2010年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语
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Section I Use of English
Directions:
Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and
mark [A], [B], [C] or [D] on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)
In 1924 America's National Research Council sent two engineers to supervise a
series of industrial experiments at a large telephone-parts factory called the
Hawthorne Plant near Chicago. It hoped they would learn how stop-floor lighting
大1家 workers' productivity. Instead, the studies ended 大2家 giving their
name to the "Hawthorne effect", the extremely influential idea that the very 大3家
to being experimented upon changed subjects' behavior.
The idea arose because of the 大4家 behavior of the women in the
Hawthorne plant. According to 大5家 of the experiments, their hourly output rose
when lighting was increased, but also when it was dimmed. It did not 大6家 what
was done in the experiment; 大7家 something was changed, productivity rose.
A(n) 大8家 that they were being experimented upon seemed to be 大9家 to
alter workers' behavior 大10家 itself.
After several decades, the same data were 大11家 to econometric the
analysis. Hawthorne experiments has another surprise store 大12家 the
descriptions on record, no systematic 大13家 was found that levels of
productivity were related to changes in lighting.
It turns out that peculiar way of conducting the experiments may be have let to
大14家 interpretation of what happed. 大15家 , lighting was always changed on
a Sunday. When work started again on Monday, output 大16家 rose compared
with the previous Saturday and 大17家 to rise for the next couple of days.
大18家 , a comparison with data for weeks when there was no experimentation
showed that output always went up on Monday, workers 大19家 to be diligent for
the first few days of the week in any case, before 大20家 a plateau and then
slackening off. This suggests that the alleged "Hawthorne effect" is hard to pin
down.
1. [A] affected [B] achieved [C] extracted [D] restored
2. [A] at [B] up [C] with [D] off
3. [A] truth [B] sight [C] act [D] proof
4. [A] controversial [B] perplexing [C] mischievous [D] ambiguous
5. [A] requirements [B] explanations [C] accounts [D] assessments
6. [A] conclude [B] matter [C] indicate [D] work
7. [A] as far as [B] for fear that [C] in case that [D] so long as
8. [A] awareness [B] expectation [C] sentiment [D] illusion
9. [A] suitable [B] excessive [C] enough [D] abundant
10. [A] about [B] for [C] on [D] by
11. [A] compared [B] shown [C] subjected [D] conveyed
12. [A] contrary to [B] consistent with [C] parallel with [D] peculiar to
13. [A] evidence [B] guidance [C] implication [D] source
14. [A] disputable [B] enlightening [C] reliable [D] misleading
15. [A] In contrast [B] For example [C] In consequence [D] As usual
16. [A] duly [B] accidentally [C] unpredictably [D] suddenly
17. [A] failed [B] ceased [C] started [D] continued
20. [A] breaking [B] climbing [C] surpassing [D] hitting
Section II Reading Comprehension
Part A
Directions:
Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing [A],
[B], [C] or [D]. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)
Text 1
Of all the changes that have taken place in English-language newspapers during
the past quarter-century, perhaps the most far-reaching has been the inexorable
decline in the scope and seriousness of their arts coverage.
It is difficult to the point of impossibility for the average reader under the age of
forty to imagine a time when high-quality arts criticism could be found in most
big-city newspapers. Yet a considerable number of the most significant collections of
criticism published in the 20th century consisted in large part of newspaper reviews.
To read such books today is to marvel at the fact that their learned contents were
once deemed suitable for publication in general-circulation dailies.
We are even farther removed from the unfocused newspaper reviews published
in England between the turn of the 20th century and the eve of World War II, at a
time when newsprint was dirt-cheap and stylish arts criticism was considered an
ornament to the publications in which it appeared. In those far-off days, it was taken
for granted that the critics of major papers would write in detail and at length about
the events they covered. Theirs was a serious business, and even those reviewers
who wore their learning lightly, like George Bernard Shaw and Ernest Newman,
could be trusted to know what they were about. These men believed in journalism as
a calling, and were proud to be published in the daily press. “So few authors have
brains enough or literary gift enough to keep their own end up in journalism,”
Newman wrote, “that I am tempted to define ‘journalism’ as ‘a term of contempt
applied by writers who are not read to writers who are.’”
