句子结构的扩展与变化

null第二讲：句子结构第二讲：句子结构Huang Junsheng句子结构句子结构句子（这里指的是简单句）通常由主语和谓语两个部分构成。主语相当于句子的主题，指明句子讲的是什么，一般是对方已知的信息；谓语是对有关问题加以说明的部分，一般是向对方提供新的信息。主语通常由名词词组担任，谓语由动词词组担任。因此句子通常由名词词组＋动词词组构成，以字母代号表示，即： S＝NP＋VP1.名词词组和动词词组1.名词词组和动词词组名词词组是以名词为中心词的词组。名词词组通常由限定词＋名词中心词构成，有时还可带有其他修饰语。在带有多种修饰语的情况下，名词词组的词序往往是：限定词＋描绘形容词＋类别词＋名词中心词＋介词词组＋关系分句。 例如： These intelligent girl students in my class, who you know very well, all speak English fluently.null在所有这些修饰语中，限定词处于特殊重要的地位。限定词与名词中心词有着结构上的联系，限定词的选定取决于中心词的性质，即取决于中心词是可数名词还是不可数名词，是单数还是复数。 例如： A really intelligent man does not think he knows every-thing. The speaker discussed the curriculum for high schools, particularly for senior high schools. Steel is widely used in modern construction techniques.null除名词外，代词、数词以及某些非限定动词和名词性分句都可起名词词组的作用。 例如： He is reading a terribly interesting book. Three from seven leaves four. To know the main facts is not enough. 形容词一般不可以充当名词词组中心词，但是某些形容词，特别是形容人的形容词和表示国籍的形容词，一旦与定冠词搭配便可充当名词词组。null例如： The old and the sick are taken good care of in China. The Chinese are a great people. 名词词组除作主语外，还可在句中作宾语、补语、同位语等。 动词词组是以动词为中心词的词组。动词中心词的性质决定着动词词组的构成。 例如： Mary is a nurse.（连系动词＋主语补语） All the children laughed.（不及物动词） I rang the bell.（单宾及物动词＋宾语） I gave him a book.（双宾及物动词＋间接宾语＋直接宾语） We proved him wrong.（复杂及物动词＋宾语＋宾语补语） He lives in Shanghai.（不及物动词＋状语）null从上述诸例可以看出，作为谓语的动词词组通常是由动词中心词＋其他成分构成的。当动词中心词为不及物动词时，动词词组从结构上说可以只有一个中心词；动词中心词若为连系动词，其后须跟补语（表语）；若为及物动词，其后须跟宾语、双宾语、或宾语＋补语。就是说，动词中心词的性质决定其是否必须带有后续成分以及带有什么样的后续成分。 null动词词组中心词叫做“谓语动词”，谓语动词可分为简单的形式和复杂的形式。简单谓语动词仅由一个主动词构成。上面所举的例子都是简单谓语动词。由它们作中心词构成的动词词组叫做简单动词词组。复杂谓语动词由一个或一个以上助动词＋主动词构成，由这种谓语动词作中心词构成的动词词组叫做复杂动词词组，构成复杂动词词组的助动词或第一个助动词叫做作用词。 例如：nullThe ship may sink. He has studied English for years. He will be flying to Kunming. They have been building a new dam. The ship may have been sinking. 在上述诸例中，may sink, has studied, will be flying, have been building, may have been sinking都是复杂谓语动词。其中sink, study, fly, build为主动词，其余均为助动词并分别以may, has, will, have, may为作用词。正是这些主动词的性质决定着整个动词词组的结构形式。 2.基本句型 2.基本句型 动词词组的不同结构形式决定着不同的基本句型。英语基本句型主要的有五种。这些基本句型可以转换为千变万化的句子。我们研究英语的句子结构，应以基本句型为出发点。 英语基本句型如下：null1)主—动—补（SVC）结构：（主-系-表） The man is a teacher. He looks fine. Dinner is at six o’clock. The tape-recorder is on the table. 2)主—动（SV结构）（主-谓） Iron rusts. Everybody laughed. 3)主—动—宾（SVO）结构：（主-谓-宾） I want a ticket. Liverpool won the game.null4)主—动—宾—宾（SVoO）结构： I sent him a telegram. Mary lent me her car. 5)主—动—宾—补（SVOC）结构： We made him our spokesman. They elected him president. 在上述诸例中，任何一个句子成分都为结构所必需，缺哪一个都会造成结构破裂。