大家版一错千金2011年考研英语真题、答案及解析

使用说明 1. 本大家版答案是终局的一错千金级的，如果我们做错了一个题目，我们愿 意付出 1000 元奖励。如果您觉得哪个答案有问题，请在本文档发布帖跟帖， 等官方答案公布之后，即可能领取奖励； 2. 每个答案错误，奖励一千元给前 10 名指正的网友（每人 100 元啊，不是每 人一千元，呵呵，若不足 10 人指正，则以千元除以指正人数），对于 10 名 后看法正确的网友，我们也将给予一定的大家论坛积分等奖励！指正先后 座次的排定，以在本文档发布帖跟帖时间为准。指正帖将于官方答案公布 前约一个月左右锁定，不再接受新的指正； 3. 奖励的支付。答案如有错误，奖励将在官方答案公布后一周内支付。请指 正的同学及时与我们联系。大家网信誉卓著，不必顾虑能否兑现； 4. 阅读 Part A 有详尽解析，敬请各位不吝指正； 5. 本文档是所能获得的最准确的文档，但因为不是原始试卷，如果最后公布 的试卷，与本文档有比较大的出入，也即我们在确定正确答案时受到了严 重影响或误导，那么我们将不支付奖励。 作者：大家学习网英语编辑部 www.TopSage.com 2011 年 1月 19 日 2011年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题 1 www.TopSage.com 2011年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题 Section I Use of English Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points) Ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle viewed laughter as "a bodily exercise precious to health." But 大1家 some claims to the contrary, laughing probably has little influence on physical fitness. Laughter does 大2家 short-term changes in the function of the heart and its blood vessels, 大3家 heart rate and oxygen consumption. But because hard laughter is difficult to 大4家 , a good laugh is unlikely to have 大5家 benefits the way, say, walking or jogging does. 大6家 , instead of straining muscles to build them, as exercise does, laughter apparently accomplishes the 大7家 . Studies dating back to the 1930s indicate that laughter 大8家 muscles, decreasing muscle tone for up to 45 minutes after the laugh dies down. Such bodily reaction might conceivably help 大9家 the effects of psychological stress. Anyway, the act of laughing probably does produce other types of 大10家 feedback that improve an individual’s emotional state. 大11家 one classical theory of emotion, our feelings are partially rooted 大12家 physical reactions. It was argued at the end of the 19th century that humans do not cry 大13家 they are sad but they become sad when the tears begin to flow. Although sadness also 大14家 tears, evidence suggests that emotions can flow 大15家 muscular responses. In an experiment published in 1988, social psychologist Fritz Strack of the University of Würzburg in Germany asked volunteers to 大16家 a pen either with their teeth – thereby creating an artificial 2011年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题 2 www.TopSage.com smile – or with their lips, which would produce a(n) 大17家 expression. Those forced to exercise their smiling muscles 大18家 more enthusiastically to funny cartoons than did those whose mouths were contracted in a frown, 大19家 that expressions may influence emotions rather than just the other way around. 大20家 , the physical act of laughter could improve mood. 1. [A] among [B] except [C] despite [D] like 2. [A] reflect [B] demand [C] indicate [D] produce 3. [A] stabilizing [B] boosting [C] impairing [D] determining 4. [A] transmit [B] sustain [C] evaluate [D] observe 5. [A] measurable [B] manageable [C] affordable [D] renewable 6. [A] In turn [B] In fact [C] In addition [D] In brief 7. [A] opposite [B] impossible [C] average [D] expected 8. [A] hardens [B] weakens [C] tightens [D] relaxes 9. [A] aggravate [B] generate [C] moderate [D] enhance 10. [A] physical [B] mental [C] subconscious [D] internal 11. [A] Except for [B] According to [C] Due to [D] As for 12. [A] with [B] on [C] in [D] at 13. [A] unless [B] until [C] if [D] because 14. [A] exhausts [B] follows [C] precedes [D] suppresses 15. [A] into [B] from [C] towards [D] beyond 16. [A] fetch [B] bite [C] pick [D] hold 17. [A] disappointed [B] excited [C] joyful [D] indifferent 2011年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题 3 www.TopSage.com 18. [A] adapted [B] catered [C] turned [D] reacted 19. [A] suggesting [B] requiring [C] mentioning [D] supposing 20. [A] Eventually [B] Consequently [C] Similarly [D] Conversely Section II Reading Comprehension Part A Directions: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points) Text 1 The decision