2010_The-Internet-of-Things-A-survey

1 2 3 o c,* 4 5 6 7 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Keywords: 17 Internet of Things 18 19 20 2 1 22s the 23tion o 24tech 25 26 27any serious contribution to the advance of the Internet of Things must necessarily be the 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 ovel 39 io of 40 of th 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 tion will be visible in both working and domestic fields. 52 In this context, domotics, assisted living, e-health, en- 53 hanced learning are only a few examples of possible appli- 54 cation scenarios in which the new paradigm will play a 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70like the present Internet, contribute invaluably to eco- 71nomic development”. The possible threats deriving from 72a widespread adoption of such a technology are also 73stressed. Indeed, it is emphasized that ‘‘to the extent that 74everyday objects become information security risks, the 75IoT could distribute those risks far more widely than the 76Internet has to date”. 1389-1286/$ - see front matter � 2010 Published by Elsevier B.V. * Corresponding author. Tel.: +39 095 7382355; fax: +39 095 7382397Q1 . E-mail addresses: l.atzori@diee.unica.it (L. Atzori), antonio.iera@unirc. it (A. Iera), giacomo.morabito@diit.unict.it (G. Morabito). Computer Networks xxx (2010) xxx–xxx Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Computer N .e ls COMPNW 4247 No. of Pages 19, Model 3G 31 May 2010 doi:10.1016/j.comnet.2010.05.010 pervasive presence around us of a variety of things or objects – such as Radio-Frequency IDentification (RFID) tags, sensors, actuators, mobile phones, etc. – which, through unique addressing schemes, are able to interact with each other and cooperate with their neighbors to reach common goals [1]. Unquestionably, the main strength of the IoT idea is the high impact it will have on several aspects of everyday-life and behavior of potential users. From the point of view of a private user, the most obvious effects of the IoT introduc- By starting from the considerations above, it should not be surprising that IoT is included by the US National Intel- ligence Council in the list of six ‘‘Disruptive Civil Technol- ogies” with potential impacts on US national power [2]. NIC foresees that ‘‘by 2025 Internet nodes may reside in everyday things – food packages, furniture, paper docu- ments, and more”. It highlights future opportunities that will arise, starting from the idea that ‘‘popular demand combined with technology advances could drive wide- spread diffusion of an Internet of Things (IoT) that could, Pervasive computing RFID systems 1. Introduction The Internet of Things (IoT) is a n rapidly gaining ground in the scenar telecommunications. The basic idea Please cite this article in press as: L. At j.comnet.2010.05.010 result of synergetic activities conducted in different fields of knowledge, such as telecom- munications, informatics, electronics and social science. In such a complex scenario, this survey is directed to those who want to approach this complex discipline and contribute to its development. Different visions of this Internet of Things paradigm are reported and enabling technologies reviewed. What emerges is that still major issues shall be faced by the research community. The most relevant among them are addressed in details. � 2010 Published by Elsevier B.V. paradigm that is modern wireless is concept is the leading role in the near future. Similarly, from the perspec- tive of business users, the most apparent consequences will be equally visible in fields such as, automation and industrial manufacturing, logistics, business/process man- agement, intelligent transportation of people and goods. Available online xxxx Responsible Editor: E. Ekici enhanced communication protocols (shared with the Next Generation Internet), and