Electric Power Substations Engineering_c000

© 2003 by CR ElECTRIC POWER SUBSTATIONS ENGINEERING C Press LLC © 2003 by CRC Press L LC E © 2003 by CR lECTRIC POWER SUBSTATIONS ENGINEERING Edited by John D. McDonald CRC PR ESS Boca Raton London New York Washington, D.C. C Press LLC The material f Press, Boca R This book con permission, an reliable data an or for the cons Neither this bo including pho permission in All rights rese clients, may be Center, 222 R ISBN 0-8493- a photocopy li The consent o or for resale. S Direct all inqu Trademark N identiÞcation a Electr T 6 1703_Frame_C00.fm Page iv Wednesday, May 14, 2003 1:08 PM © 2003 by CR rom this book was Þrst published in The Electric Power Engineering Handbook, Grigsby, L.L., Ed., CRC aton, FL, 2001. tains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reprinted material is quoted with d sources are indicated. A wide variety of references are listed. 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K1751.E44 2003 21.31—dc21 2003043993 Library of Congress Card Number 2003043993 Printed in the United States of America 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 Printed on acid-free paper C Press LLC The electric of the most ments have Electric Pow reference an to give detai who want an The book substations, cyber securi study. The c Power Engin govern all as opments reg Power Engin During m presented an the reader u to do the ve who have be Helena Reds of fun for al 1703_Frame_C00.fm Page v Wednesday, May 14, 2003 1:08 PM © 2003 by CR Preface power substation, whether generating station or transmission and distribution, remains one challenging and exciting fields of electric power engineering. Recent technological develop- had tremendous impact on all aspects of substation design and operation. The objective of er Substations Engineering is to provide an extensive overview of the substation, as well as a d guide for its study. The chapters are written for the electric power engineering professional led design information, as well as for other engineering professions (e.g., mechanical, civil) overview or specific information in one particular area. is organized into 18 chapters to provide comprehensive information on all aspects of from the initial concept of a substation to design, automation, operation, and physical and ty. The chapters are written as tutorials, and most provide references for further reading and hapter authors are members of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) eering Society (PES) Substations Committee, the group that develops the standards that pects of substations. Consequently, this book contains the most recent technological devel- arding industry practice as well as industry standards. This work is a member of the Electric eering Series published by CRC Press. y review of the individual chapters of this book, I was very pleased with the level of detail d, more importantly, the tutorial writing style and use of photographs and graphics to help nderstand the material. I thank the tremendous efforts of the 25 authors who were dedicated ry best job they could in writing the 18 chapters. I also thank the personnel at CRC Press en involved in the production of this book, with a special word of thanks to Nora Konopka, haw, and Michele Berman. They were a pleasure to work with and made this project a lot l of us. John D. McDonald Editor-in-Chief v C Press LLC Distribution in 2003. In h Committee, of distribut secretary of sponding m the IEEE PE DistribuTEC charter mem SCADA/EM State Univer American Pu lecturer. Mc and is a reg coauthor of Rural Electr Substations the book, E Press in 200 1703_Frame_C00.fm Page vii Wednesday, May 14, 2003 1:08 PM © 2003 by CR Editor-in-Chief John D. McDonald, P.E., is senior principal consultant and manager of automation, reliability, and asset management for KEMA, Inc. In his over 29 years of experience in the electric utility industry, McDonald has developed power application software for both supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) energy management system (EMS) and SCADA dis- tribution management system (DMS) applications, developed distribution automation and load management systems, man- aged SCADA/EMS and SCADA/DMS projects, and assisted intelligent electronic device (IED) suppliers in the automation of their IEDs. He is currently assisting electric utilities in sub- station automation, distribution SCADA, communication pro- tocols, and SCADA/DMS. McDonald received his B.S.E.E. and M.S.E.E. (power engineering) degrees from Purdue University, and an M.B.A. (finance) degree from the University of Califor- nia-Berkeley. He is a member of Eta Kappa Nu and Tau Beta Pi, is a Fellow of IEEE, and was awarded the IEEE Millennium Medal in 2000, the IEEE PES Award for Excellence in Power Engineering in 2002, and the IEEE PES Substations Committee Distinguished Service Award is 17 years of working group and subcommittee leadership with the IEEE PES Substations he has led 7 working groups and task forces that published standards/tutorials in the areas ion SCADA, master/remote terminal unit (RTU), and RTU/IED communications. He is the IEEE PES, covice chair of IEEE Standards Coordinating Committee (SCC) 36, corre- ember to IEC Technical Committee (TC) 57 Working Group (WG) 11, and the past chair of S Substations Committee. McDonald is a member of the advisory committee for the annual H Conference and the editorial board for the IEEE Power & Energy magazine, and he is a ber of T&D World magazine’s international editorial advisory board. The editor teaches a S/DMS course at the Georgia Institute of Technology, a substation automation course at Iowa sity, and substation automation, distribution SCADA, and communications courses for the blic Power Association and for various IEEE PES local chapters as an IEEE PES distinguished Donald has published 21 papers in the areas of SCADA, EMS, DMS, and