Unfortunately, these critics are virtually forgotten. Neville Cardus, who wrote
for the Manchester Guardian from 1917 until shortly before his death in 1975, is
now known solely as a writer of essays on the game of cricket. During his lifetime,
though, he was also one of England’s foremost classical-music critics, a stylist so
widely admired that his Autobiography (1947) became a best-seller. He was knighted
in 1967, the first music critic to be so honored. Yet only one of his books is now in
print, and his vast body of writings on music is unknown save to specialists.
Is there any chance that Cardus’s criticism will enjoy a revival? The prospect
seems remote. Journalistic tastes had changed long before his death, and postmodern
readers have little use for the richly upholstered Vicwardian prose in which he
specialized. Moreover, the amateur tradition in music criticism has been in headlong
retreat.
21. It is indicated in Paragraphs 1 and 2 that
[A] arts criticism has disappeared from big-city newspapers.
[B] English-language newspapers used to carry more arts reviews.
[C] high-quality newspapers retain a large body of readers.
[D] young readers doubt the suitability of criticism on dailies.
22. Newspaper reviews in England before World War II were characterized by
[A] free themes.
[B] casual style.
[C] elaborate layout.
[D] radical viewpoints.
23. Which of the following would Shaw and Newman most probably agree on?
[A] It is writers' duty to fulfill journalistic goals.
[B] It is contemptible for writers to be journalists.
[C] Writers are likely to be tempted into journalism.
[D] Not all writers are capable of journalistic writing.
24. What can be learned about Cardus according to the last two paragraphs?
[A] His music criticism may not appeal to readers today.
[B] His reputation as a music critic has long been in dispute.
[C] His style caters largely to modern specialists.
[D] His writings fail to follow the amateur tradition.
25. What would be the best title for the text?
[A] Newspapers of the Good Old Days
[B] The Lost Horizon in Newspapers
[C] Mournful Decline of Journalism
[D] Prominent Critics in Memory
Text 2
Over the past decade, thousands of patents have been granted for what are
called business methods. Amazon.com received one for its "one-click" online
payment system. Merrill Lynch got legal protection for an asset allocation strategy.
One inventor patented a technique for lifting a box.
Now the nation's top patent court appears completely ready to scale back on
business-method patents, which have been controversial ever since they were first
authorized 10 years ago. In a move that has intellectual-property lawyers abuzz the
U.S. court of Appeals for the federal circuit said it would use a particular case to
conduct a broad review of business-method patents. In re Bilski, as the case is
known , is "a very big deal", says Dennis D. Crouch of the University of Missouri
School of law. It "has the potential to eliminate an entire class of patents."
Curbs on business-method claims would be a dramatic about-face, because it
was the federal circuit itself that introduced such patents with is 1998 decision in the
so-called state Street Bank case, approving a patent on a way of pooling mutual-fund
assets. That ruling produced an explosion in business-method patent filings, initially
by emerging internet companies trying to stake out exclusive rights to specific types
of online transactions. Later, move established companies raced to add such patents
to their files, if only as a defensive move against rivals that might beat them to the
punch. In 2005, IBM noted in a court filing that it had been issued more than 300
business-method patents despite the fact that it questioned the legal basis for
granting them. Similarly, some Wall Street investment films armed themselves with
patents for financial products, even as they took positions in court cases opposing the
practice.
The Bilski case involves a claimed patent on a method for hedging risk in the
energy market. The Federal circuit issued an unusual order stating that the case
would be heard by all 12 of the court's judges, rather than a typical panel of three,
and that one issue it wants to evaluate is whether it should "reconsider" its state
street Bank ruling.
The Federal Circuit's action comes in the wake of a series of recent decisions by
the supreme Court that has narrowed the scope of protections for patent holders. Last
April, for example the justices signaled that too many patents were being upheld for
"inventions" that are obvious. The judges on the Federal circuit are "reacting to the
anti-patent trend at the Supreme Court", says Harold C. Wegner, a patent attorney
and professor at George Washington University Law School.
