考研英语长难句分析技巧及实战70例

考研英语长难句分析技巧及实战70例 长难句在考研阅读、完型填空和翻译中的出现频率很高，无论句子有多长、结构有多复杂，它都由一些基本的成分组成的。从结构来说，英语句子中，除了谓语之外，其它的成分均可以由从句或者非谓语动词来充当。从句子本身是一个完整的句子，因此，从句与从句之间的关系可能包孕、套嵌，也可能并列，平行。从功能来说，英语有三大复合句，即:①名词性从句，包括主语从句、宾语从句、 表 关于同志近三年现实表现材料材料类招标技术评分表图表与交易pdf视力表打印pdf用图表说话 pdf 语从句和同位语从句;②形容词性从句，即我们平常所说的定语从句;③状语从句。非谓语动词可以有自己的时态和语态（过去分词除外），也可以跟自己的逻辑主语、宾语、状语等成分，构成一个非谓语动词结构。由于非谓语动词和从句的这些特点，使英语句子从理论上讲可以无限延长。 英语长句的分析方法：去枝叶，留主干。 1） 划出句子中的定语从句和状语从句; 2）划出所有介词短语（位于be动词后的除外）； 3）名词性从句看作一个整体,找出句中所有的谓语结构、非谓语结构、介词短语和从句的引导词; 4） 非谓语动词结构看作一个整体； 5）找出全句的主语、谓语和宾语，即句子的主干； 6）分析从句的结构和非谓语动词的内部结构。 长难句分析的步骤举例： 经典例 题 快递公司问题件快递公司问题件货款处理关于圆的周长面积重点题型关于解方程组的题及答案关于南海问题 （2001年考研完型填空第二段） In a significant tightening of legal controls over the press, Lord Irvine, the Lord Chancellor, will introduce a draft bill that will propose making payments to witnesses illegal and will strictly control the amount of publicity that can be given to a case before a trial begins. 分析: 第一，划出定语从句和状语从句: that will propose making payments to witnesses illegal and will strictly control the amount of publicity /that can be given to a case /before a trial begins. 第二，划出介词短语：In a significant tightening of legal controls over the press 第三，句子的结构分析: （1）主干结构是主语（Lord Irvine含同位语the Lord Chancellor）+将来时谓语（will introduce）+宾语（a draft bill）； （2）that引导的定语从句修饰draft bill,其中，will propose 是第一个谓语，making payments to witnesses illegal是一个动名词短语做宾语，在动名词短语内部，payments to witnesses做making的宾语，illegal是宾补；第二个谓语是will strictly control, the amount of publicity是它的宾语。that can be given to a case before a trial begins是孕含有一个时间状语从句（before a trial begins）的定语从句，修饰publicity。 请大家按照上述步骤认真分解以下70个句子，并把分解后的句子读熟甚至背过，则基本上可以解决考研长难句问题。 1. This will be particularly true since energy pinch will make it difficult to continue agriculture in the high-energy American fashion that makes it possible to combine few farmers with high yields. 结构分析:句子的主干是This will be particularly true…。since引导原因状语从句。此从句中又套嵌一个由关系代词that引导的定语从句，修饰the high-energy American fashion。在定语从句中，that做主语，makes做谓语，it做形式宾语，不定式短语to combine few farmers with high yields则是真正的宾语（不定式短语内部to combine是主干，few farmers是宾语，with high yields是状语），possible做宾语补足语。this指代前句中提到的这种困境。energy pinch译为“能源的匮乏”;in…fashion译为“用…方法、方式”。 译文：这种困境将是确定无疑的，因为能源的匮乏，高能量消耗这种美国耕种方式将很难在农业中继续下去，而这种耕种方式使投入少数农民就可获得高产成为可能。 2. Now since the assessment of intelligence is a comparative matter，we must be sure that the scale with which we are comparing our subjects provides a“valid”or“fair”comparison. 结构分析:句子的主干是we must be sure…。since引导原因状语从句the assessment of intelligence is a comparative matter。主句中又有that引导的宾语从句that the scale with which we are comparing our subjects provides a“valid”or“fair”comparison。此宾语从句中又套嵌一个由介词with+which引导的定语从句with which we are comparing our subjects修饰先行词the scale。scale在此处意为“尺度、衡量 标准 excel标准偏差excel标准偏差函数exl标准差函数国标检验抽样标准表免费下载红头文件格式标准下载 ”。 译文：既然对智力的评估相比较而言的，那么我们必须确保，在对我们的对象进行比较时，我们所用的尺度能够提供“有效的”或“公平的”比较。 3. In general，the tests work most effectively when the qualities to be measured can be most precisely defined and least effectively when what is to be measured or predicted can be not well defined. 结构分析:句子的框架是the tests work most effectively when…and least effectively when…。and连接两个并列分句，每个并列分句中皆有一个when引导的时间状语从句分别说明work most effectively和and（work）least effectively。第二个时间状语从句中还有一个主语从句what…predicted。the tests是主句的主语，work为动词做谓语。qualities在此处是可数名词，不译为“质量”，而译为“特征”。defined不能直译为“被定义为”，而应译为主动语态“界定”。 