2012012012011111年全国硕士研究生入学考试英语((((一))))试
题
Section I Use of English
Directions:
Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered
blank and mark [A], [B], [C] or [D] on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)
Ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle viewed laughter as “a bodily
exercise precious to health.” But __1___some claims to the
contrary, laughing probably has little influence on physical fitness
Laughter does __2___short-term changes in the function of the heart and
its blood vessels, ___3_ heart rate and oxygen consumption But because
hard laughter is difficult to __4__, a good laugh is unlikely to have
__5___ benefits the way, say, walking or jogging does.
__6__, instead of straining muscles to build them, as exercise does,
laughter apparently accomplishes the __7__, studies dating back to the
1930’s indicate that laughter__8___ muscles, decreasing muscle tone for
up to 45 minutes after the laugh dies down.
Such bodily reaction might conceivably help _9__the effects of
psychological stress. Anyway, the act of laughing probably does produce
other types of ___10___ feedback, that improve an individual’s emotional
state. __11____one classical theory of emotion, our feelings are
partially rooted ____12___ physical reactions. It was argued at the end
of the 19th century that humans do not cry ___13___they are sad but they
become sad when the tears begin to flow.
Although sadness also ____14___ tears, evidence suggests that
emotions can flow __15___ muscular responses. In an experiment published
in 1988,social psychologist Fritz Strack of the University of würzburg
in Germany asked volunteers to __16___ a pen either with their
teeth-thereby creating an artificial smile – or with their lips, which
would produce a(n) __17___ expression. Those forced to exercise their
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enthusiastically to funny catoons than did those whose months were
contracted in a frown, ____19___ that expressions may influence emotions
rather than just the other way around __20__ , the physical act of laughter
could improve mood.
1.[A]among [B]except [C]despite [D]like
2.[A]reflect [B]demand [C]indicate [D]produce
3.[A]stabilizing [B]boosting [C]impairing [D]determining
4.[A]transmit [B]sustain [C]evaluate [D]observe
5.[A]measurable [B]manageable [C]affordable [D]renewable
6.[A]In turn [B]In fact [C]In addition [D]In brief
7.[A]opposite [B]impossible [C]average [D]expected
8.[A]hardens [B]weakens [C]tightens [D]relaxes
9.[A]aggravate [B]generate [C]moderate [D]enhance
10.[A]physical [B]mental [C]subconscious [D]internal
11.[A]Except for [B]According to [C]Due to [D]As for
12.[A]with [B]on [C]in [D]at
13.[A]unless [B]until [C]if [D]because
14.[A]exhausts [B]follows [C]precedes [D]suppresses
15.[A]into [B]from [C]towards [D]beyond
16.[A]fetch [B]bite [C]pick [D]hold
17.[A]disappointed [B]excited [C]joyful [D]indifferent
18.[A]adapted [B]catered [C]turned [D]reacted
19.[A]suggesting [B]requiring [C]mentioning [D]supposing
20.[A]Eventually [B]Consequently [C]Similarly [D]Conversely
Section II Reading Comprehension
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Part A
Directions:
Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text
by choosing [A], [B], [C] or [D]. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.
(40 points)
Text 1
The decision of the New York Philharmonic to hire Alan Gilbert as its
next music director has been the talk of the classical-music world ever
since the sudden announcement of his appointment in 2009. For the most
part, the response has been favorable, to say the least. “Hooray! At
last!” wrote Anthony Tommasini, a sober-sided classical-music critic.
One of the reasons why the appointment came as such a surprise, however,
is that Gilbert is comparatively little known. Even Tommasini, who had
advocated Gilbert’s appointment in the Times, calls him “an
unpretentious musician with no air of the formidable conductor about
him.” As a description of the next music director of an orchestra that
has hitherto been led by musicians like Gustav Mahler and Pierre Boulez,
that seems likely to have struck at least some Times readers as faint
praise.
For my part, I have no idea whether Gilbert is a great conductor or
even a good one. To be sure, he performs an impressive variety of
interesting compositions, but it is not necessary for me to visit Avery
Fisher Hall, or anywhere else, to hear interesting orchestral music. All
I have to do is to go to my CD shelf, or boot up my computer and download
still more recorded music from iTunes.