26. Business-method patents have recently aroused concern because of
[A] their limited value to business
[B] their connection with asset allocation
[C] the possible restriction on their granting
[D] the controversy over authorization
27. Which of the following is true of the Bilski case?
[A] Its ruling complies with the court decisions
[B] It involves a very big business transaction
[C] It has been dismissed by the Federal Circuit
[D] It may change the legal practices in the U.S.
28. The word "about-face" (Line 1, Para 3) most probably means
[A] loss of good will
[B] increase of hostility
[C] change of attitude
[D] enhancement of dignity
29. We learn from the last two paragraphs that business-method patents
[A] are immune to legal challenges
[B] are often unnecessarily issued
[C] lower the esteem for patent holders
[D] increase the incidence of risks
30. Which of the following would be the subject of the text?
[A] A looming threat to business-method patents
[B] Protection for business-method patent holders
[C] A legal case regarding business-method patents
[D] A prevailing trend against business-method patents
Text 3
In his book The Tipping Point, Malcolm Gladwell argues that social epidemics
are driven in large part by the acting of a tiny minority of special individuals, often
called influentials, who are unusually informed, persuasive, or well-connected. The
idea is intuitively compelling, but it doesn't explain how ideas actually spread.
The supposed importance of influentials derives from a plausible sounding but
largely untested theory called the "two step flow of communication": Information
flows from the media to the influentials and from them to everyone else. Marketers
have embraced the two-step flow because it suggests that if they can just find and
influence the influentials, those selected people will do most of the work for them.
The theory also seems to explain the sudden and unexpected popularity of certain
looks, brands, or neighborhoods. In many such cases, a cursory search for causes
finds that some small group of people was wearing, promoting, or developing
whatever it is before anyone else paid attention. Anecdotal evidence of this kind fits
nicely with the idea that only certain special people can drive trends
In their recent work, however, some researchers have come up with the finding
that influentials have far less impact on social epidemics than is generally supposed.
In fact, they don't seem to be required of all.
The researchers' argument stems from a simple observing about social influence,
with the exception of a few celebrities like Oprah Winfrey—whose outsize presence
is primarily a function of media, not interpersonal, influence—even the most
influential members of a population simply don't interact with that many others. Yet
it is precisely these non-celebrity influentials who, according to the two-step-flow
theory, are supposed to drive social epidemics by influencing their friends and
colleagues directly. For a social epidemic to occur, however, each person so affected,
must then influence his or her own acquaintances, who must in turn influence theirs,
and so on; and just how many others pay attention to each of these people has little
to do with the initial influential. If people in the network just two degrees removed
from the initial influential prove resistant, for example from the initial influential
prove resistant, for example the cascade of change won't propagate very far or affect
many people.
Building on the basic truth about interpersonal influence, the researchers
studied the dynamics of populations manipulating a number of variables relating of
populations, manipulating a number of variables relating to people's ability to
influence others and their tendency to be influenced. Our work shows that the
principal requirement for what we call "global cascades"– the widespread
propagation of influence through networks – is the presence not of a few influentials
but, rather, of a critical mass of easily influenced people, each of whom adopts, say,
a look or a brand after being exposed to a single adopting neighbor. Regardless of
how influential an individual is locally, he or she can exert global influence only if
this critical mass is available to propagate a chain reaction.
31. By citing the book The Tipping Point, the author intends to
[A] analyze the consequences of social epidemics
[B] discuss influentials' function in spreading ideas
[C] exemplify people's intuitive response to social epidemics
[D] describe the essential characteristics of influentials.
32. The author suggests that the "two-step-flow theory"
[A] serves as a solution to marketing problems
[B] has helped explain certain prevalent trends
[C] has won support from influentials
[D] requires solid evidence for its validity
33. What the researchers have observed recently shows that
[A] the power of influence goes with social interactions
[B] interpersonal links can be enhanced through the media
[C] influentials have more channels to reach the public
[D] most celebrities enjoy wide media attention
34. The underlined phrase "these people" in paragraph 4 refers to the ones who
[A] stay outside the network of social influence
[B] have little contact with the source of influence
[C] are influenced and then influence others
[D] are influenced by the initial influential
35. what is the essential element in the dynamics of social influence?