of the New York Philharmonic to hire Alan Gilbert as its next music director has been the talk of the classical-music world ever since the sudden announcement of his appointment in 2009. For the most part, the response has been favorable, to say the least. "Hooray! At last!" wrote Anthony Tommasini, a sober-sided classical-music critic. One of the reasons why the appointment came as such a surprise, however, is that Gilbert is comparatively little known. Even Tommasini, who had advocated Gilbert’s appointment in the Times, calls him "an unpretentious musician with no air of the formidable conductor about him." As a description of the next music director of an orchestra that has hitherto been led by musicians like Gustav Mahler and Pierre Boulez, that seems likely to have struck at least some Times readers as faint praise. For my part, I have no idea whether Gilbert is a great conductor or even a good one. To be sure, he performs an impressive variety of interesting compositions, but it is not necessary for me to visit Avery Fisher Hall, or anywhere else, to hear interesting orchestral music. All I have to do is to go to my CD shelf, or boot up my computer and download still more recorded music from iTunes. Devoted concertgoers who reply that recordings are no substitute for live performance are missing the point. For the time, attention, and money of the art-loving public, classical instrumentalists must compete not only with opera houses, dance troupes, theater companies, and museums, but also with the recorded performances of the great classical musicians of the 20th century. These recordings are cheap, available everywhere, and very often much higher in artistic quality than today’s live performances; moreover, they can be "consumed" at a time and place of the listener’s choosing. The widespread availability of such recordings has thus brought about a crisis in the institution of the traditional classical concert. One possible response is for classical performers to program attractive new music that is not yet available on record. Gilbert’s own interest in new music has been widely noted: Alex Ross, a classical-music critic, has described him as a man 2011年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题 4 www.TopSage.com who is capable of turning the Philharmonic into "a markedly different, more vibrant organization." But what will be the nature of that difference? Merely expanding the orchestra’s repertoire will not be enough. If Gilbert and the Philharmonic are to succeed, they must first change the relationship between America’s oldest orchestra and the new audience it hopes to attract. 21. We learn from Para. 1 that Gilbert’s appointment has [A] incurred criticism. [B] raised suspicion. [C] received acclaim. [D] aroused curiosity. ［答案解析］第一段的这些语句：For the most part, the response has been favorable, to say the least. "Hooray! At last!" wrote Anthony Tommasini, a sober-sided classical-music critic.明确地表达了Gilbert’s appointment是受大家欢迎的。 “favorable”、“to say the least”、“Hooray!（万岁）”这些用词清晰无误确 定了 C为正确选项。 ［信心指数］100％ 22. Tommasini regards Gilbert as an artist who is [A] influential. [B] modest. [C] respectable. [D] talented. ［答案解析］原文第二段中的：Even Tommasini, who had advocated Gilbert’s appointment in the Times, calls him "an unpretentious musician with no air of the formidable conductor about him."是解本题的钥匙，对他的评价是不做作 的，没有那种令人生畏。美国传统词典就是用 unpretentious来解释 B选 项modest的一个含义的：Free from showiness or ostentation; unpretentious。 这个含义在此处，非常确切地表达了 Tommasini对 Gilbert的评价。C选 项 respectable有一点干扰性，一是 Gilbert作为总指挥，当然值得尊敬， 二是原文中的 formidable 是令人敬畏的意思，有些 respectable 的意味， 但 Tommasini 是说他没有 formidable 的架势，而且，其阐述的重心明显 也不是是否值得尊敬。 ［信心指数］100％ 23. The author believes that the devoted concertgoers [A] ignore the expenses of live performances. 2011年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题 5 www.TopSage.com [B] reject most kinds of recorded performances. [C] exaggerate the variety of live performances. [D] overestimate the value of live performances. ［答案解析］本题不够严谨，而且与文章行文脉络不符，出这个题目，是想考察考生 的什么能力呢？