dis- tributed intelligence for smart objects are just the most relevant. As one can easily imagine, The Internet of Things: A survey Luigi Atzori a, Antonio Iera b, Giacomo Morabit aDIEE, University of Cagliari, Italy bUniversity ‘‘Mediterranea” of Reggio Calabria, Italy cUniversity of Catania, Italy a r t i c l e i n f o Article history: Received 10 December 2009 Received in revised form 27 April 2010 Accepted 14 May 2010 a b s t r a c t This paper addresse digm is the integra tion and tracking journal homepage: www zori et al., The Interne Internet of Things. Main enabling factor of this promising para- f several technologies and communications solutions. Identifica- nologies, wired and wireless sensor and actuator networks, etworks evier .com/ locate/comnet t of Things: A survey, Comput. Netw. (2010), doi:10.1016/ Administrator 附注 关于物联网的一项调查 Administrator 附注 这篇文章介绍了物联网，它主要继承了多种技术和通讯手段。识别和跟踪技术，无线、有线传感器和通信网络，强大的通信 协议 离婚协议模板下载合伙人协议 下载渠道分销协议免费下载敬业协议下载授课协议下载 (共享下一代互联网),和分布式智能智能都和物联网息息相关。 Administrator 下划线 Administrator 下划线 Administrator 下划线 Administrator 高亮 Administrator 下划线 正如人们可以很容易想象的，任何对物联网有起推动作用的巨大贡献必然是不同领域的知识进行协作用的结果，如电信，信息学，电子学和社会科学。 Administrator 在文本上注释 在这样复杂的情况下,这个调查是针对那些想接近这一复杂的方向并且想对其建设作出贡献的人，针对物联网的不同的观点都被罗列，并接受大家技术上的评价。这里显露出来的问 题 快递公司问题件快递公司问题件货款处理关于圆的周长面积重点题型关于解方程组的题及答案关于南海问题 仍然是研究团体需要面对的重大问题。最相关的已经在下文中标记说明了，这表明了研究人员应该面对主要的事物。他们之中关系最密切的将会做详细的论述。 Administrator 高亮 物联网是一个新兴的事物，在现代无线科技的推动下迅速的发展。 Administrator 下划线 这一概念的基本思想是我们周围的事物或一种普遍的存在的各种对象-如无线电频率识别技术（RFID）标签，传感器，驱动器，手机等 -其中，通过独特的寻址设计，能够来相互交流和合作，一起达成共同目标 Administrator 高亮 毫无疑问，物联网概念的力量是强大，先集中应用到潜在用户的日常生活和行为的几个方面 Administrator 附注 从个人用户的角度来看，物联网的主要作用将会明显的在工作和家庭中体现 Administrator 附注 基于此，多媒体娱乐休闲，辅助生活，医疗，都是物联网将扮演重要角色的潜在应用的少数列子。 Administrator 附注 同样的，对企业用户来说影响也是显而易见的，比如在自动化、工业制造、后勤学、商业、 流程 快递问题件怎么处理流程河南自建厂房流程下载关于规范招聘需求审批流程制作流程表下载邮件下载流程设计 管理、人员或者物品的智能交通方面 Administrator 附注 从上述的考虑出发，不应该奇怪，物联网是由美国国家情报委员会包括在六个“破坏性民用技术”名单，美国的国家权力网卡预见的潜在影响“到2025年互联网节点可能位于日常的东西 - 食品包装，家具，纸张文件，以及更多。 Administrator 附注 通过它强调未来的机会来临，从观念出发的“大众需求与技术进步相结合可以推动物联网广泛的扩散， 像目前的互联网，为经济发展作出贡献“。从一个这样的技术的广泛应用可能产生的威胁也 强调。事实上，它强调的是，“只要是日常物品发生信息安全风险，物联网可以分发这些风险的效率远远超过先进广泛应用的互联网互联网” 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 to resource efficiency besides the obvious scalability 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 192 193 2 L. Atzori et al. / Computer Networks xxx (2010) xxx–xxx COMPNW 4247 No. of Pages 19, Model 3G 31 May 2010 problems. Several industrial, standardization and research bodies are currently involved in the activity of development of solutions to fulfill the highlighted technological require- ments. This survey gives a picture of the current state of the art on the IoT. More specifically, it: � provides the readers with a description of the different visions of the Internet of Things paradigm coming from different scientific communities; � reviews the enabling technologies and illustrates which are the major benefits of spread of this paradigm in everyday-life; � offers an analysis of the major research issues the scien- tific community still has to face. The main objective is to give the reader the opportunity of understanding what has been done (protocols, algorithms, proposed solutions) and what still remains to be addressed, as well as which are the enabling factors of this evolutionary process and what are its weaknesses and risk factors. The remainder of the paper is organized as follows. In Section 2, we introduce and compare the different visions of the IoT paradigm, which are available from the litera- ture. The IoT main enabling technologies are the subject of Section 3, while the description of the principal applica- tions, which in the future will benefit from the full deploy- ment of the IoT idea, are addressed in Section 4. Section 5 gives a glance at the open issues on which research should focus more, by stressing topics such as addressing, net- working, security, privacy, and standardization efforts. Conclusions and future research hints are given in Section 6. 