清华考研写作讲义

清华大学考研辅导强化班课程 清华大学考研辅导强化班课程 《英语写作》 清华大学外语系 杨朝春 主讲 并提供文档资料 第一讲　General Introduction(总记) I. General Introduction (总论) 1. The Role of Writing (写作的地位) 2. Requirements for Writing in the Exam (考试对写作的要求) II. Use of Language (语言的使用) 1. The use of words（选取最恰当的词使 表 关于同志近三年现实表现材料材料类招标技术评分表图表与交易pdf视力表打印pdf用图表说话 pdf 达生动鲜明、充实而有效） 1) 简易常用词和拼读复杂词 由于历史的缘故，英语和北欧语、希腊语、意大利语和法语有着密切的联系，由此出现许多外来词。而这些外来词在英语本语中往往可以找到同义或近义词。一般来说，外来词较长，拼写与记忆较难，多用于正式文体，如政府文件、学术性著作、法律文书等，属于拼读复杂词；本语词拼写较短，多用于日常写作及会话，属于简易常用词。从应试的角度来说，由于本语词较短、易识别且使用频率高，我们提倡多使用，这样可以提高表达效率，使文章清楚明了，又可减少错误率。 Examples: ask (本语) question(法语) interrogate (拉丁语) 2) 一般词和具体词 一般词具有概括和抽象的特点，适于在段落之首提出主题思想和末尾总结概括。而具体词可以使意思表达的更准确、生动和鲜明，适于展开主题。 Examples: Plant: tree, bush, vegetable, flower, fruit Vegetable: cabbage, turnip, carrots, onions, garlic, potatoes, cucumber, lettuce, cauliflower, pepper broccoli, eggplant, mushrooms, tomatoes Fruit: apple, peach, pear, strawberry, grapes, orange, watermelon, pineapple, mango, bananas, kiwifruit, cherry, apricot Walk: edge, limp, shuffle, trudge, trot, pace, stagger, toddle, stroll Look: see, watch, observe, perceive, sight, spot scan, glance peer, stare, gaze, behold Laugh: giggle, titter, chuckle, grin, guffaw Cry: weep, sob, groan, wail, lament, whimper 第二讲　写作考试中一些常用词 3）写作考试中一些常用词 *Although she is one of my friends, she strongly against my opinion. *She is getting married in next month. *His body is healthy. *Children are dangerous when they play with matches. *In one hand we should study hard, in other hand we should be independent by doing part-time jobs. 1) Such things do not happen every day. This is everyday occurrence. 2) The birds are flying high in the sky. The leader was highly respected by people. 3) The contemptible man is selfish and vain. There’s a contemptuous look on his face. 4) He is a respectable old man. He is respectful toward his teachers. After the meeting they went back to their respective provinces. 5) She is desirous of seeing him again. He is the desirable man for the position. 6) Helping him is worthwhile. It is worthwhile helping him. The novel is worth studying. The novel is worthy of careful study. She has led a worthy life. 7) alive afraid alone alike ashamed asleep awake aware 8) economic economical healthy healthful imaginative imaginary beneficial beneficent 9) senior junior superior inferior prior posterior 10) The majority of, a great number of, a great many of A great deal of, a great amount of, a bit of A lot of, a quantity of, plenty of 11) See, look at, watch, observe, notice, perceive, hear, listen to, feel, make, let, bid, have 12) It’s surprising that neither the mother nor the children have prepared something for the Christmas party. Mary as well as her sisters was very happy to visit their grandparents in the country. 　 2. Sentence (怎样写出地道流畅的句子) 1) 句子成分的一致性 *Swimming at the lake, Jim’s foot was cut by a rock. *While smoking a pipe, my dog sat with me by the crackling fire. *By planting different varieties of crops, the pests were unable to adapt. *Seeing from the top of the hill, the city looks beautiful. 但， Generally speaking, a native English speaker will find German easier than French. To tell the truth, what she has done let us down. Considering the circumstances, he has done a good job. 2) 分句间的逻辑关系及连贯性 *John had a drinking problem and he dropped out of school. (because) *The employee is often late for work, and he writes illogical reports, and he is a poor manager, and he should be fired. (The employee should be fired because he is …) *The test was hard, and the students were resentful, and their teacher was irritated. (Because the students resented the hard test, their teacher was irritated.) *He was knocked down by a bicycle, but it did not seriously hurt him. (but was not seriously hurt.) *Take your time, and you should be careful. (Take your time and be careful) *I read the passage carefully, and several mistakes were found. 3）写作考试中一些常用词 *Although she is one of my friends, she strongly against my opinion. *She is getting married in next month. *His body is healthy. *Children are dangerous when they play with matches. *In one hand we should study hard, in other hand we should be independent by doing part-time jobs. 1) Such things do not happen every day. This is everyday occurrence. 2) The birds are flying high in the sky. The leader was highly respected by people. 3) The contemptible man is selfish and vain. There’s a contemptuous look on his face. 4) He is a respectable old man. He is respectful toward his teachers. After the meeting they went back to their respective provinces. 5) She is desirous of seeing him again. He is the desirable man for the position. 