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SAEJ18v001 SAE Technical Standards Board Rules provide that: “This report is published by SAE to advance the state of technical and engineering sciences. The use of this report is entirely voluntary, and its applicability and suitability for any particular use, includin...

SAEJ18v001
SAE Technical Standards Board Rules provide that: “This report is published by SAE to advance the state of technical and engineering sciences. The use of this report is entirely voluntary, and its applicability and suitability for any particular use, including any patent infringement arising therefrom, is the sole responsibility of the user.” SAE reviews each technical report at least every five years at which time it may be reaffirmed, revised, or cancelled. SAE invites your written comments and suggestions. QUESTIONS REGARDING THIS DOCUMENT: (412) 772-8512 FAX: (412) 776-0243 TO PLACE A DOCUMENT ORDER; (412) 776-4970 FAX: (412) 776-0790 SAE WEB ADDRESS http://ww.sae.org Copyright 1992 Society of Automotive Engineers, Inc. All rights reserved. Printed in U.S.A. SURFACE VEHICLE 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA 15096-0001 RECOMMENDED PRACTICE An American National Standard J18 REV. JUL92 Issued 1952-01 Revised 1992-07 Superseding J18 AUG88 SPONGE AND EXPANDED CELLULAR RUBBER PRODUCTS1 Foreword—See Rationale for changes and also the format has been changed to comply with the SAE Technical Standards Board format. 1. Scope 1.1 This SAE Recommended Practice covers flexible cellular rubber products known as sponge rubbers and expanded rubbers but does not apply to latex foam rubbers. The base material used in their manufacture may be natural rubber, reclaimed rubber, synthetic rubber, or rubber-like materials, alone or in combination. Ebonite cellular rubbers are not included. 1.2 Extruded or molded shapes of sizes too small for cutting standard test specimens are difficult to classify or test by these methods and will usually require special testing procedures. 1.3 In case of conflict between the provisions of this general specification and those of detailed specifications of test for a particular product the latter shall take precedence. Reference to these methods for testing cellular rubber products should specifically state the particular test or tests desired. 1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. 2. References 2.1 Applicable Publications—The following publications form a part of this specification to the extent specified herein. 2.1.1 ASTM PUBLICATIONS—Available from ASTM, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. ASTM D 395—Test Methods for Rubber Property—Compression Set ASTM D 471—Test Method for Rubber Property—Effect of Liquids ASTM D 573—Test Method for Rubber—Deterioration in an Air Oven ASTM D 575—Test for Rubber Properties in Compression ASTM D 832—Practice for Rubber Conditioning for Low-Temperature Testing ASTM D 1056—Specification for Flexible Cellular Materials—Sponge or Expanded Rubber 1. This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D-11 on Rubber and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D11.33 on Flexible Cellular Materials. Current edition approved September 27, 1985. Published November 1985. Originally published as D 1056 - 49 T. Last previous edition D 1056 - 78. SAE J18 Revised JUL92 -2- ASTM D 1171—Test Method for Rubber Deterioration—Surface Ozone Cracking Outdoors or Chamber (Triangular Specimens) ASTM D 3182—Practice for Rubber—Materials, Equipment, and Procedures for Mixing Standard Compounds and Preparing Standard Vulcanized Sheets ASTM D 3183—Practice for Rubber—Preparation of Pieces for Test Purposes from Products 3. Definitions 3.1 Cellular Material—A generic term for materials containing many cells (either open, closed, or both) dispersed throughout the mass. 3.2 Expanded Rubber—Cellular rubber having closed cells made from a solid rubber compound. 