SCI论文摘要中常用的表达方法

SCI 论文摘要中常用的表达方法 要写好摘要，需要建立一个适合自己需要的句型库（选择的 词汇 英语3500词汇语境记忆pets3考试词汇二年级反义词和近义词初中词汇词汇大全考研英语二高频词汇表 来源于 SCI 高被引用论文） 引言部分 （1）回顾研究背景，常用词汇有 review, summarize, present, outline, describe 等 （2）说明写作目的，常用词汇有 purpose, attempt, aim 等，另外还可以用动词不定式 充当目的壮语老表达 （3）介绍论文的重点 内容 财务内部控制制度的内容财务内部控制制度的内容人员招聘与配置的内容项目成本控制的内容消防安全演练内容 或研究范围，常用词汇有 study, present, include, focus, emphasize, emphasis, attention 等 方法部分 （1）介绍研究或试验过程，常用词汇有 test study, investigate, examine,experiment, discuss, consider, analyze, analysis 等 （2）说明研究或试验方法，常用词汇有 measure, estimate, calculate 等 （3）介绍应用、用途，常用词汇有 use, apply, application 等 结果部分 （1）展示研究结果，常用词汇有 show, result, present 等 （2）介绍结论，常用词汇有 summary, introduce,conclude 等 讨论部分 （1）陈述论文的论点和作者的观点，常用词汇有 suggest, repot, present, expect, describe 等 （2）说明论证，常用词汇有 support, provide, indicate, identify, find, demonstrate, confirm, clarify 等 （3）推荐和建议，常用词汇有 suggest,suggestion, recommend, recommendation, propose,necessity,necessary,expect 等。 摘要引言部分案例 词汇 review • Author(s): ROBINSON, TE; BERRIDGE, KC • Title: THE NEURAL BASIS OF DRUG CRAVING - AN INCENTIVE-SENSITIZATION THEORY OF ADDICTION • Source: BRAIN RESEARCH REVIEWS, 18 (3): 247-291 SEP-DEC 1993 《脑研究评 论》荷兰 SCI 被引用 1774 We review evidence for this view of addiction and discuss its implications for understanding the psychology and neurobiology of addiction.回顾研究背景 SCI 高被引摘要引言部分案例 词汇 summarize Author(s): Barnett, RM; Carone, CD; 被引用 1571 Title: Particles and field .1. Review of particle physics Source: PHYSICAL REVIEW D, 54 (1): 1-+ Part 1 JUL 1 1996:《物理学评论，D 辑》美国 引言部分 回顾研究背景常用词汇 summarize Abstract: This biennial review summarizes much of Particle Physics. Using data from previous editions, plus 1900 new measurements from 700 papers, we list, evaluate, and average measured properties of gauge bosons, leptons, quarks, mesons, and baryons. We also summarize searches for hypothetical particles such as Higgs bosons, heavy neutrinos, and supersymmetric particles. All the particle properties and search limits are listed in Summary Tables. We also give numerous tables, figures, formulae, and reviews of topics such as the Standard Model, particle detectors, probability, and statistics. A booklet is available containing the Summary Tables and abbreviated versions of some of the other sections of this full Review. SCI 摘要引言部分案例 attention SCI 摘要方法部分案例 consider SCI 高被引摘要引言部分案例 词汇 outline • Author(s): TIERNEY, L SCI 引用 728 次 • Title: MARKOV-CHAINS FOR EXPLORING POSTERIOR DISTRIBUTIONS 引言部分 回顾研究背景，常用词汇 outline • Source: ANNALS OF STATISTICS, 22 (4): 1701-1728 DEC 1994 • 《统计学纪事》美国 • Abstract: Several Markov chain methods are available for sampling from a posterior distribution. Two important examples are the Gibbs sampler and the Metropolis algorithm. In addition, several strategies are available for constructing hybrid algorithms. This paper outlines some of the basic methods and strategies and discusses some related theoretical and practical issues. On the theoretical side, results from the theory of general state space Markov chains can be used to obtain convergence rates, laws of large numbers and central limit theorems for estimates obtained from Markov chain methods. These theoretical results can be used to guide the construction of more efficient algorithms. For the practical use of Markov chain methods, standard simulation methodology provides several Variance reduction techniques and also gives guidance on the choice of sample size and allocation. SCI 高被引摘要引言部分案例 回顾研究背景 present Author(s): LYNCH, M; MILLIGAN, BG SC I 被引用 661 Title: ANALYSIS OF POPULATION GENETIC-STRUCTURE WITH RAPD MARKERS Source: MOLECULAR ECOLOGY, 3 (2): 91-99 APR 1994《分子生态学》英国 Abstract: Recent advances in the application of the polymerase chain reaction make it possible to score individuals at a large number of loci. The RAPD (random amplified polymorphic DNA) method is one such technique that has attracted widespread interest. The analysis of population