6) Helping him is worthwhile. It is worthwhile helping him. The novel is worth studying. The novel is worthy of careful study. She has led a worthy life. 7) alive afraid alone alike ashamed asleep awake aware 8) economic economical healthy healthful imaginative imaginary beneficial beneficent 9) senior junior superior inferior prior posterior 10) The majority of, a great number of, a great many of A great deal of, a great amount of, a bit of A lot of, a quantity of, plenty of 11) See, look at, watch, observe, notice, perceive, hear, listen to, feel, make, let, bid, have 12) It’s surprising that neither the mother nor the children have prepared something for the Christmas party. Mary as well as her sisters was very happy to visit their grandparents in the country. 　 2. Sentence (怎样写出地道流畅的句子) 1) 句子成分的一致性 *Swimming at the lake, Jim’s foot was cut by a rock. *While smoking a pipe, my dog sat with me by the crackling fire. *By planting different varieties of crops, the pests were unable to adapt. *Seeing from the top of the hill, the city looks beautiful. 但， Generally speaking, a native English speaker will find German easier than French. To tell the truth, what she has done let us down. Considering the circumstances, he has done a good job. 2) 分句间的逻辑关系及连贯性 *John had a drinking problem and he dropped out of school. (because) *The employee is often late for work, and he writes illogical reports, and he is a poor manager, and he should be fired. (The employee should be fired because he is …) *The test was hard, and the students were resentful, and their teacher was irritated. (Because the students resented the hard test, their teacher was irritated.) *He was knocked down by a bicycle, but it did not seriously hurt him. (but was not seriously hurt.) *Take your time, and you should be careful. (Take your time and be careful) *I read the passage carefully, and several mistakes were found. 第三讲　句子的完整性 3) 句子的完整性 *My father who is very kind, learned and helped me a lot in my life. *They enjoy reading classic Chinese literature. Such as the poetry by Li Bai and Du Fu. 4) 分句的连接 *Reading books is one of the greatest pleasures of our lives, through reading books we can add to our knowledge and broaden our view. 但， To err is human, to forgive is divine. Out of sight, out of mind. 练习 1：选用恰当的词完成句子。 thus however meanwhile likewise accordingly furthermore then therefore otherwise moreover besides then hence also consequently 1) Roan moved to New York; ________, her mother stayed in Boston. (对比) 2) You have disregarded my advice; , I will not help you again. (原因) 3) The leaders settled the argument; , there would have been war. (对比) 4) Harrison is kind; , he is generous. (递进) 5) Mr. Carr was an invalid all his life; , he had an active career. (对比) 6) Television is entertaining; , it is sometimes instructive. (递进) 7) We must meet the deadline; , a decision is needed now (结果) 8) I will study medicine for six years; I will be a doctor. (时间) 9) I live too far away to visit you often; , you are never home. (递进) 10) He requested an opportunity to make up the work he had missed; , his teacher gave him special help. (结果) 11) The road was wet and slippery; , there were many accidents. (结果) 12) All of Mrs. Jackson’s ancestors were active and long-lived; , she is very healthy at age 75. (比较) 13) I held the dog; , my fried washed it. (时间) 14) He put out the fire quickly; , a great disaster was avoided. (结果) 　 5) 句子的简洁性 1) Black was one of those people whom there are few in the world like him. 2) The watch is golden in color and costs $50 in price. 3) He didn’t have enough experience, which is the reason why he didn’t do the work well. 4) The movie that I went to last night, which was fairly interesting, I must say, was enjoyed by me and my girlfriend. 5) The meaning of his statement is that he is of the opinion that the death penalty should be allowed. 6) Without doubt, the only thing you can rely or depend on would be the sure fact that death comes to everyone. 7) She was an old woman who was very kind in nature and amiable in manner. 8) In spite of the fact that he is lazy, I like him. 9) He was not willing to admit the fact that he had not succeeded. 　 练习 2：改写下列句子，使之更加简洁。 1. He looked at her and was surprised. → He looked at her in surprise. 2. The meeting ended and everyone felt bitter. 3. She had died and he was grieved. 4. We were greeted by young men who wore black uniforms. 5. He refused to talk to them. So he had aroused suspicion. 6. She smoked a lot and her fingers were brown with nicotine. 7. The little fellow looked around. His hands were in his pockets. 8. The traitor’s face was beaming with smile and he pocketed the wad of banknotes and he was not aware of the risk he was taking. 9. She had been confined to bed for a long time. This had impaired the function of her ankles. 10. If you study Mars carefully through a telescope, you will see a number of dark, blue-green markings. 