2. One paradigm, many visions Manifold definitions of Internet of Things traceable with- in the research community testify to the strong interest in the IoT issue and to the vivacity of the debates on it. By browsing the literature, an interested reader might experi- ence a real difficulty in understanding what IoT really means, which basic ideas stand behind this concept, and which social, economical and technical implications the full deployment of IoT will have. The reason of today apparent fuzziness around this term is a consequence of the name ‘‘Internet of Things” Actually, many challenging issues still need to be ad- dressed and both technological as well as social knots have to be untied before the IoT idea being widely accepted. Central issues are making a full interoperability of inter- connected devices possible, providing themwith an always higher degree of smartness by enabling their adaptation and autonomous behavior, while guaranteeing trust, privacy, and security. Also, the IoT idea poses several new problems concerning the networking aspects. In fact, the things com- posing the IoT will be characterized by low resources in terms of both computation and energy capacity. Accord- ingly, the proposed solutions need to pay special attention Please cite this article in press as: L. Atzori et al., The Interne j.comnet.2010.05.010 itself, which syntactically is composed of two terms. The first one pushes towards a network oriented vision of IoT, while the second one moves the focus on generic ‘‘objects” to be integrated into a common framework. Differences, sometimes substantial, in the IoT visions raise from the fact that stakeholders, business alliances, re- search and standardization bodies start approaching the is- sue from either an ‘‘Internet oriented” or a ‘‘Things oriented” perspective, depending on their specific inter- ests, finalities and backgrounds. It shall not be forgotten, anyway, that the words ‘‘Inter- net” and ‘‘Things”, when put together, assume a meaning which introduces a disruptive level of innovation into to- day ICT world. In fact, ‘‘Internet of Things” semantically means ‘‘a world-wide network of interconnected objects uniquely addressable, based on standard communication protocols” [3]. This implies a huge number of (heteroge- neous) objects involved in the process. The object unique addressing and the representation and storing of the exchanged information become the most challenging issues, bringing directly to a third, ‘‘Semantic oriented”, perspective of IoT. In Fig. 1, the main concepts, technologies and standards are highlighted and classified with reference to the IoT vi- sion/s they contribute to characterize best. From such an illustration, it clearly appears that the IoT paradigm shall be the result of the convergence of the three main visions addressed above. The very first definition of IoT derives from a ‘‘Things oriented” perspective; the considered things were very simple items: Radio-Frequency IDentification (RFID) tags. The terms ‘‘Internet of Things” is, in fact, attributed to The Auto-ID Labs [4], a world-wide network of academic research laboratories in the field of networked RFID and emerging sensing technologies. These institutions, since their establishment, have been targeted to architect the IoT, together with EPCglobal [5]. Their focus has primar- ily been on the development of the Electronic Product Code™ (EPC) to support the spread use of RFID in world-wide modern trading networks, and to create the industry-driven global standards for the EPCglobal Network™. These standards are mainly designed to im- prove object visibility (i.e. the traceability of an object and the awareness of its status, current location, etc.). This is undoubtedly a key component of the path to the full deployment of the IoT vision; but it