[A] The eagerness to be accepted
[B] The impulse to influence others
[C] The readiness to be influenced
[D] The inclination to rely on others
Text 4
Bankers have been blaming themselves for their troubles in public. Behind the
scenes, they have been taking aim at someone else: the accounting standard-setters.
Their rules, moan the banks, have forced them to report enormous losses, and it's just
not fair. These rules say they must value some assets at the price a third party would
pay, not the price managers and regulators would like them to fetch.
Unfortunately, banks' lobbying now seems to be working. The details may be
unknowable, but the independence of standard-setters, essential to the proper
functioning of capital markets, is being compromised. And, unless banks carry toxic
assets at prices that attract buyers, reviving the banking system will be difficult.
After a bruising encounter with Congress, America's Financial Accounting
Standards Board (FASB) rushed through rule changes. These gave banks more
freedom to use models to value illiquid assets and more flexibility in recognizing
losses on long-term assets in their income statement. Bob Herz, the FASB's chairman,
cried out against those who "question our motives." Yet bank shares rose and the
changes enhance what one lobby group politely calls "the use of judgment by
management."
European ministers instantly demanded that the International Accounting
Standards Board (IASB) do likewise. The IASB says it does not want to act without
overall planning, but the pressure to fold when it completes it reconstruction of rules
later this year is strong. Charlie McCreevy, a European commissioner, warned the
IASB that it did "not live in a political vacuum" but "in the real word" and that
Europe could yet develop different rules.
It was banks that were on the wrong planet, with accounts that vastly
overvalued assets. Today they argue that market prices overstate losses, because they
largely reflect the temporary illiquidity of markets, not the likely extent of bad debts.
The truth will not be known for years. But bank's shares trade below their book value,
suggesting that investors are skeptical. And dead markets partly reflect the paralysis
of banks which will not sell assets for fear of booking losses, yet are reluctant to buy
all those supposed bargains.
To get the system working again, losses must be recognized and dealt with.
America's new plan to buy up toxic assets will not work unless banks mark assets to
levels which buyers find attractive. Successful markets require independent and even
combative standard-setters. The FASB and IASB have been exactly that, cleaning up
rules on stock options and pensions, for example, against hostility from special
interests. But by giving in to critics now they are inviting pressure to make more
concessions.
36. Bankers complained that they were forced to
[A] follow unfavorable asset evaluation rules
[B] collect payments from third parties
[C] cooperate with the price managers
[D] reevaluate some of their assets.
37. According to the author , the rule changes of the FASB may result in
[A] the diminishing role of management
[B] the revival of the banking system
[C] the banks' long-term asset losses
[D] the weakening of its independence
38. According to Paragraph 4, McCreevy objects to the IASB's attempt to
[A] keep away from political influences.
[B] evade the pressure from their peers.
[C] act on their own in rule-setting.
[D] take gradual measures in reform.
39. The author thinks the banks were "on the wrong planet" in that they
[A] misinterpreted market price indicators
[B] exaggerated the real value of their assets
[C] neglected the likely existence of bad debts.
[D] denied booking losses in their sale of assets.
40. The author's attitude towards standard-setters is one of
[A] satisfaction.
[B] skepticism.
[C] objectiveness
[D] sympathy
Part B
Directions:
For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable paragraphs from the list A-G and fill
them into the numbered boxes to form a coherent text. Paragraph E has been
correctly placed. There is one paragraph which does not fit in with the text. Mark
your answers on ANSWER SHEET1. (10 points)
[A] The first and more important is the consumer's growing preference for
eating out; the consumption of food and drink in places other than homes has risen
from about 32 percent of total consumption in 1995 to 35 percent in 2000 and is
expected to approach 38 percent by 2005. This development is boosting wholesale
demand from the food serv