communications, istered professional engineer (electrical) in California, Pennsylvania, and Georgia. He is the book, Automating a Distribution Cooperative, from A to Z, published by the National vii ic Cooperative Association Cooperative Research Network (CRN) in 1999. He edited the Integration and Automation chapter, and authored the Substation Automation article for lectric Power Engineering Handbook, cosponsored by the IEEE PES and published by CRC 0. C Press LLC viii Michael J. E.P. Breaux E Birmingham, Philip Boli Mitsubishi El Warrendale, P James C. B Baltimore Ga Electric Co Baltimore, M Don Delcou BC Hydro Burnaby, Brit Canada Martin Del KEMA, Inc. Oakland, Cali James W. E The St. Claire Grosse Pointe Sheila Fras Southern Eng Atlanta, Geor Rulon Fron Consultant Cerritos, Cali David L. H Waukesha Ele New Berlin, W 1703_Frame_C00.fm Page viii Wednesday, May 14, 2003 2:17 PM © 2003 by CR Contributors Bio lectrical, Inc. Alabama n ectric Power ennsylvania urke s and mpany aryland rt ish Columbia son fornia vans Group Farms, Michigan ier ineering gia k fornia arris ctric Systems isconsin Gerhard Juette Siemens AG (retired) Munich, Germany Tonia Jurbin BC Hydro Burnaby, British Columbia Canada Richard P. Keil Commonwealth Associates, Inc. Dayton, Ohio Tibor Kertesz Hydro One Networks Inc. Toronto, Ontario Canada Hermann Koch Siemens Erlangen, Germany John D. McDonald KEMA, Inc. Duluth, Georgia Asok Mukherjee Siemens AG Erlangen, Germany Daniel E. Nordell Consulting Engineer Minneapolis, Minnesota Robert S. Nowell Georgia Power Company Atlanta, Georgia John Oglevie Power Engineers Boise, Idaho Pat Rooney Rooney Protective Consulting Group Carney, Maryland Anne-Marie Sahazizian Hydro One Networks Inc. Toronto, Ontario Canada James H. Sosinski Consumers Energy Jackson, Michigan R.P. Stewart BC Hydro Burnaby, British Columbia Canada C.M. Mike Stine Tyco Electronics-Energy Division Tracy, California Joseph Weiss KEMA, Inc. Cupertino, California C Press LLC 1 How 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 2 Gas- 2.1 2.2 2.3 3 Air-I Mich 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 4 High 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 4.9 1703_Frame_C00.fm Page ix Wednesday, May 14, 2003 1:08 PM © 2003 by CR Contents a Substation Happens James C. Burke and Anne-Marie Sahazizian Background ............................................................................................................................. 1-1 Needs Determination.............................................................................................................. 1-2 Budgeting................................................................................................................................. 1-2 Financing ................................................................................................................................. 1-2 Traditional and Innovative Substation Design...................................................................... 1-2 Site Acquisition ....................................................................................................................... 1-3 Design, Construction, and Commissioning Process............................................................. 1-3 Insulated Substations Philip Bolin SF6 ............................................................................................................................................ 2-1 Construction and Service Life ................................................................................................ 2-2 Economics of GIS.................................................................................................................. 2-17 nsulated Substations — Bus/Switching Configurations ael J. Bio Single Bus (Figure 3.1)............................................................................................................ 3-1 Double Bus, Double Breaker (Figure 3.2) ............................................................................. 3-2 Main and Transfer Bus (Figure 3.3)....................................................................................... 3-2 Double Bus, Single Breaker (Figure 3.4)................................................................................ 3-3 Ring Bus (Figure 3.5) .............................................................................................................. 3-4 Breaker-and-a-Half (Figure 3.6) ............................................................................................ 3-5 Comparison of Configurations .............................................................................................. 3-5 -Voltage Switching Equipment David L. Harris Ambient Conditions ............................................................................................................... 4-1 Disconnect Switches................................................................................................................ 4-1 Load Break Switches ............................................................................................................... 4-2 High-Speed Grounding Switches ........................................................................................... 4-2 Power Fuses ............................................................................................................................. 4-3 Circuit Switchers ..................................................................................................................... 4-3 Circuit Breakers....................................................................................................................... 4-4 ix GIS Substations ....................................................................................................................... 4-6 Environmental Concerns........................................................................................................ 