译文：一般来说，当所需要测定的特征能被精确界定时，测试最为有效;而当所测定或预测的东西不能被明确界定时，测试效果最差。 4. For example，they do not compensate for gross social inequality，and thus do not tell how able an underprivileged youngster might have been had he grown up under more favorable circumstances. 结构分析:句子的框架是they do not compensate…，and thus do not tell how…。and连接两个并列分句，第二个并列分句中由how引导的宾语从句是一个带有虚拟条件句的主从复合句，其中had he grown up…（=If he had grown up…）是省略了连词if的非真实条件句。主句主语的they，在此代指上文提到的tests; able在句中作might have been的表语。underprivileged在此不能译为“没有特权的”，而译为“没有地位的”或“物质条件差的”。 译文：例如，测试并不能弥补明显的社会不公;因此，它们不能说明一个物质条件差的年轻人，如果在较好的环境中成长的话，会有多大才干。 5.It leads the discussion to extremes at the outset：it invites you to think that animals should be treated either with the consideration humans extend to other humans，or with no consideration at all. 结构分析:句子的框架是It leads the discussion to extremes at the outset: it invites you to think that…。冒号后的复合句是对冒号前部分作进一步说明。复合句中that引导宾语从句，从句中有either…or…引导的两个并列的介词结构作状语，修饰动词be treated，其中第一个with介词结构中还有一个省略了关系代词that或which的定语从句humans extend to other humans，修饰the consideration。it代指上文的观点，即如果对人权没有达成一致看法，而谈论动物的权利是徒劳的。介词短语at the outset译为“从一开始”。动词invites应转译为“使”、“让”或“促使”。动宾结构extend consideration to意为“给予关怀或关心”，consideration不应译为“考虑”。 译文：这种说法从一开始就将讨论引向极端，它使人们认为应该这样对待动物:要么像对人类自身一样关怀体谅，要么完全冷漠无情。 6. But even more important，it was the farthest that scientists had been able to look into the past，for what they were seeing were the patterns and structures that existed 15 billion years ago.　　 结构分析:句子的框架是it was the farthest that…。但It was…that…在本句中不是强调句型。it是指上句中所提到的150亿年前形成的巨大云团（a strip of enormous cosmic clouds some 15 billion light-years from earth）;that引导的应是一个定语从句，修饰先行词the farthest。for引导的是表示原因的分句，分句中还有that引导的定语从句，修饰the patterns and structure。 译文：但更重要的是，这是科学家们所能观测到的有关过去的最为遥远的景象，因为他们看到的是150亿年前宇宙云的形状和结构。 7. Thus it happened that when the new factories that were springing up required labor，tens of thousands of homeless and hungry agricultural workers，with their wives and children，were forced into the cities in search of work，and any work，under any condition，that would keep them alive. 结构分析:句子的框架是it happened that…。it做形式主语，that引导的从句做真正的主语。主语从句中，又有一个由when引导的时间状语从句，主句为tens of thousands of homeless and hungry agricultural workers…were forced…，时间状语从句中从句主语the new factories又带有一个定语从句that were springing up; that would keep them alive做work的定语从句。spring up意为“发生，出现，建立”。 译文: 于是就出现了这样的情况:正当新办的工厂纷纷建立，需要劳动力的时候，成千上万无家可归、饥肠辘辘、以农业为生的劳动者携家带口，被迫进入城市;他们要找活干，不管什么活儿，不论什么条件，只要不被饿死就行。 8. As a result of two or three centuries of scientific investigation we have come to believe that nature is understandable in the sense that when we ask her questions by way of appropriate observations and experiments，she will answer truly and reward us with discoveries that endure. 结构分析:句子的框架是…we have come to believe that…。that引导的从句做believe的宾语从句;此从句中有一个that从句作the sense的同位语从句;同位语从句中又套嵌一个由when引导的时间状语从句;此时间状语从句又套嵌一个定语从句that endure，修饰其先行词discoveries。by way of意为“经由，通过…方法”;reward sb. with意为“以…报答，酬劳”;endure此处应译为“持久，持续”,不要译为“忍受，容忍”。 译文:由于两三个世纪以来的科学研究成果，我们逐渐相信，如果运用合适的观察和实验方法向大自然探究问题，她会真心实意地给我们答复，并且以永垂不朽的发现来报答我们。从这个意义上来说，大自然是可以认识的。 9. These new observational capabilities would result in simply a mass of details were it not for the fact that theoretical understanding has reached the stage at which it is becoming possible to indicate the kind of measurements required for reliable weather forecasting. 结构分析:句子的框架是These new observational capabilities would result in simply a mass of details…。