军事Janes+简氏日本空军装备-机场-兵器

Japan - Air Force Japan - Air Force Jane's World Air Forces Date Posted: 14-Dec-2007 HYPERLINK "javascript:goBookmark('" \l "toclink-j0010009322')" Summary Assessment Deployments, tasks and operations      Role and Deployment      Recent and Current Operations Command and control Organisation      Order of Battle      Operational Art and Tactical Doctrine      Bases Training Air Force Procurement      Requirements      Modernisation Equipment in service      Fixed Wing      Rotary Wing      Missiles Summary            TOP STRENGTH 44,775 MULTIROLE FIGHTER Mitsubishi F-2 INTERCEPTOR F-15J Eagle, F-4EJ-Kai Phantom II AIRBORNE EARLY WARNING E-2C Hawkeye, Boeing E-767 RECONNAISSANCE RF-4 Phantom II TRANSPORT C-130H Hercules, Kawasaki C-1A, NAMC YS-11P TANKER-TRANSPORT Boeing KC-767A UTILITY AIRCRAFT Gulfstream IV, Raytheon Hawker U-125A, Mitsubishi MU-2S UTILITY HELICOPTER CH-47 Chinook, Mitsubishi-Sikorsky UH-60J TRAINER Kawasaki T-4, Fuji T-7, Beech T-400, F-15DJ Assessment            TOP The Japan Air Self-Defence Force (Nihon Koku Jieitai - ASDF) is recognised as an important element in the overall strategic defence of Japan and enjoys prestige second only to that of the navy. The core mission is one of early warning surveillance and rapid reaction. Its defensive capabilities are centred on a fleet that consists predominantly of fighters configured for the interceptor role, supported by a modest but increasing quantity of multi-purpose fighters. The second core of ASDF capabilities consists of airborne early warning aircraft, with a supplemental role for reconnaissance, transport and communications aircraft. The third leg of the ASDF is its substantial air defence network, aligned throughout Japan and designed to provide maximum defensive cover of Japanese air space and territory. There has been additional focus on bolstering ASDF ability to furnish air support to land forces in recent years. Deployments, tasks and operations            TOP Role and Deployment            TOP The ASDF is tasked with the air defence of Japan and support of land and naval forces as required. The 2003 White Paper projected a marked shift in all areas of Japanese defence that will benefit the ASDF in terms of force structure, weapons systems, and re-organisation and intelligence. This shift is driven by a recognition that Japan must move away from its traditional threat perception, with a land invasion or direct assault now very unlikely. Defence planning, force posture and procurement now focuses on defending against threats posed by ballistic missiles and terrorism. Defence planning guidelines outlined in 2004 placed even greater emphasis on the role of the ASDF in early warning and threat detection. The ASDF has been directed to transform the Early Warning Group into a revamped organisation with two aircraft-operating squadrons. Today, the main thrust of the ASDF mission tasking in this regard pertains to the detection of - and response to - any potential invasion of Japan's offshore islands. In order to effectively respond to an invasion of Japan's offshore islands by improving transportation, deployment and other capabilities, the ASDF is acquiring CH-47 Chinook transport helicopters, KC-767 tanker-transport aircraft, F-2 multirole fighters and intends to procure a new transport aircraft to replace long-serving C-1s. Defence planners also called for re-evaluation, based on actual operations, of the total number of tanker-transport aircraft to be obtained and intend to implement measures to improve search-and-rescue capability. The focus for the next five-year defence programme centres around enhancing patrol and surveillance capability of maritime areas and air space surrounding Japan, and to build up greater response to violations of Japanese territorial waters or airspace. This is to be accomplished by expanding ASDF (and Maritime Self-Defence Force) missions patrolling and surveying the sea and airspace surrounding Japan "constantly and continuously", and to deal properly and appropriately with armed special-purpose surface and/or submerged vessels found within Japanese territorial waters. Recent and Current Operations            TOP Limited information is currently available regarding ASDF operations. Japanese C-130 aircraft have previously operated in support of GSDF peacekeeping operations in Cambodia, Mozambique and Rwanda. In addition, the Iraq Reconstruction Assistance Special Measures Law enabled deployment of a C-130H Hercules to Kuwait in March 2004; this was still present in January 2007, by which time just over 500 tons of cargo had been airlifted. Command and control            TOP Chief of Staff of the Air Self-Defence Force: General Tadashi Yoshida Organisation            TOP According to the latest National Defence Programme Outline (NDPO), the ASDF consists of eight aircraft control and warning groups and 20 related squadrons, nine squadrons specifically tasked in the interceptor role, three squadrons of support fighters, one air reconnaissance squadron, three air transport squadrons and an airborne early warning squadron. The ASDF also has six surface-to-air missile groups. The ASDF's defence of Japan is structured into three main geographic vectors, specifically the Northern, Central and Western Air Defence areas, with each possessing a force that includes interceptors and SAMs as core elements. Responsibility for Okinawa, which lies several hundred miles distant from mainland Japan, rests with a separate and distinct organisation known as the South-Western Composite Air Division. With an overall strength of slightly under 45,000 personnel and approximately 350 combat aircraft, the ASDF has been engaged in a process of sweeping reform. This includes the introduction of policies designed to adapt and transform capabilities from the traditional invasion defence posture of the post World War Two era, to that of a "more functional force" that is better able to deal with a range of threats such as terrorism, weapons of mass destruction and ballistic missiles. Order of Battle            TOP Air Defence Command, HQ Fuchu Unit Base Type Role (Direct Reporting Units)       Sotai Shireibu Squadron Iruma U-4 Communications Sotai Shireibu Squadron Iruma T-4 Communications Electronic Warfare/Electronic Countermeasures Flight Iruma YS-11EA EW/ECM Tasks Electronic Warfare/Electronic Countermeasures Flight Iruma EC-1 EW/ECM Tasks Electronic Warfare/Electronic Countermeasures Training Flight Iruma YS-11EB EW/ECM Training Boku Shikigan Nyutabaru     Aggressor Squadron Nyutabaru F-15DJ Aggressor Training Aggressor Squadron Nyutabaru F-15J Aggressor Training Aggressor Squadron Nyutabaru T-4 Support Tasks         AEW Group HQ Misawa     601 Squadron Misawa E-2C AEW&C Det Hamamatsu E-767 AEW&C         Northern Air Defence Force HQ Misawa     2 Kokudan       201 Squadron Chitose F-15J Air Defence 201 Squadron Chitose F-15DJ Continuation Training 201 Squadron Chitose T-4 Support Tasks 203 Squadron Chitose F-15J Air Defence 203 Squadron Chitose F-15DJ Continuation Training 203 Squadron Chitose T-4 Support Tasks 3 Kokudan       3 Squadron Misawa F-2A Multirole Fighter 3 Squadron Misawa F-2B Continuation Training 3 Squadron Misawa T-4 Support Tasks 8 Squadron Misawa F-2A Multirole Fighter 8 Squadron Misawa F-2B Continuation Training 8 Squadron Misawa F-4EJ-Kai 3 Attack 8 Squadron Misawa T-4 Support Tasks Hokubu Shien       Hikohan Misawa T-4 Communications 3 Koshyagun Chitose SAM 1 Air Defence 6 Koshyagun Misawa SAM 1 Air Defence 1 Base Air Defence Group       1 Tai n/a SAM/AAA 2 Air Defence 5 Tai n/a SAM/AAA 2 Air Defence 8 Tai n/a SAM/AAA 2 Air Defence 11 Tai n/a SAM/AAA 2 Air Defence         Air Reconnaissance Group HQ Hyakuri     501 Squadron Hyakuri RF-4E Reconnaissance 501 Squadron Hyakuri RF-4EJ Reconnaissance 501 Squadron Hyakuri T-4 Support Tasks         Central Air Defence Force HQ Iruma     6 Kokudan       303 Squadron Komatsu F-15J Air Defence 