考察他们有没有把握不住文章脉络的能力？与本题相关 的内容，主要在第四段，从 Devoted concertgoers who reply that recordings are no substitute for live performance are missing the point.开始，当然完整 地理解，还是要稍微看一下第三段的内容。我们把作者的行文脉络理一 下：先在第三段说，Gilbert 是不是一个伟大的指挥家，不重要，反正我 是没发现有什么理由去听他的现场演奏，我只需要去我的 CD 架，或者 启动我的电脑上 iTunes下载录制音乐就可以了。第四段：那些反驳说现 场演奏不是唱片可替代的现场乐迷们，没说到点子上（missing the point）。 没说到哪些点子上呢：时间、精力、金钱。整个的这一段，就是在说唱 片在这三个方面，比现场演奏具备优势，从而给经典音乐会带来危机， 这是本段的脉络。正确选项，可以是 devoted concertgoers忽视了这三项 中的任何一个，或者说对这三个要素中任何一个的忽视都可以成为正确 答案，而且正确答案也应该这么设计。不过从本题的选项设计来看，出 题者似乎不是按这个思路来的。首先，A似乎不能选，因为用词是 ignore， 不是 neglect，ignore不是忽略，而是有意不见：to refuse to pay attention to; disregard，这和原文的用词 missing the point似乎不符。B、C容易排除， 那剩下的就是 D 了，它应该是命题者想要的答案，作者在第四段也有句 子表达这个意思：These recordings are cheap, available everywhere, and very often much higher in artistic quality than today’s live performances.这些 唱片通常比现场演奏具有更高的艺术品质。作者表达自己观点的时候， 可以认为同时也在反驳别人，他可能认为别人观点是相反的，但我倒更 倾向于认为，这仅仅是作者的观点，devoted concertgoers 并不一定持有 与此相反的观点。因为，仅从文章给出的信息看，Devoted concertgoers 只是说了现场演奏不是唱片所能替代的，并没有说现场演奏的品质就比 唱片要好！好不好并不是能否替代的必要条件。我们知道，现场演奏， 极有可能会在某处出些问题，唱片可以事后处理，可以做得相当完美， 那为什么还有那么多人要去现场听歌或者演奏呢？那追求的可能是现场 的氛围，现场的发挥，或者就是为了当面看一眼偶像或者是想找机会请 偶像签个名呢，这些都有可能是原因啊！不能替代，难道肯定就是因为 唱片品质不如现场演奏吗？！ ［信心指数］99％ 2011年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题 6 www.TopSage.com 24. According to the text, which of the following is true of recordings? [A] They are often inferior to live concerts in quality. [B] They are easily accessible to the general public. [C] They help improve the quality of music. [D] They have only covered masterpieces. ［答案解析］A 与原文内容相反，上题解析中已有涉及，不再赘述。C 是哪儿跟哪儿 呀？文章中根本没有。D 也是根本没有提及，唱片当然不是只局限于名 曲名篇。B正确。正是因为其 availability，所以是现场演奏的强劲对手。 The widespread availability of such recordings has thus brought about a crisis in the institution of the traditional classical concert. easily accessible可以认 为是对 availability的解释。 ［信心指数］100％ 25. Regarding Gilbert’s role in revitalizing the Philharmonic, the author feels [A] doubtful. [B] enthusiastic. [C] confident. [D] puzzled. ［答案解析］解这题得把握文章全局，本题有一定难度。本文脉络是：第一段，Alan Gilbert被任命为 director获得了大家的喝彩；第二段，Tommasini对他进 行了略带赞扬性的评价：比较谦逊；第三段，作者觉得，这人是否 great 甚至 good我不知道，但我知道不会去听他现场指挥的演奏；第四段，可 能要反驳我的喜欢去现场感受的粉丝们，你们主张的唱片能不能作为现 场演出的替代，没说到点子上啊，关键的问题是唱片具有时间、精力、 金钱（time, attention, and money）三方面的优势，所以它是现场演奏的劲 敌哦；第五段，那咋办呢？一个可能的对策是推出有吸引力的新曲目， Gilbert比较喜欢也很擅长这个哦，但作者接下来话锋一转，But what will be the nature of that difference?仅仅增加曲目，可能不够，如果想要成功的 话，必须首先改变 America’s oldest orchestra 与 the new audience之间的关 系，话到这儿是说完了，不过我们是不是从作者的这个行文逻辑中能感 觉到作者似乎省略了一句话外音啊：这似乎不是那么容易哦！所以 A选 项是正确答案。解这类题目直接从原文的行文逻辑去找正确答案，其他 陪衬答案可不必理会。当然，本文只是节选，原文还有很多内容，如果 把其他的部分读一读，作者的这个态度会更明晰些。其实，再精简一下 作者的思绪：你当总指挥了，获得欢呼，可是就我个人来说，肯定不会 2011年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题 7 www.TopSage.com 去现场捧场（自己都不去，他还能有正面的态度？），不过呢，你还是有 些出路的，可是，路上还是有一堆障碍需要你去克服。（更明确了其 doubtful的态度） ［信心指数］99％ Text 2 When Liam McGee departed as president of Bank of America in August, his explanation was surprisingly straight up. Rather than cloaking his exit in the usual vague excuses, he came right out and said he was leaving "to pursue my goal of running a company." Broadcasting his ambition was "very much my decision," McGee says. Within two weeks, he was talking for the first time with the board of Hartford Financial Services Group, which named him CEO and chairman on September 29. McGee says leaving without a position lined up gave him time to reflect on what kind of company he wanted to run. It also sent a clear message to the outside world about his aspirations. And McGee isn’t alone. In recent weeks the No. 2 executives at Avon and American Express quit with the explanation that they were looking for a CEO post. As boards scrutinize succession plans in response to shareholder pressure, executives who don’t get the nod also may wish to move on. A turbulent business environment