is not the only one. In a broader sense, IoT cannot be just a global EPC sys- tem in which the only objects are RFIDs; they are just a part of the full story! And the same holds for the alterna- tive Unique/Universal/Ubiquitous IDentifier (uID) architec- ture [6], whose main idea is still the development of (middleware based) solutions for a global visibility of ob- jects in an IoT vision. It is the authors’ opinion that, starting from RFID centric solutions may be positive as the main as- pects stressed by RFID technology, namely item traceabil- ity and addressability, shall definitely be addressed also by the IoT. Notwithstanding, alternative, and somehow more complete, IoT visions recognize that the term IoT im- plies a much wider vision than the idea of a mere objects identification. t of Things: A survey, Comput. Netw. (2010), doi:10.1016/ Administrator 附注 事实上，许多具有挑战性的问题仍有待解决，物联网概念被广泛接受前，在技术以及社会环节必须解开一些疙瘩。问题是中央作出的可能连接的设备间的完全互操作，提供了一个更高的聪明总是以使他们适应和他们自主行为的程度，同时保证信任，隐私和安全。此外，物联网概念带来一些有关网络方面的新问题。事实上，东西组成的物联网的特点将是低，无论在资源和能源的计算能力方面。因此，建议的解决方案需要付出除了明显的可伸缩性问题特别重视资源利用效率。 Administrator 附注 一些工业， 标准 excel标准偏差excel标准偏差函数exl标准差函数国标检验抽样标准表免费下载红头文件格式标准下载 化和研究机构目前正在参与的解决方案，满足工艺要求。这项调查给出了物联网现在的发展方向 Administrator 附注 为我们提供了对物联网范式的不同描述，来自不同的科学领域 Administrator 附注 综述了能使用的技术并且阐明了这种模式在日常生活领域快速传播中的主要优点 Administrator 附注 提供了一个主要研究这个问题的科学界需要面对的问题 Administrator 附注 其主要目的是让读者有机会的 了解做了什么（协议，算法， 提出的解决方案），什么还有待处理，以及哪些是这个进化过程中的有利因素 ，什么是它的弱点和风险 因素。 本文的其余部分组织如下。在 第2节，我们介绍和比较不同看法的从文献报道物联网的范例。物联网的主要应用技术是在第3，主要的应用程序，这在未来将受益于物联网概念的全面部署，说明在第4节得到解决。第5节 开放式的角度说了还要做什么研究，通过强调主要技术，如处理，网络，安全，隐私和标准化工作。 结论和未来研究的提示列于第6节 Administrator 附注 一种范式，多种表象 194 195 196 197 198 199 200 201 202 203 204 205 206 207 208 209 210 211 212 213 214 215 216 217 218 219 220 221 222 223 224 225 226 227 228 229 230 231 Wirele Senso Actuat gs”- visio ERN OF ING mart mantic lewar FC resul L. Atzori et al. / Computer Networks xxx (2010) xxx–xxx 3 COMPNW 4247 No. of Pages 19, Model 3G 31 May 2010 According to the authors of [7], RFID still stands at the forefront of the technologies driving the vision. This a con- sequence of the RFID maturity, low cost, and strong sup- port from the business community. However, they state that a wide portfolio of device, network, and service tech- RFID UID Spimes Smart Items “Internet”-oriented visions “Thin oriented INT TH Connectivity for anything Communicating things S Se Midd IPSO (IP for Smart Objects) Internet 0 Web of Things N Fig. 1. ‘‘Internet of Things” paradigm as a nologies will eventually build up the IoT. Near Field Com- munications (NFC) and Wireless Sensor and Actuator Networks (WSAN) together with RFID are recognized as ‘‘the atomic components that will link the real world with the digital world”. It is also worth recalling that major pro- jects are being carried out with the aim of developing rel- evant platforms, such as the WISP (Wireless Identification and Sensing Platforms) project. The one in [7] is not the only ‘‘Things oriented” vision clearly speaking of something going beyond RFID. Another one has been proposed by the United Nations, which, dur- ing the 2005 Tunis meeting, predicted the advent of IoT. A UN Report states that a new era of ubiquity is coming where humans may become the minority as generators and receivers of traffic and changes brought about by the Internet will be dwarfed by those prompted by the net- working of everyday objects [8]. Similarly, other relevant institutions have stressed the concept that IoT has primarily to be focused on the ‘‘Things” and that the road to its full deployment has to start from the augmentation in the Things’ intelli- gence. This is why a concept that emerged aside IoT is the spime, defined as an object that can be tracked through space and time throughout its lifetime and that will be sustainable, enhanceable, and uniquely identifi- able [9]. Although quite theoretical, the spime definition finds some real-world