后面紧跟省略了if引导的虚拟条件句were it not for the fact that…，即if it were not for the fact that…;that从句作the fact的同位语从句。此从句中又套嵌一个定语从句，修饰其先行词the stage; required for reliable weather forecasting为过去分词短语修饰the kind of measurements。simply译为“只不过，仅仅”，不应译为“简单地”。 译文：理论上的认识已达到了这样一个阶段,即现在已能指出需要哪种测量方式才能可靠地预报天气。如果做不到这一点，那么上述这些新的观察能力只不过提供了一大堆细节而已。 10. The story of the discovery of what is now generally called the principle of Archimedes，namely that a solid body when immersed in a liquid loses a portion of its weight of the liquid it displaces，has many different versions，of which the following is one. 结构分析:句子的框架是The story…has many different versions…。what is now generally called the principle of Archimedes为名词性从句做介词of的宾语。namely that a solid body…作the principle of Archimedes的同位语;when immersed in a liquid是省略了主语的过去分词短语，句子补充完整为when the solid body is immersed in a liquid，修饰其主句a solid body loses a portion of its weight of the liquid…;it displaces是省略了关系代词that的定语从句修饰the liquid，it代指前面提到的the solid body;同时，of which the following is one又构成先行词versions的定语从句。displace意为“排（水）”;version不译为“版本”，此处指“根据个人观点的（对事件等的）说法，看法”;句尾的one代指a version。 译文:当固体浸没到液体中时，固体会失去它所排出的液体的那部分重量，这就是现在通常所谓的阿基米德原理。有关这一发现的故事说法众多，下面的故事就是其中之一。 11. We assumed that there were forces of attraction between molecules which varied rapidly with the distance so that the attraction between molecules that were more than a few ten millionths of a millimeter apart was very small but became considerable when the molecules approached more closely. 结构分析:句子的框架是We assumed that there were forces of attraction…。that引导宾语从句。此宾语从句中套嵌一个由which引导的定语从句修饰先行词forces of attraction; so that the attraction between molecules…是so that结构引导的结果状语从句;在此状语从句中，除主干结构the attraction…was very small but became considerable…，又有that were more than a few ten-millionths of a millimeter apart做定语从句修饰先行词molecules和when the molecules approached more closely做状语从句，修饰…but became considerable。considerable译为“相当大（或多的）”。 译文：我们曾经假定，分子之间存在着引力，这种引力随着分子之间距离的不同而有显著的变化，因而，在间距为千万分之几毫米的分子之间的引力是很小的，但是分子靠得很近时，这种引力会变得相当大。 12. This need is enshrined in the concept of sustainable development，which means that we must，for the benefit of coming generations，leave enough environmental space so that these generations will be able to address their needs and fulfill their aspirations. 结构分析:句子的框架是This need is enshrined in the concept of sustainable development…。其后紧跟着一个which引导的定语从句，修饰先行词sustainable development。此定语从句的谓语动词means又套嵌一个that引导的宾语从句，即we must…leave enough environmental space。此宾语从句中又有so that结构做此从句的目的状语。be enshrined in意为“被深深地珍藏（或铭记）在…”，此处转译为主动语态“纳入到”。sustainable development译为“可持续发展”。 译文：这一需要被正式载入可持续发展的概念之中。所谓可持续发展是指:为了子孙后代的利益，我们必须保留足够的生存环境空间，以满足他们的需要，施展抱负。 13. Painting lacks only the means to represent movement in time and space，which is the special property of sculpture and architecture，since a painting is designed to be seen from one point at one time，whereas sculpture and architecture are created to be seen from various points of view，thus supplying movements in space and time. 结构分析:句子的框架是Painting lacks only the means…,since…。since引导的原因状语从句修饰主句;关系代词which引导的定语从句修饰the means to represent movement in time and space; property在此处应译为“性质,特性”,不译为“财产,资产”。 译文：绘画缺少的仅仅是表现空间与时间变化的手法，而这正是雕塑与建筑的特性。绘画时只要求在某一时刻，从空间的一点来欣赏，而雕塑和建筑的创造则要求从各个角度来欣赏，这样就表现出了空间，时间的变化。 