3.3 Flexible—A flexible cellular organic polymeric material will not rupture within 60 s when a specimen 200 x 25 x 25 mm (8 x 1 x 1 in) is bent around a 25 mm (1 in) diameter mandrel at a uniform rate of one lap in 5 s in the form of a helix at a temperature between 18 and 29 °C (65 and 85 °F). 3.4 Rubber—A material that is capable of recovering from large deformations quickly and forcibly, and can be, or already is, modified to a state in which it is essentially insoluble (but can swell) in boiling solvent, such as benzene, methyl ethyl ketone, and ethanol-toluene azeotrope. 3.4.1 A rubber in its modified state, free of diluents, retracts within 1 min to less than 1.5 times its original length after being stretched at room temperature (20 to 27 °C) to twice its length and held for 1 min before release. 3.5 Skin—A relatively dense layer at the surface of a cellular material. Normally, this skin is formed by contact with the mold or cover plates during manufacture. Molded open-cell (sponge) parts usually have a skin on all surfaces, except when cut to length from longer strips. Parts made by cutting from open-cell (sponge) sheets usually have skin on two faces and open cells at the cut edges. Closed-cell (expanded) rubber sheets are frequently split from thicker pieces and consequently do not have the skin faces. On some products it is desirable to add a solid rubber skin coating. The use to which the cellular rubber product is to be put determines the thickness of added skin required. Products subject to abrasion or open-cell (sponge) rubber which must withstand absorption of water or transmission of gases will ordinarily require an applied skin coating. Closed-cell (expanded) rubber does not usually require an added skin for these reasons. In all cases where a skin is applied, there should be good adhesion between it and the cellular rubber. 3.6 Sponge Rubber—Cellular rubber consisting predominantly of open cells made from a solid rubber compound. 4. Materials and Manufacture 4.1 Sponge Rubbers—Sponge rubbers are made by incorporating into the compound an inflating agent, such as sodium bicarbonate, that gives off a gas which expands the mass during the vulcanization process. Sponge rubbers are manufactured in sheet, strip, molded, or special shapes. Unless otherwise specified, sheet and strip sponge rubber shall have a natural skin on both the top and bottom surfaces. Fabric surface impressions are ordinarily not objectionable. The coarseness of the impressions shall be agreed upon by the parties concerned. 4.2 Expanded Rubbers—Closed-cell rubbers are made by incorporating gas-forming ingredients in the rubber compound, or by subjecting the compound to high-pressure gas such as nitrogen. Expanded rubbers are manufactured in sheet, strip molded, and special shapes by molding or extruding. Unless otherwise specified, the presence of skin on the top or bottom surfaces of sheet and strip expanded rubber shall be optional. Extruded shapes have skin on all surfaces except cut ends. SAE J18 Revised JUL92 -3- 5. Classification (Types, Classes, Grades, and Suffix Letters) 5.1 Types—These specifications cover two types of cellular rubber designated by the prefix numbers 1 and 2. 5.1.1 TYPE 1—Open-cell rubber. 5.1.2 TYPE 2—Closed-cell rubber. 5.2 Classes—Both types are divided into four classes designated by the letters A, B, C, and D added to the number prefix. 5.2.1 CLASS A—Cellular rubbers made from natural rubber, reclaimed rubber, synthetic rubber, or rubber-like materials, alone or in combination where specific resistance to the action of petroleum-base oils is not required. 5.2.2 CLASS B—Cellular rubbers made from synthetic rubber or rubber-like materials alone or in combination, having specific requirements for oil resistance with low swell. 5.2.3 CLASS C—Cellular rubbers made from synthetic rubber or rubber-like materials alone or in combination, having specific requirements for oil resistance with medium swell. 