also has senior managers cautious of letting vague pronouncements cloud their reputations. As the first signs of recovery begin to take hold, deputy chiefs may be more willing to make the jump without a net. In the third quarter, CEO turnover was down 23% from a year ago as nervous boards stuck with the leaders they had, according to Liberum Research. As the economy picks up, opportunities will abound for aspiring leaders. The decision to quit a senior position to look for a better one is unconventional. For years executives and headhunters have adhered to the rule that the most attractive CEO candidates are the ones who must be poached. Says Korn/Ferry senior partner Dennis Carey: "I can’t think of a single search I’ve done where a board has not instructed me to look at [sitting CEOs] first." Those who jumped without a job haven’t always landed in top positions quickly. Ellen Marram quit as chief of Tropicana a decade age, saying she wanted to be a CEO. It was a year before she became head of a tiny Internet-based commodities exchange. Robert Willumstad left Citigroup in 2005 with ambitions to be a CEO. He finally took that post at a major financial institution three years later. Many recruiters say the old disgrace is fading for top performers. The financial crisis has made it more acceptable to be between jobs or to leave a bad one. "The traditional rule was it’s safer to stay where you are, but that’s been fundamentally inverted," says one headhunter. "The people who’ve been hurt the worst are those who’ve stayed too long." 2011年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题 8 www.TopSage.com 26. When McGee announced his departure, his manner can best be described as being [A] arrogant. [B] frank. [C] self-centered. [D] impulsive. ［答案解析］这个答案很确定，开头两句就明明白白：When Liam McGee departed as president of Bank of America in August, his explanation was surprisingly straight up. Rather than cloaking his exit in the usual vague excuses, he came right out and said he was leaving "to pursue my goal of running a company." straight up及 right out都是 frank的同、近义词，cloaking及 vague excuses 则与 frank构成反义。都将正确答案指向了 B。 ［信心指数］100％ 27. According to Paragraph 2, senior executives’ quitting may be spurred by [A] their expectation of better financial status. [B] their need to reflect on their private life. [C] their strained relations with the boards. [D] their pursuit of new career goals. ［答案解析］本题有一定难度，干扰主要来自 C选项。第二段可分两个层次：McGee says leaving without a position lined up gave him time to reflect on what kind of company he wanted to run. It also sent a clear message to the outside world about his aspirations. And McGee isn’t alone. In recent weeks the No. 2 executives at Avon and American Express quit with the explanation that they were looking for a CEO post. As boards scrutinize succession plans in response to shareholder pressure, executives who don’t get the nod also may wish to move on. A turbulent business environment also has senior managers cautious of letting vague pronouncements cloud their reputations.绿色第一层 次，紫色第二层次。第一层次说高管为了追求新的（一般是更高的）职 位而离职；第二层次说了另外的两个原因，一是在董事会确定高管继任 计划中，未获许可的人可能选择离去，二是动荡的商业环境使得高管警 惕自己的职业声誉受到一些模糊声明的损害（而选择离去）。McGee及另 外的两位都是因为想当 CEO而离开，那想当 CEO是不是追求 new career goals呢？这当然没问题，D正确。那 C呢：因为与董事会的关系紧张， 选择离开。这个不能选，因为原文只是他们 don’t get the (boards') nod， 并不意味着他们和董事会的关系紧张（strained），有可能这个高管跟董事 2011年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题 9 www.TopSage.com 会挺会搞关系的，可能力平庸，董事会迫于股东压力还是不能留啊。那 思维再推进一步，本来关系还好，可是不要了，那关系不就紧张了吗？ 这样想不也可以吗？不过，这样想是不是太牵强了呢？ ［信心指数］100％ 28. The word "poached" (Line 3, Paragraph 4) most probably means [A] approved of. [B] attended to. [C] hunted for. [D] guarded against. ［答案解析］这题简单，poached，偷猎，这个词一般还是认识的吧，呵呵！能对应上 的只有 C。最有吸引力的候选人必须偷猎到。 ［信心指数］100％ 29. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that [A] top performers used to cling to their posts. [B] loyalty of top performers is getting outdated. [C] top performers care more about reputations. [D] it’s safer to stick to the traditional rules. ［答案解析］本题对思维能力有一定的挑战。