14. Once intimidated by arguments that their children would feel more at home in bilingual classes，and that they might lose their heritage in regular classes，these women have since given voice，loudly and persuasively，to what they know from experience that unless they are fluent in the language of their adopted country，their children will never attend college or land any but the most menial of jobs. 结构分析:句子的框架是these women have…given voice…to what they know from experience that…。that从句做experience的同位语从句;此从句中又套嵌一个unless引导的条件状语从句;Once intimidated by arguments是过去分词做状语修饰these women，其施动者arguments又有两个that引导的同位语从句修饰限定它。intimidated by arguments意为“被论点搞得惊慌害怕”;feel at home不能直译为“感到在家”，而译为“感到自在”;give voice to意为“表达，表露”;land jobs译为“找到工作”。 译文：有人说，孩子们在双语课堂里会感到更加自由自在，而在正规班级会丧失其传统文化。这几位母亲曾被这一论点搞得惶恐不安，现在发表了最响亮，最有说服力的 意见 文理分科指导河道管理范围浙江建筑工程概算定额教材专家评审意见党员教师互相批评意见 。从她们自身的经验中，他们深知:如果孩子们不熟练掌握他们所移居国家的语言，除了那些最简单的体力活儿外，根本谈不上上大学，也谈不上找到理想的工作。 15. The presumption on which human cloning rests is that all these cells，though now specialized，still contain exact copies of the original set of genetic instructions needed to make an entire individual and can do so if a way is found to switch them back on. 结构分析:句子的框架是The presumption is that all these cells…contain genetic instructions…and can do so…。其中介词on加which引导定语从句修饰主语the presumption; that从句为表语从句;此表语从句中contain和can do并列做all these cells的谓语;表语从句中又插入一个though引导的省略了主语all these cells的让步状语从句，补充完整为though these cells are now specialized; needed to make an entire individual为过去分词短语做genetic instructions的后置定语;并列谓语can do so又有if条件句修饰。rest on意为“依赖”。为避免重复do so代替前文提到的make an entire individual。 译文：人类克隆赖以存在的假定是:虽然所有的细胞现已全部特化，但却仍然包含有发育为完整个体所需的与母体完全一致的全部遗传指令;如果能找到一个方法使失去作用的部分恢复作用，这些细胞就能发育成为完整的个体。 16. Thus，a regularity for which there are general theoretical grounds will be more readily called a natural law than an empirical regularity that cannot be subsumed under more general laws or theories. 结构分析：句子的框架是a regularity…will be more readily called a natural law than an empirical regularity…。介词for加关系代词which引导定语从句修饰a regularity。an empirical regularity后又有定语从句that cannot be subsumed under more general laws or theories修饰。grounds意为“根据，理由”;subsume意为“把…归入，纳入”。 译文：因此，与一条不能被归入更普遍的法则或理论而是基于经验的规律相比，一条具有普遍理论依据支持的规律很可能被认可为一条自然法则。 17. It is because of the close association in most people’s minds of tools with man that special attention has always been focused upon any animal able to use an object as a tool，but it is important to realize that this ability，on its own，does not necessarily indicate any special intelligence in the creature concerned. 结构分析:句子的框架是It is because of…that…，but it is important to realize that…。but连接两个并列句，but前的并列分句为It is…that…强调结构，强调because of引导的状语。but后的并列分句又有that引导的宾语从句做realize的宾语。the close association in most people’s minds of tools with man中注意in most people’s minds把the close association of tools with man（工具与人类的密切联系）分隔开来。两个并列句中分别有able to use an object as a tool和concerned分别做其前面名词animal和the creature的后置定语。man根据上下文在此处指“人类”，而不是“男人”;not necessarily译为“不一定、未必”;on its own意为“独立地，凭自己力量”，在此转译为“就其自身而言”。 译文：正是由于在大多数人头脑中工具与人类联系密切，人类才特别关注有能力把物体当工具使用的任何一种动物。但值得注意的是，这种能力就其自身而言，并不表明这种动物有什么特别的智慧。 18. The point at which tool using and tool making acquire evolutionary significance is surely when an animal can adapt its ability to manipulate objects to a wide variety of purposes，and when it can use an object spontaneously to solve a brand-new problem that without the use of a tool would prove insoluble. 结构分析:句子的框架是The point…is…when…and when…。两个when引导的从句为并列的表语从句。