Devoted concertgoers who reply that recordings are no substitute for
live performance are missing the point. For the time, attention, and money
of the art-loving public, classical instrumentalists must compete not
only with opera houses, dance troupes, theater companies, and museums,
but also with the recorded performances of the great classical musicians
of the 20th century. There recordings are cheap, available everywhere, and
very often much higher in artistic quality than today’s live performances;
moreover, they can be “consumed” at a time and place of the listener’s
choosing. The widespread availability of such recordings has thus brought
about a crisis in the institution of the traditional classical concert.
One possible response is for classical performers to program
attractive new music that is not yet available on record. Gilbert’s own
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interest in new music has been widely noted: Alex Ross, a classical-music
critic, has described him as a man who is capable of turning the
Philharmonic into “a markedly different, more vibrant organization.”
But what will be the nature of that difference? Merely expanding the
orchestra’s repertoire will not be enough. If Gilbert and the
Philharmonic are to succeed, they must first change the relationship
between America’s oldest orchestra and the new audience it hops to
attract.
21. We learn from Para.1 that Gilbert’s appointment has
[A]incurred criticism.
[B]raised suspicion.
[C]received acclaim.
[D]aroused curiosity.
22. Tommasini regards Gilbert as an artist who is
[A]influential.
[B]modest.
[C]respectable.
[D]talented.
23. The author believes that the devoted concertgoers
[A]ignore the expenses of live performances.
[B]reject most kinds of recorded performances.
[C]exaggerate the variety of live performances.
[D]overestimate the value of live performances.
24. According to the text, which of the following is true of
recordings?
[A]They are often inferior to live concerts in quality.
[B]They are easily accessible to the general public.
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[C]They help improve the quality of music.
[D]They have only covered masterpieces.
25. Regarding Gilbert’s role in revitalizing the Philharmonic, the
author feels
[A]doubtful.
[B]enthusiastic.
[C]confident.
[D]puzzled.
Text 2
When Liam McGee departed as president of Bank of America in August,
his explanation was surprisingly straight up. Rather than cloaking his
exit in the usual vague excuses, he came right out and said he was leaving
“to pursue my goal of running a company.” Broadcasting his ambition was
“very much my decision,” McGee says. Within two weeks, he was talking
for the first time with the board of Hartford Financial Services Group,
which named him CEO and chairman on September 29.
McGee says leaving without a position lined up gave him time to reflect
on what kind of company he wanted to run. It also sent a clear message
to the outside world about his aspirations. And McGee isn’t alone. In
recent weeks the No.2 executives at Avon and American Express quit with
the explanation that they were looking for a CEO post. As boards scrutinize
succession plans in response to shareholder pressure, executives who
don’t get the nod also may wish to move on. A turbulent business
environment also has senior managers cautious of letting vague
pronouncements cloud their reputations.
As the first signs of recovery begin to take hold, deputy chiefs may
be more willing to make the jump without a net. In the third quarter, CEO
turnover was down 23% from a year ago as nervous boards stuck with the
leaders they had, according to Liberum Research. As the economy picks up,
opportunities will abound for aspiring leaders.
The decision to quit a senior position to look for a better one is
unconventional. For years executives and headhunters have adhered to the
rule that the most attractive CEO candidates are the ones who must be
poached. Says Korn/Ferry senior partner Dennis Carey:”I can’t think of
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a single search I’ve done where a board has not instructed me to look
at sitting CEOs first.”
Those who jumped without a job haven’t always landed in top positions
quickly. Ellen Marram quit as chief of Tropicana a decade age, saying she
wanted to be a CEO. It was a year before she became head of a tiny
Internet-based commodities exchange. Robert Willumstad left Citigroup in
2005 with ambitions to be a CEO. He finally took that post at a major
financial institution three years later.
Many recruiters say the old disgrace is fading for top performers.
The financial crisis has made it more acceptable to be between jobs or
to leave a bad one. “The traditional rule was it’s safer to stay where
you are, but that’s been fundamentally inverted,” says one headhunter.
“The people who’ve been hurt the worst are those who’ve stayed too
long.”