5.2.4 CLASS D—Cellular rubbers made from synthetic rubber or rubber-like materials alone or in combination having specific requirements for extreme temperature resistance (-75 to 175 °C) (-103 to 347 °F); but specific resistance to the action of petroleum-base oils is not required. 5.3 Grades—Each type and class has been divided into a number of different grades. Each grade is based on a specific range of firmness as expressed by compression-deflection (see Section 15). Grades are designated by digit, the softer grades being identified with the lower numbers and the higher grades being identified with the higher numbers. 5.3.1 GRADE 0—For Type 1 cellular rubbers only, a compression-deflection range of 3.5 to 14 kPa (0.5 to 2 psi). 5.3.2 GRADE 1—For Types 1 and 2 cellular rubbers, a compression-deflection range of 14 to 35 kPa (2 to 5 psi). 5.3.3 GRADE 2—For Types 1 and 2 cellular rubbers, a compression-deflection range of 35 to 63 kPa (5 to 9 psi). 5.3.4 GRADE 3—For Types 1 and 2 cellular rubbers, a compression-deflection range of 63 to 91 kPa (9 to 13 psi). 5.3.5 GRADE 4—For Types 1 and 2 cellular rubbers, a compression-deflection range of 91 to 119 kPa (13 to 17 psi). 5.3.6 GRADE 5—For Types 1 and 2 cellular rubbers, a compression-deflection range of 119 to 168 kPa (17 to 24 psi). 6. Physical Properties—The various grades of cellular rubber shall conform to the requirements as to physical properties in Tables 1, 2, and 3, together with any additional requirements indicated by suffix letters in the grade designations as described in Section 5 and Table 4. SAE J18 Revised JUL92 -4- 7. Workmanship, Finish, and Appearance—Cellular rubbers furnished under this specification shall be manufactured from natural rubber, synthetic rubber, or rubber-like materials together with added compounding ingredients of such nature and quality that the finished product complies with the specification requirements. In permitting choice in use of those materials by the producer, it is not intended to imply that the different rubber materials are equivalent in respect to all physical properties. Any special characteristics other than those prescribed in this specification which may be desired for specific applications, shall be specified in the product specifications, as they may influence the choice of the type of rubber material or other ingredients used. All materials and workmanship shall be in accordance with good commercial practice, and the resulting cellular rubbers shall be free from defects affecting serviceability. 8. Color—Unless otherwise specified, the color of cellular rubbers shall be black. 9. Test Methods—Unless specifically stated otherwise, all tests shall be made in accordance with the methods specified in Sections 13 through 19 and Table 3. 10. Tolerances on Dimensions—Tolerances on dimensions of cellular rubber products shall be as specified in Table 6. 11. Inspection and Rejection 11.1 All tests and inspection shall be made at the place of manufacture prior to shipment, unless otherwise specified. The manufacturer shall afford the inspector all reasonable facilities for tests and inspection. 11.2 The purchaser may make the tests and inspection to govern acceptance or rejection of the material at his own laboratory or elsewhere. Such tests and inspection shall be made no later than 15 days after receipt of the material. 11.3 All samples for testing, provided as specified in 13.2, shall be visually inspected to determine compliance with the material, workmanship, and color requirements. 11.4 Any material that fails in one or more of the test requirements may be retested. For this purpose, two additional tests shall be made for the requirement in which failure occurred. Failure to either of the retests shall be cause for final rejection. 11.5 Rejected material shall be disposed of as directed by the manufacturer. 