implementations in so called Smart Items. These are a sort of sensors not only Please cite this article in press as: L. Atzori et al., The Interne j.comnet.2010.05.010 equipped with usual wireless communication, memory, and elaboration capabilities, but also with new poten- tials. Autonomous and proactive behavior, context awareness, collaborative communications and elabora- tion are just some required capabilities. Everyday objects ss rsand ors WISP ns “Semantic”-oriented visions ET S Semantic Technologies e Reasoning over data Semantic execution environments t of the convergence of different visions. 232The definitions above paved the way to the ITU vision of 233the IoT, according to which: ‘‘from anytime, anyplace con- 234nectivity for anyone, we will now have connectivity for 235anything” [10]. A similar vision is available from docu- 236ments and communications of the European Commission, 237in which the most recurrent definition of IoT involves 238‘‘Things having identities and virtual personalities operat- 239ing in smart spaces using intelligent interfaces to connect 240and communicate within social, environmental, and user 241contexts” [3]. 242An IoT vision statement, which goes well beyond a mere 243‘‘RFID centric” approach, is also proposed by the consor- 244tium CASAGRAS [11]. Its members focus on ‘‘a world where 245things can automatically communicate to computers and 246each other providing services to the benefit of the human 247kind”. CASAGRAS consortium (i) proposes a vision of IoT 248as a global infrastructure which connects both virtual 249and physical generic objects and (ii) highlights the impor- 250tance of including existing and evolving Internet and net- 251work developments in this vision. In this sense, IoT 252becomes the natural enabling architecture for the deploy- 253ment of independent federated services and applications, 254characterized by a high degree of autonomous data cap- 255ture, event transfer, network connectivity and 256interoperability. 257This definition plays the role of trait d’union between 258what we referred to as a ‘‘Things oriented” vision and an 259‘‘Internet oriented” vision. t of Things: A survey, Comput. Netw. (2010), doi:10.1016/ Administrator 附注 物联网是各种表现形式的一个交集 Administrator 附注 物理 RFID:无线射频识别(Radio Frequency Identification Devices) RFID(射频识别)是一种非接触式的自动识别技术，它通过射频信号自动识别目标对象并获取相关数据，识别工作无须人工干预，作为条形码的无线版本，RFID技术具有条形码所不具备的防水、防磁、耐高温、使用寿命长、读取距离大、标签上数据可以加密、存储数据容量更大、存储信息更改自如等优点，其应用将给零售、物流等产业带来革命性变化。 UID 就是用户编码 每个UID 对应一个用户名 nfc 近场通讯(Near Field Communication) Wireless Sensors and Actuators 无线传感器和制动器 无线互联网服务提供商（WISP）采用中等无线技术提供到用户计算机的连接。WISP提供了从小型热点到几千米的覆盖范围。 Administrator 附注 连接一切 通信介质 Administrator 附注 智能 语义 中间件 Administrator 附注 语义技术 语义推导 语义执行环境 Administrator 附注 CASAGRAS　　CASAGRAS 全称为Coordination and Support Action for Global RFID-related Activities and Standardisation ， 即全球RFID运作及标准化协调支持行动。 　　 CASGRAS提供一个基础研究的框架，以帮助欧盟委员会和全球研究组织确认和协调与无线射频识别相关的国际间存在的问题和新情况，特别是在新兴物联网出现的情况下。 　 　CASAGRAS项目隶属于欧盟第七 计划 项目进度计划表范例计划下载计划下载计划下载课程教学计划下载 ，是欧盟第七计划框架的一部分。2009年欧盟公布了一系列CASAGRAS的白皮书，共七份，其内容主要是针对于RFID和物联网的研究、应用及发展。 Administrator 附注 abbr. 国际电信联盟（International Telecommunication Union） 最近几年，随着IT业或通信业的发展应运而生的国际电信联盟（ITU）是我国现已加入的第三个国际标准化组织，电信联盟成立于1865年，过去主要从事电信方面的一些技术、国际间的技术交流活动。 Administrator 高亮 一切皆连通 260 261 262 263 264 265 266 267 and battery operated embedded devices. This guarantees 268 269 270 271 272 273 274 275 276 277 278 Devices to the Internet of Things. According to both the 279 280 281 282 283 284 285 286 287 288 289 290 291 292 293 294 295 296 297 298 299 300 301 302 303 304 305 306 307 308 309 310 311 312 313 314 315 316However, the reduction in terms of size, weight, energy 317consumption, and cost of the radio can take us to a new era 318where the above ratio increases of orders of magnitude. 319 320 321 322 323 324 325 326 327 328 329 330 331 332 333 334 335 336 337 338 339 340 341 342 343 344 345 346 347 348 349 350