structure with RAPD data is hampered by the lack of complete genotypic information resulting from dominance, since this enhances the sampling variance associated with single loci as well as induces bias in parameter estimation. We present estimators for several population-genetic parameters (gene and genotype frequencies, within- and between-population heterozygosities, degree of inbreeding and population subdivision, and degree of individual relatedness) along with expressions for their sampling variances. Although completely unbiased estimators do not appear to be possible with RAPDs, several steps are suggested that will insure that the bias in parameter estimates is negligible. To achieve the same degree of statistical power, on the order of 2 to 10 times more individuals need to be sampled per locus when dominant markers are relied upon, as compared to codominant (RFLP, isozyme) markers. Moreover, to avoid bias in parameter estimation, the marker alleles for most of these loci should be in relatively low frequency. Due to the need for pruning loci with low-frequency null alleles, more loci also need to be sampled with RAPDs than with more conventional markers, and sole problems of bias cannot be completely eliminated. SCI 高被引摘要引言部分案例 词汇 describe • Author(s): CLONINGER, CR; SVRAKIC, DM; PRZYBECK, TR • Title: A PSYCHOBIOLOGICAL MODEL OF TEMPERAMENT AND CHARACTER • Source: ARCHIVES OF GENERAL PSYCHIATRY, 50 (12): 975-990 DEC 1993《普 通精神病学纪要》美国 • 引言部分 回顾研究背景，常用词汇 describe 被引用 926 • Abstract: In this study, we describe a psychobiological model of the structure and development of personality that accounts for dimensions of both temperament and character. Previous research has confirmed four dimensions of temperament: novelty seeking, harm avoidance, reward dependence, and persistence, which are independently heritable, manifest early in life, and involve preconceptual biases in perceptual memory and habit formation. For the first time, we describe three dimensions of character that mature in adulthood and influence personal and social effectiveness by insight learning about self-concepts. Self-concepts vary according to the extent to which a person identifies the self as (1) an autonomous individual, (2) an integral part of humanity, and (3) an integral part of the universe as a whole. Each aspect of self-concept corresponds to one of three character dimensions called self-directedness, cooperativeness, and self-transcendence, respectively. We also describe the conceptual background and development of a self-report measure of these dimensions, the Temperament and Character Inventory. Data on 300 individuals from the general population support the reliability and structure of these seven personality dimensions. We discuss the implications for studies of information processing, inheritance, development, diagnosis, and treatment. 摘要引言部分案例 • （2）说明写作目的，常用词汇有 purpose, attempt, aim SCI 高被引摘要引言部分案例 attempt 说明写作目的 • Author(s): Donoho, DL; Johnstone, IM • Title: Adapting to unknown smoothness via wavelet shrinkage • Source: JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN STATISTICAL ASSOCIATION, 90 (432): 1200-1224 DEC 1995 《美国统计学会志》 被引用 429 次 • Abstract: We attempt to recover a function of unknown smoothness from noisy sampled data. We introduce a procedure, SureShrink, that suppresses noise by thresholding the empirical wavelet coefficients. The thresholding is adaptive: A threshold level is assigned to each dyadic resolution level by the principle of minimizing the Stein unbiased estimate of risk (Sure) for threshold estimates. The computational effort of the overall procedure is order N.log(N) as a function of the sample size N. SureShrink is smoothness adaptive: If the unknown function contains jumps, then the reconstruction (essentially) does also; if the unknown function has a smooth piece, then the reconstruction is (essentially) as smooth as the mother