at which tool using and tool making acquire evolutionary significance为定语从句修饰主语the point;第二个when引导的表语从句中也有that引导的定语从句修饰a brand-new problem。ability to manipulate objects译为“操纵物体的能力”;…a brand-new problem that without the use of a tool would prove insoluble中without和insoluble为双重否定可译成肯定句。 译文：当一种动物能够使自己操纵物体的能力适用于更广泛的目标范围，并且能够自发地使用物体解决只有通过工具才能解决的崭新问题时，工具的使用和制造就肯定达到了具有进化意义的阶段。 19. It was the desire to be scholarly that brought about a wave of Latin terms which appeared in the 16th century when the humanist movement brought new impetus to learning throughout Europe. 结构分析:句子的框架是It was the desire…that brought about a wave…。it is…that…是强调句型，强调主语the desire to be scholarly。关系代词which引导定语从句,修饰Latin terms;关系副词when引导定语从句,修饰century。句中scholarly做“博学多才”讲;humanist movement译为“人文主义运动”;impetus意为“动力,促进”。 译文：在16世纪的时候，人文主义运动促进了欧洲各国的学术运动，人们都想显示自己的博学多才，从而出现了一股使用拉丁字词的潮流。 20. So don’t be surprised if you never encounter some of the expressions that still appear in school textbooks; and next time you hear somebody using a strange word you haven’t heard before，you can comfort yourself that there may well be a native speaker somewhere who doesn’t know it either. 结构分析:句子的框架是…don’t be surprised if you…;and next time…，you can comfort yourself that…。分号连接两个并列分句。在前面句子中，if引导状语从句;关系代词that引导定语从句，修饰expressions。在后面句子中，you hear…是省略了关系副词when的定语从句，修饰next time; you haven’t heard before又是省略了关系代词which的定语从句，修饰strange word;主句是you can comfort yourself that…，这里的that引导宾语从句，而关系代词who引导定语从句，修饰native speaker。may和well连用表示有充分的理由，译为“（完全）能，（很）可能”。 译文：因此，如果在某些教科书里你碰到某些词组是你从未见过的，你不必惊讶。如果下次你听到有人用一个你以前从未听到过的新词，你可以这样安慰自己说，很可能在什么地方有一个讲英语的本地人也不认识这个字呢! 21. Despite the saying that one never knows if lightning strikes him，a person can sometimes feel the bolt coming and if quick enough，take protective action in time. 结构分析:句子的框架是a person can…feel the bolt and…take protective action…。and连接两个并列的谓语动词。句首despite是介词引导介词短语作状语，此短语中that引导的名词性从句做saying的同位语，此同位语从句中，if lightning…是一个名词性从句，作know的宾语，if在句中相当于whether。主句中if quick enough补充完整为if he is quick enough，是条件状语从句，为take action的前提条件。句中bolt译为“闪电”。 译文:尽管人们常说一个人从来不知道是否遭到闪电的袭击，但是一个人有时能感觉到闪电的到来，如果动作快，就能及时采取保护措施。 22. The“shareholder”as such had no knowledge of the lives, thoughts or needs of the workmen employed by the company in which he held shares, and his influence on the relations of capital and labor was not good. 结构分析:句子的框架是The“shareholder”as such had no knowledge…, and his influence…was not good.。and连接两个并列的分句。as such做The“shareholder”的定语，employed by the company in which he held shares是过去分词短语作定语，修饰workmen，分词短语中含有in which he held shares定语从句，修饰company。 译文：这样的股东，对他拥有股份的公司里所雇用的工人们的生活、思想和需求一无所知，而且他们对劳资双方的关系，也不会产生积极的影响。 23. The paid manager acting for the company was in more direct relation with the men and their demands, but even he had seldom that familiar personal knowledge of the workmen which the employer had often had under the more patriarchal system of the old family business now passing away. 结构分析:句子的框架是The paid manager was in more direct relation with the men and their demands, but even he had seldom that familiar personal knowledge of the workmen…。acting for the company做the paid manager的定语，which the employer had often had under the more patriarchal system of the old family business now passing away做that familiar personal knowledge的定语，now passing away做the old family business的定语。 译文:受聘于公司并代表公司的经理与工人及其需求的关系更加直接，但是,就连他对工人们也没有那种熟识的私人之间的了解。