303 Squadron Komatsu F-15DJ Continuation Training 303 Squadron Komatsu T-4 Support Tasks 306 Squadron Komatsu F-15J Air Defence 306 Squadron Komatsu F-15DJ Continuation Training 306 Squadron Komatsu T-4 Support Tasks 7 Kokudan 4       204 Squadron Hyakuri F-15J Air Defence 204 Squadron Hyakuri F-15DJ Continuation Training 204 Squadron Hyakuri T-4 Support Tasks 305 Squadron Hyakuri F-15J Air Defence 305 Squadron Hyakuri F-15DJ Continuation Training 305 Squadron Hyakuri T-4 Support Tasks 1 Koshyagun Iruma SAM 1 Air Defence 4 Koshyagun Gifu SAM 1 Air Defence Base Defence Squadrons       2 Tai n/a SAM/AAA 2 Air Defence 6 Tai n/a SAM/AAA 2 Air Defence 9 Tai n/a SAM/AAA 2 Air Defence 12 Tai n/a SAM/AAA 2 Air Defence         Western Air Defence Force HQ Kasuga     Western Air Defence Force Headquarters Support Flight Kasuga T-4 Communications 5 Kokudan Nyutabaru     301 Squadron Nyutabaru F-4EJ-Kai Air Defence/OCU 301 Squadron Nyutabaru T-4 Support Tasks 8 Kokudan       6 Squadron Tsuiki F-2A 5 Multirole Fighter 6 Squadron Tsuiki F-2B Continuation Training 6 Squadron Tsuiki T-4 Support Tasks 304 Squadron Tsuiki F-15J Air Defence 304 Squadron Tsuiki F-15DJ Continuation Training 304 Squadron Tsuiki T-4 Support Tasks 2 Koshyagun Kasuga SAM 1 Air Defence Base Defence Squadrons       3 Tai n/a SAM/AAA 2 Air Defence 7 Tai n/a SAM/AAA 2 Air Defence         South-Western Composite Air Division HQ Naha, Okinawa     83 Kokutai Naha     302 Squadron 5 Naha F-4EJ-Kai Air Defence 302 Squadron Naha T-4 Support Tasks South-Western Composite Air Division Headquarters Support Flight Naha T-4 Communications 5 Koshyagun Naha SAM 1 Air Defence Base Defence Squadron       4 Tai n/a SAM/AAA 2 Air Defence Notes: 1.​ Equipped with Raytheon Patriot. 2.​ Tan-SAM, Stinger and 20 mm AAA. 3.​ F-4EJ being replaced by F-2. 4.​ One Squadron to move to Naha on unknown date; place at Hyakuri to be taken by 302 Squadron from Naha with F-4EJ. 5.​ To move to Hyakuri on unknown date; will be replaced at Naha by 204 or 305 Squadron with F-15J. Support Command, HQ Fuchu Unit Base Type Role 1 Air Transport Group HQ Komaki     401 Squadron Komaki C-130H Transport         2 Air Transport Group HQ Iruma     402 Squadron Iruma C-1 Transport 402 Squadron Iruma U-4 Transport         3 Air Transport Group HQ Miho     403 Squadron Miho C-1 Transport 403 Squadron Miho YS-11P Transport 403 Squadron Miho YS-11NT Navigation Training 41 Kyoiku Squadron Miho T-400 Crew Training         Special Airlift Group HQ Chitose     701 Squadron Chitose Boeing 747-47C VIP Transport         Flight Check Group HQ Iruma     (unnumbered) Iruma YS-11FC Calibration (unnumbered) Iruma U-125 Calibration         Koku Kyunandan HQ Iruma     Rescue Training Squadron Komaki UH-60J SAR Training Rescue Training Squadron Komaki U-125A SAR Training Akita Rescue Squadron Akita UH-60J SAR Akita Rescue Squadron Akita U-125A SAR Ashiya Rescue Squadron Ashiya UH-60J SAR Ashiya Rescue Squadron Ashiya U-125A SAR Chitose Rescue Squadron Chitose UH-60J SAR Chitose Rescue Squadron Chitose U-125A SAR Hamamatsu Rescue Squadron Hamamatsu UH-60J SAR Hamamatsu Rescue Squadron Hamamatsu U-125A SAR Hyakuri Rescue Squadron Hyakuri UH-60J SAR Hyakuri Rescue Squadron Hyakuri U-125A SAR Komatsu Rescue Squadron Komatsu UH-60J SAR Komatsu Rescue Squadron Komatsu U-125A SAR Matsushima Rescue Squadron Matsushima UH-60J SAR Matsushima Rescue Squadron Matsushima U-125A SAR Naha Rescue Squadron Naha UH-60J SAR Naha Rescue Squadron Naha U-125A SAR Niigata Rescue Squadron Niigata UH-60J SAR Niigata Rescue Squadron Niigata MU-2S SAR Nyutabaru Rescue Squadron Nyutabaru UH-60J SAR Nyutabaru Rescue Squadron Nyutabaru U-125A SAR Misawa Helicopter Airlift Squadron Misawa CH-47J SAR/Transport Iruma Helicopter Airlift Squadron Iruma CH-47J SAR/Transport Kasuga Helicopter Airlift Squadron Kasuga CH-47J SAR/Transport Naha Helicopter Airlift Squadron Naha CH-47J SAR/Transport Air Material Command, HQ Jujou Unit Base Type Role 1 Air Depot Kisarazu n/a Maintenance 