26. When McGee announced his departure, his manner can best be
described as being
[A]arrogant.
[B]frank.
[C]self-centered.
[D]impulsive.
27. According to Paragraph 2, senior executives’ quitting may be
spurred by
[A]their expectation of better financial status.
[B]their need to reflect on their private life.
[C]their strained relations with the boards.
[D]their pursuit of new career goals.
28. The word “poached” (Line 3, Paragraph 4) most probably means
[A]approved of.
[B]attended to.
[C]hunted for.
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[D]guarded against.
29. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that
[A]top performers used to cling to their posts.
[B]loyalty of top performers is getting out-dated.
[C]top performers care more about reputations.
[D]it’s safer to stick to the traditional rules.
30. Which of the following is the best title for the text?
[A]CEOs: Where to Go?
[B]CEOs: All the Way Up?
[C]Top Managers Jump without a Net
[D]The Only Way Out for Top Performers
Text 3
The rough guide to marketing success used to be that you got what you
paid for. No longer. While traditional “paid” media – such as
television commercials and print advertisements – still play a major role,
companies today can exploit many alternative forms of media. Consumers
passionate about a product may create “owned” media by sending e-mail
alerts about products and sales to customers registered with its Web site.
The way consumers now approach the broad range of factors beyond
conventional paid media.
Paid and owned media are controlled by marketers promoting their own
products. For earned media , such marketers act as the initiator for
users’ responses. But in some cases, one marketer’s owned media become
another marketer’s paid media – for instance, when an e-commerce
retailer sells ad space on its Web site. We define such sold media as owned
media whose traffic is so strong that other organizations place their
content or e-commerce engines within that environment. This trend ,which
we believe is still in its infancy, effectively began with retailers and
travel providers such as airlines and hotels and will no doubt go further.
Johnson & Johnson, for example, has created BabyCenter, a stand-alone
media property that promotes complementary and even competitive products.
Besides generating income, the presence of other marketers makes the site
seem objective, gives companies opportunities to learn valuable
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information about the appeal of other companies’ marketing, and may help
expand user traffic for all companies concerned.
The same dramatic technological changes that have provided marketers
with more (and more diverse) communications choices have also increased
the risk that passionate consumers will voice their opinions in quicker,
more visible, and much more damaging ways. Such hijacked media are the
opposite of earned media: an asset or campaign becomes hostage to
consumers, other stakeholders, or activists who make negative allegations
about a brand or product. Members of social networks, for instance, are
learning that they can hijack media to apply pressure on the businesses
that originally created them.
If that happens, passionate consumers would try to persuade others
to boycott products, putting the reputation of the target company at risk.
In such a case, the company’s response may not be sufficiently quick or
thoughtful, and the learning curve has been steep. Toyota Motor, for
example, alleviated some of the damage from its recall crisis earlier this
year with a relatively quick and well-orchestrated social-media response
campaign, which included efforts to engage with consumers directly on
sites such as Twitter and the social-news site Digg.
31.Consumers may create “earned” media when they are
[A] obscssed with online shopping at certain Web sites.
[B] inspired by product-promoting e-mails sent to them.
[C] eager to help their friends promote quality products.
[D] enthusiastic about recommending their favorite products.
32. According to Paragraph 2,sold media feature
[A] a safe business environment.
[B] random competition.
[C] strong user traffic.
[D] flexibility in organization.
33. The author indicates in Paragraph 3 that earned media
[A] invite constant conflicts with passionate consumers.
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[B] can be used to produce negative effects in marketing.
[C] may be responsible for fiercer competition.
[D] deserve all the negative comments about them.
34. Toyota Motor’s experience is cited as an example of
[A] responding effectively to hijacked media.
[B] persuading customers into boycotting products.
[C] cooperating with supportive consumers.
[D] taking advantage of hijacked media.
35. Which of the following is the text mainly about ?
[A] Alternatives to conventional paid media.
[B] Conflict between hijacked and earned media.
[C] Dominance of hijacked media.
[D] Popularity of owned media.