而在现在，正在消失的古老家族公司的那种更加家长式 制度 关于办公室下班关闭电源制度矿山事故隐患举报和奖励制度制度下载人事管理制度doc盘点制度下载 下的雇主们，却常常对他们的工人有这样的私人关系。 24. When a journalist recently accused the company of lacking integrity in its testing of beauty products，the company overtly appealed to the public by citing its corporate brand，which was firmly associated in people’s minds with strong ethical standards concerning animal rights. 结构分析:句子的框架是When…，the company overtly appealed to the public…。when引导时间状语从句。主句中关系代词which引导定语从句修饰corporate brand，此定语从句中in people’s minds把associated with分隔开来。beauty products译为“美容产品”。 译文：有一名记者近日指责该公司在美容产品的测试上缺乏整体性，该公司公开利用其公司品牌求助于公众。在公众的心目中，该品牌同关系到动物权利的道德标准息息相关。 25. However，the criminals quickly came to realize that the real value in the computers is in the chip which is remarkably portable and unidentifiable，so even when caught the police have trouble proving the theft. 结构分析:句子的框架是the fraternity…came to realize that…so…the police have trouble…。这是一个并列复合句，两个句子由so连接。在前面句子里that引导宾语从句，做realize的宾语;此从句中又有which引导的定语从句修饰the chip; so后面句子里when caught是过去分词做状语，when caught即when the thief was caught; proving是现在分词，修饰trouble。 译文: 但偷盗者认识到，电脑中真正值钱的东西是芯片（或叫集成电路片），这是可以随身携带和无法识别的。即使当场被抓住，警察也难以证明那是偷来的。 26. Although perhaps only 1 percent of the life that has started somewhere will develop into highly complex and intelligent patterns，so vast is the number of planets that intelligent life is bound to be a natural part of the universe. 结构分析:句子的框架是Although…，so vast is the number of planets that…。主句为so…that…结构引导的结果状语从句，因强调vast,so vast放在句首进行倒装,正常语序为the number of planets is so vast that…。although引导让步状语从句。此从句中套嵌一个关系代词that引导的定语从句修饰life。be bound to意为“一定,必定”。 译文: 虽然在某处已经开始的生命中，可能仅有百分之一会发展成高度复杂、有智慧的形式，但是行星的数目如此之多,以致于有智慧的生命,一定是宇宙的一个天然组成部分。   27. Such large, impersonal manipulation of capital and industry greatly increased the numbers and importance of shareholders as a class, an element in national life representing irresponsible wealth detached from the land and the duties of the landowners; and almost equally detached from the responsible management of business. 结构分析：句子的框架是Such large, impersonal manipulation greatly increased …shareholders as a class, an element…主语和宾语都有较长的短语和of结构限定，并且分句是由两个and相连的3个部分组成的。分句an element…landowners 又带有两个定语，一个是representing… ，另一个是detached…。 译文：对资本和企业进行大规模的非个人操纵，大大增加了股东作为一个阶级的数量和重要性。这个阶层作为国计民生的一部分，代表了非个人责任的财富与土地及土地所有者应尽义务的分离，而且也几乎与责任管理相分离。 28．Towns like Bournemouth and Eastboune sprang up to house large “Comfortable" classes who had retired on their incomes, and who had no relation to the rest of the community except that of drawing dividends and occasionally attending a shareholders' meeting to dictate their orders to the management. 结构分析：Towns…sprang up…classes who…, and who…。分析句子主干很容易看到这也是一个典型的定语从句结构，分句由who…,and who…两个并列结构组成。注意like并不是谓语而是介词短语作定语，真正的主句谓语是sprang of。retire on指“依靠什么而退休（多跟表收入的名词）”。that of drawing dividends 结构中，draw是收取的意思，dividend指红利，that of sth结构是名词性的，that指代relation。注意后面还有attending和drawing并列。 译文：像Bournemouth和Eastboune这样的城市，兴起了大批隐退的享乐阶层人士，他们靠自己的收入，在这里过着悠闲的生活。他们与群体之外的人没有联系，只是分取红利，偶尔参加股东会议，对管理人员发号施令。   29．Robert Fulton once wrote, “The mechanic should sit down among levers, screws, wedges, wheels, etc., like a poet among the letters of the alphabet, considering them as an exhibition of his thoughts, in which a new arrangement transmits a new idea.” 结构分析：句子主干Robert Fulton once wrote, “The mechanic should sit down…, like a…, considering them as…, in which a…