从这个角度看，状语在句中不是不可缺少的成分。null例如： She speaks English fluently. 这是一个“SVO＋状语”的句子，这个句子如果去掉状语fluently.其结构仍然完整，意义仍然明确。但是有少数几个动词用在SV和SVO结构中，其后必须有状语，否则意义不明。null例如： I live in Beijing. Shakespeare lived in the 16th and early 17th century. They stayed in a hotel. The train leaves at six. He will be flying to Shanghai. 在上述SV结构中，由于谓语动词的词汇意义，其后必须跟有地点状语或时间状语，否则句子结构不完整，意义不明确。因此，当代有些语法学者把这类句子称做SVA结构（A＝ADVERBIAL）。在下列SVO结构中，状语也是不可缺少的：nullI put the material evidence in front of him. He treated her vilely. 由于地点状语和方式状语在上述SVO结构中不可缺少，当代有些语法学者把这类句子叫做SVOA结构。 因此，基本句型主要的有五种，如果把后两个也算做基本句型的话，那就应该有七种：SVC， SV， SVO， SVoO， SVOC， SVA， SVOA。3.基本句型的转换与扩大3.基本句型的转换与扩大基本句型都是陈述句、肯定句和主动句，这些句型可以转换为疑问句、否定句和被动句。 例如： The tourists have arrived. →Have the tourists arrived? →The tourists have not arrived. She gave him some money. →Did she give him any money? →She didn’t give him any money. →He was given some money.null基本句型及其转换形式可以通过不同的语法手段加以扩大，使之成为千变万化的句子，表达各种各样的 思想 教师资格思想品德鉴定表下载浅论红楼梦的主题思想员工思想动态调查问卷论语教育思想学生思想教育讲话稿 。句型扩大的语法手段之一是分句的并列。 例如： Most of us were in the hall, the doors had been closed and latecomers had to wait outside. He did not like us and everyone knew it but no one admitted it.null句型扩大的另一语法手段是增加修饰语和使用从属分句。也就是说利用从属分句来使思想表达复杂化。 例如： The African people have long been our close friends in fighting against imperialism and hegemonism (霸权主义). The janitor staggered down the stairway, stunned by the bizarre noises and gasping for air.null增加的修饰语还可以再被其他结构（如从属分句）所修饰： The janitor看门人staggered蹒跚down the stairway, stunned晕眩by the bizarre奇异的noises he had just heard upstairs and gasping for air as he hesitantly held on to the banister 楼梯的扶栏. 有时，分句的并列和从属还可同时并用，这就产生并列复杂句： Not only did he dislike the way we spoke, but he also disapproved of the way we dressed.null并列与从属过程同时并用的结果，往往产生更加复杂的句子。例如： Her mouth and chin, they said, were too large and full, and so they might be for a goddess in marble, but not for a woman whose eyes were fire热情, whose look was love, whose voice was the sweetest low song, whose shape was perfect symmetry 匀称, health, decision, activity, whose foot as it planted itself on the ground was firm but flexible, and whose motion, whether rapid or slow, was always perfect grace-agile一杯酒 as a nymph美丽的少女, lofty as a queen-now melting, now imperious专横的, now sarcastic讽刺的-there was no single movement of hers but was beautiful.null这样复杂的句子如果从结构上去分析，也不过是两个SVC结构的并列，它的基本“格局”是：Her mouth and chin,…，were too large and full, and so they might be for a goddess in marble, but not for a woman whose…。nullTHANK YOU !