4-6 C Press LLC x 5 High Asok 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7 6 The 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 6.6 6.7 6.8 7 Subs 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 7.6 7.7 7.8 7.9 7.10 7.11 7.12 7.13 8 Oil C 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 1703_Frame_C00.fm Page x Wednesday, May 14, 2003 1:08 PM © 2003 by CR -Voltage Power Electronic Substations Gerhard Juette and Mukherjee Converter Stations (HVDC)................................................................................................... 5-2 FACTS Controllers.................................................................................................................. 5-5 Control and Protection System............................................................................................ 5-10 Losses and Cooling................................................................................................................ 5-16 Civil Works............................................................................................................................ 5-16 Reliability and Availability.................................................................................................... 5-17 Future Trends........................................................................................................................ 5-18 Interface between Automation and the Substation James W. Evans Introduction ............................................................................................................................ 6-1 Physical Considerations.......................................................................................................... 6-2 Analog Data Acquisition......................................................................................................... 6-4 Status Monitoring ................................................................................................................. 6-10 Control Functions................................................................................................................. 6-11 Communications Networks inside the Substation.............................................................. 6-14 Testing Automation Systems................................................................................................ 6-17 Summary ............................................................................................................................... 6-20 tation Integration and Automation John D. McDonald Introduction ............................................................................................................................ 7-1 Definitions and Terminology................................................................................................. 7-2 Open Systems .......................................................................................................................... 7-2 Architecture Functional Data Paths....................................................................................... 7-3 Substation Integration and Automation System Functional Architecture.......................... 7-3 New vs. Existing Substations .................................................................................................. 7-3 Equipment Condition Monitoring ........................................................................................ 7-4 Substation Integration and Automation Technical Issues.................................................... 7-5 Protocol Fundamentals......................................................................................................... 7-13 Protocol Considerations ....................................................................................................... 7-14 Choosing the Right Protocol ................................................................................................ 7-17 Communication Protocol Application Areas...................................................................... 7-17 Summary ............................................................................................................................... 7-18 ontainment Anne-Marie Sahazizian and Tibor Kertesz Oil-Filled Equipment in Substation [IEEE 980-1994 (R2001)] ........................................... 8-2 Spill Risk Assessment .............................................................................................................. 8-3 Containment Selection Consideration [IEEE 980-1994 (R2001)]....................................... 8-4 Oil Spill Prevention Techniques............................................................................................. 8-5 C Press LLC 9 Com 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 9.6 10 Anim 10.1 10.2 11 Subs 11.1 11.2 11.3 12 Grou 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 12.5 12.6 13 Seism 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5 13.6 13.7 14 Subs 14.1 14.2 14.3 14.4 Substa Substa 1703_Frame_C00.fm Page xi Wednesday, May 14, 2003 1:08 PM © 2003 by CR munity Considerations James H. Sosinski Community Acceptance ......................................................................................................... 9-1 Planning Strategies and Design .............................................................................................. 9-2 Permitting Process ................................................................................................................ 9-10 Construction ......................................................................................................................... 9-11 Operations ............................................................................................................................. 9-12 Defining Terms (IEEE, 1998) .............................................................