2 Air Depot Gifu n/a Maintenance 3 Air Depot Iruma n/a Maintenance 4 Air Depot Iruma n/a Maintenance Air Training Command, HQ Hamamatsu Unit Base Type Role 1 Kokudan       31 Squadron Hamamatsu T-4 Advanced Training 32 Squadron Hamamatsu T-4 Advanced Training         4 Kokudan       11 Squadron Matsushima T-4 'Blue Impulse' Team 21 Squadron Matsushima F-2B Advanced Training 21 Squadron Matsushima T-4 Advanced Training         11 Flying Training Wing Shizuhama T-7 Basic Training         12 Flying Training Wing Hofu-Kita T-7 Basic Training 13 Flying Training Wing Ashiya T-4 Advanced Training         Flying Training Squadron Nyutabaru     23 Squadron Nyutabaru F-15J OCU 23 Squadron Nyutabaru F-15DJ OCU 23 Squadron Nyutabaru T-4 Support Tasks         1 Technical School Hamamatsu Various 1 Technical Training         2 Technical School Hamamatsu n/a Technical Training         3 Technical School Ashiya n/a Technical Training         4 Technical School Kumagaya n/a Technical Training         5 Technical School Komaki n/a Air Traffic Control Training Note: 1.​ Borrows aircraft as required for use as training aids; these include F-2, F-4, F-15, T-4 and T-7. Research and Development Command, HQ Iruma Unit Base Type Role Air Development and Test Wing Gifu F-2 Experimental Duties Air Development and Test Wing Gifu F-4EJ-Kai Experimental Duties Air Development and Test Wing Gifu F-15 Experimental Duties Air Development and Test Wing Gifu T-2 Experimental Duties Air Development and Test Wing Gifu T-4 Experimental Duties Air Development and Test Wing Gifu T-7 Experimental Duties Air Development and Test Wing Gifu C-1 Experimental Duties Operational Art and Tactical Doctrine            TOP The ASDF derives its operational art and tactical doctrine from the US Air Force, although local modifications have been implemented to fit the unique nature of the Japanese air defence scenario. There is close co-operation with the US Air Force and with air components of the US Marine Corps and US Navy, all three of which maintain combat-ready echelons on facilities in Japan and Okinawa. Air Defence Systems Core Japanese air defence capability is based upon a large interceptor force supported by the US Patriot surface-to-air guided missile system. Reliance on the second-generation Patriot missile, the so-called PAC-2, has given way to the next generation of the Patriot, with the Japanese government approving a plan to partner the US in production of the Patriot Advanced Capability-3 (PAC-3) weapon in June 2003. Stemming in large part from concern over the threat posed by the North Korean arsenal of roughly 175-200 Nodong (Rodong) intermediate-range ballistic missiles (IRBMs), there was talk in 2004 of extending deployment of the PAC-3 and forging a new sea-based missile system. Missile Defence Ballistic missile defence (BMD) is currently the most significant new mission area for the Japanese-US Security Alliance. There are several elements of co-operative ballistic missile defence between Japan and the US. These include the US Navy's Standard Missile-2 Block IVA of the Aegis system, Japanese participation in the US ballistic missile defence system 'test bed,' the Patriot PAC-3, early warning radar and AWACS capabilities, bilateral ballistic missile command and control - through the formation of a bilateral working group - and the 'fusion and dissemination' of ground station and satellite data and information. Bases            TOP Akita (39° 36' 56" N; 140° 13' 07" E) Ashiya (33° 52' 59" N; 130° 39' 10" E) Chitose (42° 47' 45" N; 141° 39' 59" E) Fuchu (Air Defence Command HQ; no flying units assigned)   Gifu (35° 23' 39" N; 136° 52' 08" E) Hamamatsu (34° 44' 58" N; 137° 42' 10" E) Hofu-Kita (34° 02' 02" N; 131° 32' 54" E) Hyakuri (36° 10' 45" N; 140° 24' 50" E) Iruma (35° 50' 30" N; 139 24' 36" E) Kasuga (33° 34' 52" N; 130° 27' 14" E) Komaki (35° 15' 18" N; 136° 55' 26" E) Komatsu (36° 23' 38" N; 136° 24' 27" E) Matsushima (38° 24' 19" N; 141° 13' 07" E) Miho (35° 29' 32" N; 133° 14' 11" E) Misawa (40° 42' 12" N; 141° 22' 06" E) Naha 冲绳那霸机场 (26° 11' 45" N; 127° 38' 45" E) Niigata (37° 57' 20" N; 139° 06' 42" E) Nyutabaru (32° 05' 01" N; 131° 27' 06" E) Shizuhama (34° 48' 48" N; 138° 17' 57" E) Tsuiki (33° 41' 04" N; 131° 02' 23" E) Glm: 冲绳嘉手纳（kadena） 美军基地 (26°21' 20" N; 127° 45' 47" E) Training            TOP Primary, basic and advanced phases of flight instruction are carried out in Japan, which has a substantial training organisation (Koku Kyoku Shudan; Air Training Command) with five schools specialising in flying training, an operational conversion unit and five technical schools specialising in various aerospace-related disciplines. Since retirement of the Lockheed T-33, Japan has relied solely on indigenous aircraft designs to satisfy its pilot training needs. Aggressor training is provided by F-15J and F-15DJ aircraft of the Aggressor Squadron at Nyuatabaru. The ASDF 'Blue Impulse' aerobatics display team also operates T-4 trainers. ASDF engineering and technical support personnel receive basic training at the Air Basic Training Group (for enlisted personnel) and the Air Officers Candidate School (for officers). On completion of this phase, personnel attend the technical school considered most appropriate to their intended professional careers according to selection and merit. In recent times, Japanese military forces have increasingly begun to participate in international exercises, which offer important operational training benefits. These were most recently exemplified in July 2006 when several F-15s of 6 Kokudan deployed from Komatsu to Eielson AFB, Alaska to take part in the US-managed 'Co-operative Cope Thunder' air training exercise. Air Force Procurement            TOP Requirements            TOP Fighter Aircraft The most pressing requirement at present concerns the search for a new combat aircraft (F-X) to replace the F-4EJ Phantom, with funding for an initial batch of seven expected to be made available towards the end of the current Mid-Term Defence Programme (MTDP), which covers the 2005-2009 period. Selection was expected at about the middle of 2007, but reports of funding shortages indicate that this date could well slip, possibly by as much as two years, which would in turn generate delay in delivery of the replacement. Contenders under the original schedule include the Dassault Rafale, Eurofighter Typhoon, Boeing F-15 Eagle and F/A-18 Super Hornet, with both the Lockheed Martin F-22 Raptor and F-35 Lightning II potential candidates to join the list should delays occur. In the meantime, the troubled F-2 programme will continue but the number of aircraft to be procured has been reduced, with current plans anticipating a total buy of 98 aircraft. Significantly less than the 130 originally hoped for, this is sufficient to equip three squadrons and a training unit. Transport Aircraft Procurement of a new transport aircraft to replace the Kawasaki C-1 was first mooted several years ago, with Kawasaki Heavy Industries being selected in 2001 as lead contractor for the C-X programme. A contract valued at USD589 million was awarded in March 2005 to cover the manufacture of a prototype C-X (and P-X patrol derivative for the Maritime Self-Defence Force); with both prototypes expected to fly by the middle of FY2007. ASDF planning documents reveal that it requires a total of 24 C-X transports, the first examples of which should enter service during the course of 2011. In-flight Refuelling Aircraft The most significant recent development with regard to in-flight refuelling is the decision to create the first ASDF Aerial Refuelling Transport Unit. This will be equipped with the Boeing KC-767, the first example of which is due for delivery in early 2007. Thereafter, KC-767 deliveries will take place at a rate of one per year; four are currently on order, with the ASDF presently planning to obtain a further four at a later date. In addition, the Mid-Term Defence Programme (MTDP)