6) 不同结构的句子对写作表达效果的影响 Sample 1 A career is not easy to choose. It is one of the most important decisions you will make in your life. Find the right career, and you will be happy and successful. Find the wrong career, and you may be unhappy and unsuccessful. You should explore your choice of occupation from every angle. You should collect as much information as you can. You should try different kinds of work before making up your mind. You should evaluate yourself. You should make sure of your interests and talents. (句式单一，主次不明，逻辑性差) Sample 2 For most people, choosing a career is not easy. Yet it is one of the most important decisions you have to make in your life. If you can find the right career, you are more likely to live a happy and successful life; if not, you will probably face a lot of trouble. It pays, therefore, to explore your choice of occupation from every angle, collect as much information as possible, and even try different kinds of work before making up your mind. Above all, evaluate yourself. Be sure that you know your own interests and talents. (因果、主次关系明确，层次清楚，逻辑性强，表达明了，易于理解) Sample 3 At my desk in the office, I opened the morning mail. I was surprised to find a bill a bill from the Electricity Company. I had already paid it. I shouted at the company manager on the phone. He apologized. He offered to send me $100 for the mistake. At 10:00 I frank a cup of coffee. I had three cakes. My head called at 10:30. We met leisurely for two hours. I told him that I disagreed with his office working methods. He was not a good administrator. He let that department fall into disorders. He didn’t know how to handle his hands. He thanked me for my honesty. He gave me a $ 50-a-week raise. (缺少必要的关系连接词显示句与句之间的逻辑关系，句式单一，结构松散，影响意思表达) Sample 4 At my desk in the office, I opened the morning mail and was surprised to find a bill a bill from the Electricity Company, which I had already paid. When I shouted at the company manager on the phone, he apologized and offered to send me $100 for the mistake. At 10:00 I drank a cup of coffee and had three cakes. Then my head called at 10:30. We met leisurely for two hours, during which I told him that I disagreed with his office working methods. I said he was not a good administrator and let that department fall into disorders. Moreover, he didn’t know how to handle his hands. He thanked me for my honesty and gave me a $ 50-a-week raise. （连接词运用恰当，表达出了先后顺序，意思清楚明了，读起来轻松流畅） III. The Development of a Topic，Opening and Ending (展开主题的基本方法, 文章的开头和结尾) 1. 列举法 1） Everyday I have to keep on running between different places. In the morning, I have to send my little Sister to the kindergarten before I hurry to my school. At noon, I should go back home and prepare lunch for my mother and myself. In the evening after classes, I have to run to the kindergarten to take my little sister back. Then after supper, I will go to work at the store and go back home at 23:30. 2） Doing part-time jobs benefits student in mainly three aspects. First, doing part-time jobs helps cultivate independence among students. Second, doing part-time jobs helps culti-vate a good habit of thrift among students. Third, and the most important, doing part-time jobs is one of the best ways to make students know more about the society. 3) The importance of libraries Libraries are among human being’s most important institutions for several reasons. In the first place, most of human being’s collective knowledge is stored in libraries. Libraries protect and preserve this knowledge. They also classify or group the materials into logical and easily available divisions. Furthermore, libraries make the materials available to everyone and even provide librarians to help us find what we need. Finally, libraries are our link to the past and our gift to the future. 2. 举例法 1) Don’t Hesitate to Say ‘No’ To help others is a virtue, but when we are asked to help in the following three cases we should say No”. Firstly, we should say “No” when we arc asked to do some-thing illegal or immoral. For example, if one of your friends asks you to help him in a murder, you should refuse him. Secondly, we should say “No” when fulfilling his or her will is a violation of our principle. Thirdly, we should say “No” when what we are asked to do is beyond our ability. 2) Some people will do the strangest things to gain fame. For example, there are those who go in for various kinds of marathons, dancing or blowing bubble gum for days at a time, to get their names in the paper or in record books of some kind. Then there are people who sit on flagpoles for a week or more, apparently enjoying the attention they receive from the crowd below. There are people who hope to impress people because they ate the most cream pies or because they collected the most bottle tops. And there are even people who seek public notice by way of setting a record for the number of articles of clothing they can put on at one time or the number they can take off. Of course, there are a few mentally twisted individuals who seek fame at the expense of other people’s property or even lives, but fortunately the great majority of people satisfy their urge to be remembered in ways that produce little more damage than a bad case of indigestion. 练习 3：选择适当的词填空。 