wavelet will allow. The procedure is in a sense optimally smoothness adaptive: It is near minimax simultaneously over a whole interval of the Besov scale; the size of this interval depends on the choice of mother wavelet. We know from a previous paper by the authors that traditional smoothing methods-kernels, splines, and orthogonal series estimates-even with optimal choices of the smoothing parameter, would be unable to perform in a near-minimax way over many spaces in the Besov scale. Examples of SureShrink are given. The advantages of the method are particularly evident when the underlying function has jump discontinuities on a smooth background SCI 高被引摘要引言部分案例 To investigate 说明写作目的 • Author(s): OLTVAI, ZN; MILLIMAN, CL; KORSMEYER, SJ • Title: BCL-2 HETERODIMERIZES IN-VIVO WITH A CONSERVED HOMOLOG, BAX, THAT ACCELERATES PROGRAMMED CELL-DEATH • Source: CELL, 74 (4): 609-619 AUG 27 1993 被引用 3233 • Abstract: Bcl-2 protein is able to repress a number of apoptotic death programs. To investigate the mechanism of Bcl-2's effect, we examined whether Bcl-2 interacted with other proteins. We identified an associated 21 kd protein partner, Bax, that has extensive amino acid homology with Bcl-2, focused within highly conserved domains I and II. Bax is encoded by six exons and demonstrates a complex pattern of alternative RNA splicing that predicts a 21 kd membrane (alpha) and two forms of cytosolic protein (beta and gamma). Bax homodimerizes and forms heterodimers with Bcl-2 in vivo. Overexpressed Bax accelerates apoptotic death induced by cytokine deprivation in an IL-3-dependent cell line. Overexpressed Bax also counters the death repressor activity of Bcl-2. These data suggest a model in which the ratio of Bcl-2 to Bax determines survival or death following an apoptotic stimulus. SCI 高被引摘要引言部分案例 purposes 说明写作目的 • Author(s): ROGERS, FJ; IGLESIAS, CA • Title: RADIATIVE ATOMIC ROSSELAND MEAN OPACITY TABLES • Source: ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL SUPPLEMENT SERIES, 79 (2): 507-568 APR 1992 《天体物理学杂志增刊》美国 SCI 被引用 512 • Abstract: For more than two decades the astrophysics community has depended on opacity tables produced at Los Alamos. In the present work we offer new radiative Rosseland mean opacity tables calculated with the OPAL code developed independently at LLNL. We give extensive results for the recent Anders-Grevesse mixture which allow accurate interpolation in temperature, density, hydrogen mass fraction, as well as metal mass fraction. The tables are organized differently from previous work. Instead of rows and columns of constant temperature and density, we use temperature and follow tracks of constant R, where R = density/(temperature)3. The range of R and temperature are such as to cover typical stellar conditions from the interior through the envelope and the hotter atmospheres. Cool atmospheres are not considered since photoabsorption by molecules is neglected. Only radiative processes are taken into account so that electron conduction is not included. For comparison purposes we present some opacity tables for the Ross-Aller and Cox-Tabor metal abundances. Although in many regions the OPAL opacities are similar to previous work, large differences are reported. For example, factors of 2-3 opacity enhancements are found in stellar envelop conditions. SCI 高被引摘要引言部分案例 aim 说明写作目的 • Author(s): EDVARDSSON, B; ANDERSEN, J; GUSTAFSSON, B; LAMBERT, DL; NISSEN, PE; TOMKIN, J • Title: THE CHEMICAL EVOLUTION OF THE GALACTIC DISK .1. ANALYSIS AND RESULTS • Source: ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS, 275 (1): 101-152 AUG 1993 《天 文学与天体物理学》 被引用 934 • Abstract: With the aim to provide observational constraints on the evolution of the galactic disk, we have derived abundances of 0, Na, Mg, Al, Si, Ca, Ti, Fe, Ni, Y, Zr, Ba and Nd, as well as individual photometric ages, for 189 nearby field F and G disk dwarfs. The galactic orbital properties of all stars have been derived from accurate kinematic data, enabling estimates to be made of the distances from the galactic center of the stars‘ birthplaces. 