Text 4
It’s no surprise that Jennifer Senior’s insightful, provocative
magazine cover story, “I love My Children, I Hate My Life,” is arousing
much chatter – nothing gets people talking like the suggestion that child
rearing is anything less than a completely fulfilling, life-enriching
experience. Rather than concluding that children make parents either
happy or miserable, Senior suggests we need to redefine happiness: instead
of thinking of it as something that can be measured by moment-to-moment
joy, we should consider being happy as a past-tense condition. Even though
the day-to-day experience of raising kids can be soul-crushingly hard,
Senior writes that “the very things that in the moment dampen our moods
can later be sources of intense gratification and delight.”
The magazine cover showing an attractive mother holding a cute baby
is hardly the only Madonna-and-child image on newsstands this week. There
are also stories about newly adoptive – and newly single – mom Sandra
Bullock, as well as the usual “Jennifer Aniston is pregnant” news.
Practically every week features at least one celebrity mom, or mom-to-be,
smiling on the newsstands.
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In a society that so persistently celebrates procreation, is it any
wonder that admitting you regret having children is equivalent to
admitting you support kitten-killing ? It doesn’t seem quite fair, then,
to compare the regrets of parents to the regrets of the children. Unhappy
parents rarely are provoked to wonder if they shouldn’t have had kids,
but unhappy childless folks are bothered with the message that children
are the single most important thing in the world: obviously their misery
must be a direct result of the gaping baby-size holes in their lives.
Of course, the image of parenthood that celebrity magazines like Us
Weekly and People present is hugely unrealistic, especially when the
parents are single mothers like Bullock. According to several studies
concluding that parents are less happy than childless couples, single
parents are the least happy of all. No shock there, considering how much
work it is to raise a kid without a partner to lean on; yet to hear Sandra
and Britney tell it, raising a kid on their “own” (read: with
round-the-clock help) is a piece of cake.
It’s hard to imagine that many people are dumb enough to want children
just because Reese and Angelina make it look so glamorous: most adults
understand that a baby is not a haircut. But it’s interesting to wonder
if the images we see every week of stress-free, happiness-enhancing
parenthood aren’t in some small, subconscious way contributing to our
own dissatisfactions with the actual experience, in the same way that a
small part of us hoped getting “ the Rachel” might make us look just
a little bit like Jennifer Aniston.
36.Jennifer Senior suggests in her article that raising a child can
bring
[A]temporary delight
[B]enjoyment in progress
[C]happiness in retrospect
[D]lasting reward
37.We learn from Paragraph 2 that
[A]celebrity moms are a permanent source for gossip.
[B]single mothers with babies deserve greater attention.
[C]news about pregnant celebrities is entertaining.
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[D]having children is highly valued by the public.
38.It is suggested in Paragraph 3 that childless folks
[A]are constantly exposed to criticism.
[B]are largely ignored by the media.
[C]fail to fulfill their social responsibilities.
[D]are less likely to be satisfied with their life.
39.According to Paragraph 4, the message conveyed by celebrity
magazines is
[A]soothing.
[B]ambiguous.
[C]compensatory.
[D]misleading.
40.Which of the following can be inferred from the last paragraph?
[A]Having children contributes little to the glamour of celebrity
moms.
[B]Celebrity moms have influenced our attitude towards child rearing.
[C]Having children intensifies our dissatisfaction with life.
[D]We sometimes neglect the happiness from child rearing.
Part B
Directions:
The following paragraph are given in a wrong order. For Questions
41-45, you are required to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent
text by choosing from the list A-G to filling them into the numbered boxes.
Paragraphs E and G have been correctly placed. Mark your answers on ANSWER
SHEET 1. (10 points)
[A] No disciplines have seized on professionalism with as much
enthusiasm as the humanities. You can, Mr Menand points out, became a
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lawyer in three years and a medical doctor in four. But the regular time
it takes to get a doctoral degree in the humanities is nine years. Not
surprisingly, up to half of all doctoral students in English drop out
before getting their degrees.
[B] His concern is mainly with the humanities: Literature, languages,
philosophy and so on. These are disciplines that are going out of style:
22% of American college graduates now major in business compared with only
2% in history and 4% in English. However, many leading American
universities want their undergraduates to have a grounding in the basic
canon of ideas that every educated person should posses. But mo
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