monoxide will cause loss of consciousness and nitrous oxides will form nitric acid in the lungs and may result in massive haemorrhaging up to days after the event. Gimlet螺丝锥，手钻 A long thin piece of wood, usually an undressed stick, used in a number of applications including the building of brattices and rearings. No longer commonly used. Grade品位 (1) The relative quantity or percentage of metal contained in an ore body. (2) The degree of inclination of a tunnel (gradient). Grade line腰线，坡度线 A line painted at a fixed height above the designed floor level of a tunnel indicating the grade to follow when excavating underground. Also able to use grade sticks and grade pins for the same purpose. Modern techniques tend to rely on laser lines to provide grade and direction. Grizzly格筛 Steel bars placed in a grid across a pass, through which only certain size rocks will pass, and intended to prevent blockage of the pass or damage to equipment located at the base of the pass. Ground Support岩石支护 The general term used to describe any of the techniques or materials used to prevent collapse of mine workings. Also known as Ground Control. Gunite喷浆 A type of sprayed ground support predating shotcrete. Generally in the form of a sprayed grout or a mortar of cement and sand. Known to be of limited strength but capable of slowing deterioration of openings from exposure to air. Modern dry-mix shotcretes are sometimes still referred to as a Gunite. g/t (gpt)克每吨 Grams per tonne. Parts per million by weight. Hang up堵塞，挂 Where a pass or drawpoint contains rock that has wedged itself in place and will not flow to the bottom of the pass or drawpoint. Can be highly hazardous as hang ups can let go at any time, especially during operations to get it to come down. Many methods exist to attempt to remove hang ups safely in different situations. Hanging Wall悬帮 The side above an inclined vein, lode, bed or ore, etc.. Opposite of a footwall. Head frame井架 A structure extending above the brace of a shaft that allows conveyances to be lifted to a level where they can unload material or men. Also known as the “skyshaft” or “poppet head”. Hand-held手持的 Any technique involving close quarters or hand control of the equipment doing the work of drilling, ground support installation, etc… Generally superseded by mechanised mining methods in recent decades. Heading巷端 A development end, generally one that is actively being excavated. Hitch小断层，梁窝 A small cut in the wall of a drive that normally only runs partially up the wall. Generally used to place something out of the way or sometimes to access a borehole that has been drilled close to the sidewall. Hoist提升机，运矿 (1) A winding apparatus used to hoist (lift) materials in a shaft. (2) The act of hoisting ore. Hori-Diam水平辐射钻孔 A stoping method where blasthole rings are drilled horizontally or slightly downward in the walls of a rise, normally off an Alimak platform but sometimes a suspended cage arrangement, and fired in slices retreating upwards. Incline斜井 A main roadway developed with a significant upwards inclination in a mine. Jigger跳汰机 A slang term for a Theodolite. Also known as an “Instrument” by Surveyors. Jumbo钻车 A mobile drilling rig designed for drilling development headings and installing ground support. Originally a truck or rail-mounted series of plat