结构式摘要 • Our extensive high resolution, high S/N, spectroscopic observations of carefully selected northern and southern stars provide accurate equivalent widths of up to 86 unblended absorption lines per star between 5000 and 9000 angstrom. The abundance analysis was made with greatly improved theoretical LTE model atmospheres. Through the inclusion of a great number of iron-peak element absorption lines the model fluxes reproduce the observed UV and visual fluxes with good accuracy. A new theoretical calibration of T(eff) as a function of Stromgren b - y for solar-type dwarfs has been established. The new models and T(eff) scale are shown to yield good agreement between photometric and spectroscopic measurements of effective temperatures and surface gravities, but the photometrically derived very high overall metallicities for the most metal rich stars are not supported by the spectroscopic analysis of weak spectral lines. • Author(s): PAYNE, MC; TETER, MP; ALLAN, DC; ARIAS, TA; JOANNOPOULOS, JD • Title: ITERATIVE MINIMIZATION TECHNIQUES FOR ABINITIO TOTAL-ENERGY CALCULATIONS - MOLECULAR-DYNAMICS AND CONJUGATE GRADIENTS • Source: REVIEWS OF MODERN PHYSICS, 64 (4): 1045-1097 OCT 1992 《现代 物理学评论》美国 American Physical Society SCI 被引用 2654 • Abstract: This article describes recent technical developments that have made the total-energy pseudopotential the most powerful ab initio quantum-mechanical modeling method presently available. In addition to presenting technical details of the pseudopotential method, the article aims to heighten awareness of the capabilities of the method in order to stimulate its application to as wide a range of problems in as many scientific disciplines as possible. SCI 高被引摘要引言部分案例 includes 介绍论文的重点内容或研究范围 • Author(s): MARCHESINI, G; WEBBER, BR; ABBIENDI, G; KNOWLES, IG; SEYMOUR, MH; STANCO, L • Title: HERWIG 5.1 - A MONTE-CARLO EVENT GENERATOR FOR SIMULATING HADRON EMISSION REACTIONS WITH INTERFERING GLUONS SCI 被引用 955 次 • Source: COMPUTER PHYSICS COMMUNICATIONS, 67 (3): 465-508 JAN 1992:《计 算机物理学通讯》荷兰 Elsevier • Abstract: HERWIG is a general-purpose particle-physics event generator, which includes the simulation of hard lepton-lepton, lepton-hadron and hadron-hadron scattering and soft hadron-hadron collisions in one package. It uses the parton-shower approach for initial-state and final-state QCD radiation, including colour coherence effects and azimuthal correlations both within and between jets. This article includes a brief review of the physics underlying HERWIG, followed by a description of the program itself. This includes details of the input and control parameters used by the program, and the output data provided by it. Sample output from a typical simulation is given and annotated. SCI 高被引摘要引言部分案例 presents 介绍论文的重点内容或研究范围 • Author(s): IDSO, KE; IDSO, SB • Title: PLANT-RESPONSES TO ATMOSPHERIC CO2 ENRICHMENT IN THE FACE OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONSTRAINTS - A REVIEW OF THE PAST 10 YEARS RESEARCH • Source: AGRICULTURAL AND FOREST METEOROLOGY, 69 (3-4): 153-203 JUL 1994 《农业和林业气象学》荷兰 Elsevier 被引用 225 • Abstract: This paper presents a detailed analysis of several hundred plant carbon exchange rate (CER) and dry weight (DW) responses to atmospheric CO2 enrichment determined over the past 10 years. It demonstrates that the percentage increase in plant growth produced by raising the air's CO2 content is generally not reduced by less than optimal levels of light, water or soil nutrients, nor by high temperatures, salinity or gaseous air pollution. More often than not, in fact, the data show the relative growth-enhancing effects of atmospheric CO2 enrichment to be greatest when resource limitations and environmental stresses are most severe. SCI 