Illustration for example a case in point an example for instance such as What Is Language? A language is a signaling system which operates with symbolic vocal sounds, and which is used by a group of people for the purposes of communication. Let us look at this definition in more detail because it is language, more than anything else, that distinguishes man from the rest of the animal world. Other animals, it is true, communicate with one another by means of cries: , many birds utter warning calls at the approach of danger; apes utter different cries, ________expressions of anger, fear and pleasure. But these various means of communication differ in important ways from human language. , animals’ cries are not articulate. This means, basically, that they lack structure. They lack, , the kind of structure given by the contrast between vowels and consonants. They also lack the kind of structure that enables us to divide a human utterance into words. We can change an utterance by replacing one word in it by another: a good of this is a soldier who can say, “tanks approaching from the north”, or he can change one word and say “aircraft approaching from the north” or “tanks approaching from the west”; but a bird has a single alarm cry, which means “danger!” This is why the number of signals that an animal can make is very limited: the famous gorilla, the Great Tit is ; it has about twenty different calls, whereas in human language the number of possible utterances is infinite. It also explains why animal cries are very general in meaning. 　 3． 比较和对比法 1) There is a degree of resemblance among Heming-way, Dos Passos and Faulkner. The three writers who are most often referred to as “the lost generation” are all highly individual artists and are vastly different from their forebears in subject matter, attitude and style. They were all affected by the climate of the post war years, although their war experiences had differed greatly. And, they were all major influences for many other writers. They af-fected the development of twentieth century writing not only in the United States but also in England, France and many other parts of Europe. 2) Cats make better pets than dogs. Dogs are messy and do not clean up after themselves. They eat too much food, and require too much care. Besides, dogs jump up on people, and knock over furniture. Cats, on the other hand, are clean and tidy. They eat sparingly, and take care of themselves. Cats are usually well-mannered pets. 3) Mary’s bedroom is quite different from her brother’s room. Her room is clean, but her brother’s room is full of dirt. Her room is always kept in order, while in her brother’s room you can often see piles of dirty clothes. Her room smells of perfume while her brother’s room smells of sweat. 　 常用衔接词：比较：in a like manner, equally, in a similar manner, likewise, also, in the same way, similarly; 对比：notwithstanding, after all, in contrast, on the contrary, although this may be true, in contrast to, on the other hand, at the same time, in spite of, still, but it must be conferred, yet, again 练习 4：试用对比法展开下列主题。 Reading is a better way of recreation than watching TV. 第四讲　课后习题讲解 课后习题讲解： 练习1 thus however meanwhile likewise accordingly furthermore then therefore otherwise moreover besides then hence also consequently 1) Roan moved to New York; however, her mother stayed in Boston. 2) You have disregarded my advice; therefore, I will not help you again. 3) The leaders settled the argument; otherwise, there would have been war. 4) Harrison is kind; moreover, he is generous. 5) Mr. Carr was an invalid all his life; nevertheless, he had an active career. 6) Television is entertaining; furthermore, it is sometimes instructive. 7) We must meet the deadline; hence, a decision is needed now 8) I will study medicine for six years; then I will be a doctor. 9) I live too far away to visit you often; besides, you are never home. 10) He requested an opportunity to make up the work he had missed; accordingly, his teacher gave him special help. 11) The road was wet and slippery; consequently, there were many accidents. 12) All of Mrs. Jackson’s ancestors were active and long-lived; likewise, she is very healthy at age 75. 13) I held the dog; meanwhile, my fried washed it. 14) He put out the fire quickly; thus, a great disaster was avoided. 练习2 1) He looked at her and was surprised. → He looked at her in surprise. 2) The meeting ended and everyone felt bitter. → The meeting ended in bitterness. 3) She had died and he was grieved. → He was in grief over her death. 4) We were greeted by young men who wore black uniforms. → We were… in black uniforms. 5) He refused to talk to them. So he had aroused suspicion. → He had aroused…by refusing to… 6) She smoked a lot and her fingers were brown with nicotine. → She …, her fingers brown… 7) The little fellow looked around. His hands were in his pockets. → The little…, his hands in… 8) The traitor’s face was beaming with smile and he pocketed the wad of banknotes and he was not aware of the risk he was taking. → His face beaming with smile, the traitor pocketed the wad of banknotes, unaware of … 9) She