12. Packaging and Package Marking—The material shall be properly and adequately packaged. Each package or container shall be legibly marked with the name of the material, name or trademark of the manufacturer, and any required purchaser's designations. SA E J18 R e vis ed JU L92 -5 - TABLE 1—PHYSICAL REQUIREMENTS OF CELLULAR RUBBERS, TYPE 1, OPEN-CELL SPONGE Basic Requirements Requirements Added by Suffix Letters Suffix B1 Suffix F1 Suffix F2 Grade Number Compression Deflection, 25% Deflection (Limits), kPa (psi) Oil-Aged 22 h at 70 °C (158 °F), Change in Volume in ASTM Oil No. 3 (Limits), % Oven-Aged 7 Days at 70 °C (158 °F), Change from Original Compression- Deflection Values (Limits), % Compression Set, 22 h at 70 °C (158 °F) 50% Deflection, max, % Compression Set, 22 h at 70 °C (158 °F), 50% Deflection, max, % Low-Temperature Test at -40 °C (-40 °F), Change from Original Deflection Values, max, % Low-Temperature Test at -55 °C (-67 °F), Change from Original Deflection Values, max, % Class A, Non-Oil Resistant 1A0 3.5–14(0.5–2) --- ±20(1) 1. If this grade after aging still falls within the compression-deflection requirement of 3.5 to 14 kPa (0.5 to 2 psi), it shall be considered acceptable even though the change from the original is greater than ±20%. 15 --- 25 25 --- ±20 15 --- 25 25 1A1 14–35(2–5) --- ±20 15 --- 25 25 1A2 35–63(5–9) --- ±20 15 --- 25 25 1A3 63–91(9–13) --- ± 20 15 --- 25 25 1A4 91–119(13–17) --- ± 20 15 --- 25 25 1A5 119–168(17–24) --- ± 20 15 --- 25 25 Class B, Oil-Resistant, Low Swell 1B0 3.5–14(0.5–2) --- 50 -25 to 10 ± 20(1) 40 --- 50 --- 1B1 14–35(2–5) -25 to 10 ± 20 40 --- 50 --- 1B2 35–63(5–9) -25 to 10 ± 20 40 --- 50 --- 1B3 63–91(9–13) -25 to 10 ± 20 40 --- 50 --- 1B4 91–119(13–17) -25 to 10 ± 20 40 --- 50 --- 1B5 119–168(17–24) -25 to 10 ± 20 40 --- Class C, Oil-Resistant, Medium Swell 1C0 3.5–14(0.5–2) + 10 to 60 ±20(1) 50 25 50 --- 1C1 14–35(2–5) + 10 to 60 ±20 50 25 50 --- 1C2 35–63(5–9) + 10 to 60 ±20 50 25 50 --- 1C3 63–91(9–13) + 10 to 60 ±20 50 25 50 --- 1C4 91–119(13–17) + 10 to 60 ±20 50 25 50 --- 1C5 119–168(17–24) + 10 to 60 ±20 50 25 50 --- SA E J18 R e vis ed JU L92 -6 - TABLE 2—PHYSICAL REQUIREMENTS OF CELLULAR RUBBERS, TYPE 2, CLOSED-CELL EXPANDED Basic Requirements Requirements Added by Suffix Letters Suffix B Grade Number Compression Deflection 25% Deflection (Limits) kN/m2(psi) Fluid-Immersion 7 days at 23 °C (73.4 °F) Change in Weight in ASTM Reference Fuel B, max, % (1) 1. This test (see sections 33 to 36 of these specifications) of weight change in Reference Fuel B is used in place of the usual oil resistance test of volume change of No. 3 oil for the following reason. Oil or solvent immersion of flexible closed cellular materials usually causes loss of gas, by diffusion through the softened cell walls, that results in some shrinkage of the test sample. This shrinkage counteracts the swell that would normally occur, therefore invalidating test data based on volume change. Reference Fuel B is used because it produces a wider and more consistent differentiation among the A, B, and C classes than does the No. 3 oil. Oven-Aged 7 Days at 70 °C (158 °F) Change from Original Deflection Values (Limits), % Water Absorption max, weight % (2) 2. For cellular materials with densities 160 kg/m3 (10 lb/ft3) or less, the value of water absorption allowed is 10% max by weight. For densities of more than 160 kg/m3 (10 lb/ft3) the value of water absorption is 5% max by weight. Compression Set 22 h at Room Temperature 50% Deflection, After 24 h Recovery at Room Temperature, max, % Class A, Non-Oil Resistant 2A1 14–35(2–5) ± 30 5 25 2A2 35–63(5–9) ± 30 5 25 2A3 63–91(9–13) ± 30 5 25 2A4 91–119(13–17) ± 30 5 25 2A5 119–168(17–24) ± 30 5 25 Class B, Oil Resistant, Low Swell (3) 3. Standard oil resistance test methods give inconsistent results on closed cellular materials. This test gives a general indication of oil resistance but more reliable infor- mation should be obtained by testing in actual or simulated service conditions. 