高被引摘要引言部分案例 介绍论文的重点内容或研究范围 emphasizing • Author(s): BESAG, J; GREEN, P; HIGDON, D; MENGERSEN, K • Title: BAYESIAN COMPUTATION AND STOCHASTIC-SYSTEMS • Source: STATISTICAL SCIENCE, 10 (1): 3-41 FEB 1995《统计科学》美国 • SCI 被引用 296 次 • Abstract: Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) methods have been used extensively in statistical physics over the last 40 years, in spatial statistics for the past 20 and in Bayesian image analysis over the last decade. In the last five years, MCMC has been introduced into significance testing, general Bayesian inference and maximum likelihood estimation. This paper presents basic methodology of MCMC, emphasizing the Bayesian paradigm, conditional probability and the intimate relationship with Markov random fields in spatial statistics. Hastings algorithms are discussed, including Gibbs, Metropolis and some other variations. Pairwise difference priors are described and are used subsequently in three Bayesian applications, in each of which there is a pronounced spatial or temporal aspect to the modeling. The examples involve logistic regression in the presence of unobserved covariates and ordinal factors; the analysis of agricultural field experiments, with adjustment for fertility gradients; and processing of low-resolution medical images obtained by a gamma camera. Additional methodological issues arise in each of these applications and in the Appendices. The paper lays particular emphasis on the calculation of posterior probabilities and concurs with others in its view that MCMC facilitates a fundamental breakthrough in applied Bayesian modeling. SCI 高被引摘要引言部分案例 介绍论文的重点内容或研究范围 focuses • Author(s): HUNT, KJ; SBARBARO, D; ZBIKOWSKI, R; GAWTHROP, PJ • Title: NEURAL NETWORKS FOR CONTROL-SYSTEMS - A SURVEY • Source: AUTOMATICA, 28 (6): 1083-1112 NOV 1992《自动学》荷兰 Elsevier • SCI 被引用 427 次 • Abstract: This paper focuses on the promise of artificial neural networks in the realm of modelling, identification and control of nonlinear systems. The basic ideas and techniques of artificial neural networks are presented in language and notation familiar to control engineers. Applications of a variety of neural network architectures in control are surveyed. We explore the links between the fields of control science and neural networks in a unified presentation and identify key areas for future research. SCI 高被引摘要引言部分案例 介绍论文的重点内容或研究范围 focus • Author(s): Stuiver, M; Reimer, PJ; Bard, E; Beck, JW; • Title: INTCAL98 radiocarbon age calibration, 24,000-0 cal BP • Source: RADIOCARBON, 40 (3): 1041-1083 1998《放射性碳》美国 SCI 被引 用 2131 次 • Abstract: The focus of this paper is the conversion of radiocarbon ages to calibrated (cal) ages for the interval 24,000-0 cal BP (Before Present, 0 cal BP = AD 1950), based upon a sample set of dendrochronologically dated tree rings, uranium-thorium dated corals, and varve-counted marine sediment. The C-14 age-cal age information, produced by many laboratories, is converted to Delta(14)C profiles and calibration curves, for the atmosphere as well as the oceans. We discuss offsets in measured C-14 ages and the errors therein, regional C-14 age differences, tree-coral C-14 age comparisons and the time dependence of marine reservoir ages, and evaluate decadal vs. single-year C-14 results. Changes in oceanic deepwater circulation, especially for the 16,000-11,000 cal sp interval, are reflected in the Delta(14)C values of INTCAL98. SCI 高被引摘要引言部分案例 介绍论文的重点内容或研究范围 emphasis • Author(s): LEBRETON, JD; BURNHAM, KP; CLOBERT, J; ANDERSON, DR • Title: MODELING SURVIVAL AND TESTING BIOLOGICAL HYPOTHESES USING MARKED ANIMALS - A UNIFIED APPROACH WITH CASE-STUDIES • Source: ECOLOGICAL MONOGRAPHS, 62 (1): 67-118 MAR 1992 • 《生态学论丛》美国 • Abstract: The understanding of the dynamics of animal populations and of related ecological and evolutionary issues frequently depends on a direct analysis of life history parameters. For instance,