2009+GSA+Geologic+Time+Scale

Walker, J.D., and Geissman, J.W., compilers, 2009, Geologic Time Scale: Geological Society of America, doi: 10.1130/2009.CTS004R2C. ©2009 The Geological Society of America. 235 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 210 200 220 230 240 250 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 750 1000 1250 1500 1750 2000 2250 2500 2750 3000 3250 3500 3750 260 280 300 320 340 380 360 400 420 440 460 480 500 520 540 2009 GEOLOGIC TIME SCALE PALEOZOIC P E R M I A N D E V O N I A N O R D O V I C I A N S I L U R I A N MISSIS- SIPPIAN PENNSYL- VANIAN C A M B R I A N * C A R B O N I F E R O U S AGE (Ma) EPOCH AGE PICKS (Ma)PERIOD 251 260 254 266 268 271 276 284 297 304 306 299.0 318 326 345 359 374 385 392 398 407 411 416 419 421 428 426 436 439 423 444 446 455 461 472 468 479 488 496 501 503 507 492 510 517 521 535 542 GZELIAN KASIMOVIAN MOSCOVIAN BASHKIRIAN SERPUKHOVIAN VISEAN TOURNAISIAN FAMENNIAN FRASNIAN GIVETIAN EIFELIAN EMSIAN PRAGHIAN LOCKHOVIAN 312 PRECAMBRIAN P R O T E R O Z O I C A R C H E A N AGE (Ma) EON ERA BDY. AGES (Ma) 1000 1200 1800 2050 2300 1400 1600 2500 2800 3200 3600 3850 L M M E E E E Furon- gian Series 3 Series 2 Terre- neuvian L L L M M 542 630 850 MESOZOIC T R I A S S I C J U R A S S I C C R E T A C E O U S AGE (Ma) EPOCH AGE PICKS (Ma) MAGNETIC POLARITY PERIOD PERIOD H I S T . A N O M . C H R O N . LATE EARLY LATE EARLY MIDDLE LATE EARLY MIDDLE MAASTRICHTIAN 65.5 70.6 83.5 85.8 89.3 93.5 99.6 112 125 130 136 140 145.5 151 156 165 161 CAMPANIAN SANTONIAN CONIACIAN TURONIAN CENOMANIAN ALBIAN APTIAN BARREMIAN HAUTERIVIAN VALANGINIAN BERRIASIAN TITHONIAN KIMMERIDGIAN OXFORDIAN CALLOVIAN BATHONIAN BAJOCIAN AALENIAN TOARCIAN PLIENSBACHIAN SINEMURIAN HETTANGIAN NORIAN RHAETIAN CARNIAN LADINIAN ANISIAN OLENEKIAN INDUAN C31 C32 C33 31 32 33 M0r M1 M5 M10 M12 M14 M16 M18 M20 M22 M25 M29 M3 168 172 176 197 190 201.6 204 241 228 251.0 250 245 R A P I D P O L A R I T Y C H A N G E S 30 C30 C3434 CENOZOIC AGE (Ma) EPOCH AGE PICKS (Ma) MAGNETIC POLARITY PERIOD H I S T . A N O M . C H R O N . QUATER- NARY PLEISTOCENE M I O C E N E O L I G O C E N E E O C E N E P A L E O C E N E PLIOCENE PIACENZIAN 0.01 1.8 3.6 5.3 7.2 11.6 13.8 16.0 20.4 23.0 28.4 33.9 37.2 40.4 48.6 55.8 58.7 61.7 65.5 L E L M E L M M E E L ZANCLEAN MESSINIAN TORTONIAN SERRAVALLIAN LANGHIAN BURDIGALIAN AQUITANIAN CHATTIAN RUPELIAN PRIABONIAN BARTONIAN LUTETIAN YPRESIAN DANIAN THANETIAN SELANDIAN CALABRIAN HOLOCENE T E R T I A R Y P A L E O G E N E N E O G E N E 1 C1 C2 C2A C3 C3A C4 C4A C6 C6A C6B C6C C7 C8 C9 C10 C11 C12 C13 C15 C16 C17 C18 C19 C20 C21 C22 C23 C24 C25 C26 C27 C28 C29 C7A C5 C5A C5B C5C C5D C5E 2 2A 3 3A 4 4A 5 5B 5A 5C 6 6A 6B 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 28 29 26 27 7A 6C 5D 5E 30 C30 GELASIAN 2.6 183 CHANGHSINGIAN WORDIAN ROADIAN WUCHIAPINGIAN CAPITANIAN KUNGURIAN ASSELIAN SAKMARIAN ARTINSKIAN PRIDOLIAN LUDFORDIAN GORSTIAN HOMERIAN RHUDDANIAN TELYCHIAN AERONIAN SHEINWOODIAN HIMANTIAN SANDBIAN KATIAN DARRIWILIAN DAPINGIAN STAGE 10 STAGE 9 PAIBIAN GUZHANGIAN DRUMIAN STAGE 5 STAGE 4 STAGE 3 STAGE 2 FORTUNIAN FLOIAN TREMADOCIAN EDIACARAN CRYOGENIAN TONIAN STENIAN ECTASIAN CALYMMIAN STATHERIAN OROSIRIAN RHYACIAN SIDERIAN NEOPRO- TEROZOIC MESOPRO- TEROZOIC PALEOPRO- TEROZOIC NEOARCHEAN MESO- ARCHEAN PALEO- ARCHEAN EOARCHEAN HADEAN *International ages have not been fully established. These are current names as reported by the International Commission on Stratigraphy. Sources for nomenclature and ages are primarily from Gradstein, F., Ogg, J., Smith, A., et al., 2004, A Geologic Time Scale 2004: Cambridge University Press, 589 p. Modifications to the Triassic after: Furin, S., Preto, N., Rigo, M., Roghi, G., Gianolla, P., Crowley, J.L., and Bowring, S.A., 2006, High-precision U-Pb zircon age from the Triassic of Italy: Implications for the Triassic time scale and the Carnian origin of calcareous nannoplankton and dinosaurs: Geology, v. 34, p. 1009–1012, doi: 10.1130/G22967A.1; and Kent, D.V., and Olsen, P.E., 2008, Early Jurassic magnetostratigraphy and paleolatitudes from the Hartford continental rift basin (eastern North America): Testing for polarity bias and abrupt polar wander in association with the central Atlantic magmatic province: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 113, B06105, doi: 10.1029/2007JB005407.