2B1 14–35(2–5) 50 ± 30 5 25 2B2 35–63(5–9) 50 ± 30 5 25 2B3 63–91(9–13) 50 ± 30 5 25 2B4 91–119(13–17) 50 ± 30 5 25 2B5 119–168(17–24) 50 ± 30 5 25 Class C, Oil Resistant, Medium SwellFootnote 3 2C1 14–35(2–5) 150 ± 30 5 25 2C2 35–63(5–9) 150 ± 30 5 25 2C3 63–91(9–13) 150 ± 30 5 25 2C4 91–119(13–17) 150 ± 30 5 25 2C5 119–168(17–24) 150 ± 30 5 25 The figures of 150% maximum Class C and 50% maximum Class B apply to cellular materials having densities of more than 160 kg/m3 (10 lb/ft3). For cellular materials with densities 160 kg/m3 or less, the values of maximum mass change allowed are 250% for Class C and 100% for Class B. SA E J18 R e vis ed JU L92 -7 - TABLE 3—TOLERANCES ON DIMENSIONS OF CELLULAR RUBBER PRODUCTS FOR GENERAL APPLICATIONS Form Thickness Dimension, mm (in) Thickness Tolerance, ±, mm (in) Length and Width Dimension, mm (in) Length and Width Tolerance, ±, mm (in) Sponge Rubbers Sheet and strip 3.2 (1/8 and under 0.4 (1/64) 152 (6) and under 1.6 (1/16) Over 3.2 (1/8) to 12.7 (1/2) incl 0.8 (1/32) Over 152 (6) to 457 (18) incl 3.2 (1/8) Over 12.7 (1/2) 1.2 (3/64) Over 457 (18) 0.5% Molded or special shapes 6.4 (1/4) and under 0.8 (1/32) 6.4 (1/4) and under 0.8 (1/32) Over 6.4 (1/4) to 76.2 (3) incl 1.6 (1/16) Over 6.4 (1/4) to 76 (3) incl 1.6 (1/16) Over 76 (3) to 457 (18) incl 3.2 (1/8) Over 457 (18) 0.5% Expanded Rubbers Sheet and strip 3.2 (1/8) to 12.7 (1/2) incl 1.6 (1/16) 152 (6) and under 6.4 (1/4) Over 12.7 (1/2) 2.4 (3/32) Over 152 (6) to 305 (12) incl 9.6 (3/8) Over 305 (12) 3% Molded or special shapes 3.2 (1/8) to 12.7 (1/2) incl 1.6 (1/16) 152 (6) and under 6.4 (1/4) Over 12.7 (1/2) to 38.1 (1-1/2) incl 2.4 (3/32) Over 152 (6) to 305 (12) incl 9.6 (3/8) Over 38.1 (1-1/2) to 76.2 (3) incl 3.2 (1/8) Over 305 (12) 3% SA E J18 R e vis ed JU L92 -8 - TABLE 4—ASTM TEST METHODS(1) Basic Requirements and Suffix No Requirement or Suffix Letter Basic Requirements 1 2 3 4 Compression Deflection D 1056, Sections 18 to 21 Heat Resistance D 1056, Sections 16 to 17, change in compression deflection after aging 7 days at 70 °C (158 °F) Oil Resistance (1B and 1C Rubbers Only) D 1056, Sections 25 to 26, 22 h at 70 °C (158 °F) Compression Set (1A, 1B, and 1C Rubbers Only) D 1056, Sections 22 to 24, 22 h at 70 °C (158 °F) 50% deflection 30-min recovery at RT Compression Set (1D and 2D Rubbers Only) D 1056, Sections 22 to 24, 22 h at 100 °C (212 °F), 50% deflection, 30-min recovery at RT Water Absorption (2A, 2B, 2C, and 2D Rubbers Only) D 1056, Sections 31 to 33 Suffix A, Heat Resistance D 1056, Sections 16 to 17, change in compression deflection after aging 22 h at 100 °C ± 1 °C (212 °F) D 1056, Sections 16 to 17, change in compression deflection after aging 22 h at 125 °C ± 1 °C (257 °F) D 1056, Sections 16 to 17, change in compression deflection after aging 22 h at 150 °C ± 1 °C (302 °F) D 1056, Sections 16 to 17, change in compression deflection after aging 22 h at 175 °C ± 1 °C (347 °F) Suffix B, Compression Set D 1056, Sections 22 to 24, 22 h at 70 °C (158 °F), 50% deflection, 30-min recovery at RT D 1056, Sections 22 to 24, 22 h at RT, 50% deflection, 24-h recovery at RT Suffix C, Ozone or Weather Resistance D 1171(2) ozone exposure Method A D 1171(2), outdoor exposure D 1171(2), ozone exposure, Method B Suffix D, Load Deflection(3) SA E J18 R e vis ed JU L92 -9 - Suffix E, Fluid Resistance D 1056(4) Sections 34 to 37, 150% max D 1056(4), Sections 34 to 37, 50% max Suffix F, Low-Temperature Resistance D 1056, Sections 27 to 30, 5 h at -40 °C (-40 °F) D 1056, Sections 27 to 30, 5 h at -55 °C (-67 °F) D 1056, Sections 27 to 30, 5 h at -75 °C (-103 °F) Suffix G, Tear Resistance(3) Suffix H, Flex Resistance(3) Suffix J, Abrasion Resistance(3) Suffix K, Adhesion Capability(3) Suffix L, Water Absorption(3) Suffix M, Flammability Resistance(3) Suffix N, Impact Resistance(3) Suffix P, Staining Resistance(3) Suffix R, Resilience(3) Suffix Z, Special Requirements(3) 1. The designations refer to the following methods of ASTM D 1056, Sections 13 to 37, D 1171. 2. Ratings to be arranged between the purchaser and the supplier. 3. Test method and valu
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