看最后一段：Many recruiters say the old disgrace is fading for top performers. The financial crisis has made it more acceptable to be between jobs or to leave a bad one. "The traditional rule was it’s safer to stay where you are, but that’s been fundamentally inverted," says one headhunter. "The people who’ve been hurt the worst are those who’ve stayed too long."试译一下：很多招聘者说，（职场）佼佼者那些（附带于 离职之上的）旧有的不光彩已经逐渐褪去，金融危机使得换工作或者离 开一个不好的工作变得更加可以接受。“传统规则是，呆在老地方更保险， 但这已经从根本上颠覆了。”一位猎头如是说，“受伤最重的是那些呆得 太久的人”。D不对，与这里的表述是相反的，原文明明是说传统规则不 适应了，传统规则提倡不跳槽，现在金融危机，动一动可以理解和接受。 C 不对，最后一段根本没提到是否关心职业声誉的问题，更没有作任何 比较，C选项里的 more从哪里来的呢？跟 C选项有关的有第二段最后一 句：A turbulent business environment also has senior managers cautious of letting vague pronouncements cloud their reputations.但这一不是最后一段 的，二也没有比较的意思。B 选项：高管们的忠诚已经变得过时了。最 2011年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题 10 www.TopSage.com 后一段只是说高管换工作更加 acceptable了，环境不利的时候动一动，当 然，这涉及到 loyalty的问题，不过把这说成是 loyalty已经变得 outdated 了，似乎把话说得过了点头。忠诚当然是永远需要的，永远不会过时。A 正确，因为最后一段说了：The traditional rule was it’s safer to stay where you are.传统规则说了，别挪地方更安全。而且，现在高管跳槽都引起了 作者的长篇大论，现在职场颠覆了以前的规则，现在跳槽更加可以接受 了，那当然可以推断，之前的高管们不会轻易换工作的。 ［信心指数］100％ 30. Which of the following is the best title for the text? [A] CEOs: Where to Go? [B] CEOs: All the Way Up? [C] Top Managers Jump without a Net [D] The Only Way Out for Top Performers ［答案解析］本题考文章主题。文章一开始，就以 McGee 为例，引出一个现象，这个 现象就是高管在还没有找到下家、只有一个职业目标的情况下，就辞职 的现象。包括第二段里提到的两位，也是这种情况。文章脉络，是很清 晰地围绕这个主题展开的，本文倒数第二段：Those who jumped without a job… 又清晰无误地强化了作者的中心话题。另外，这篇文章原文的标 题是：Top Managers Are Quitting, Without a New Job，该标题即为本文主 题，C为正确答案。Jump without a Net中的 Net是安全网的意思，Jump without a Net本意是在杂技表演或者危险性的演出中，在没有安全防护网 保护的情况下，作出的一跳。可以试译为：孤注一掷。这里指在没有找 好下家的情况下，就辞去了现有的工作。 ［信心指数］100％ Text 3 The rough guide to marketing success used to be that you got what you paid for. No longer. While traditional "paid" media – such as television commercials and print advertisements – still play a major role, companies today can exploit many alternative forms of media. Consumers enamored of a product may, for example, create "earned" media by willingly promoting it to friends, and a company may leverage "owned" media by sending e-mail alerts about products and sales to customers registered with its Web site. In fact, the way consumers now approach the process of making purchase decisions means that marketing’s impact stems from a broad range of factors beyond conventional paid media. Paid and owned media are controlled by marketers promoting their own 2011年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题 11 www.TopSage.com products. For earned media, such marketers act as the initiator for users’ responses. But in some cases, one marketer’s owned media become another marketer’s paid media – for instance, when an e-commerce retailer sells ad space on its Web site. We define such sold media as owned media whose traffic is so strong that other organizations place their content or e-commerce engines within that environment. This trend, which we believe is still in its infancy, effectively began with retailers and travel providers such as airlines and hotels and will no doubt go further. Johnson & Johnson, for example, has created BabyCenter, a stand-alone media property that promotes complementary and even competitive products. Besides generating income, the presence of other marketers makes the site seem objective, gives companies opportunities to learn valuable information about the appeal of other companies’ marketing, and may help expand user traffic for all companies concerned. The same dramatic technological changes that have provided marketers with more (and more diverse) communications choices have also increased the risk that passionate consumers will voice their opinions in quicker, more visible, and much more damaging ways. Such hijacked me