职业人体工效风险

nullBasic Ergonomics - Occupational Risk Factors 基础人类 工程 路基工程安全技术交底工程项目施工成本控制工程量增项单年度零星工程技术标正投影法基本原理 学— 职业性危害因素Basic Ergonomics - Occupational Risk Factors 基础人类工程学— 职业性危害因素Upper Extremity上肢Upper Extremity上肢 Highly Repetitive Movements 高度重复运动 Awkward Postures 不舒适的姿势 Excessive Forces 过度用力 Vibration 振动 Cold Temperatures 寒冷温度 Gloves手套Risk Factors for Hand & Wrist Injuries手/手腕受伤的危险因素Risk Factors for Hand & Wrist Injuries手/手腕受伤的危险因素 Examples举例 Forceful gripping of tools用力紧握工具 Repeated and/or awkward wrist postures重复或不舒适的手腕姿势 Use of vibrating tools (chainsaws, jackhammers, rotary grinders)使用振动的工具（电锯，手提钻，转台磨床） Use of inappropriate gloves使用不恰当的手套 Highly repetitive tasks, lack of recovery time高度重复性工作，缺乏复原时间 FORCE力量WORK PACE 工作节奏POSTURE 姿势GLOVES 手套VIBRATION 振动REPETITION 重复Risk Factors for Shoulder/Neck 肩/颈受伤的危险因素Risk Factors for Shoulder/Neck 肩/颈受伤的危险因素FORCE力量POSTURE姿势REPETITION 重复Examples举例 Overhead assembly (welders, painters, auto repair) 高处作业（电焊工，喷漆工，汽车修理） Sewers and cutters (repetitive shoulder flexion) 裁缝和裁剪师（重复性的肩部弯曲） Packing (prolonged load on shoulders) 包装（肩部持续负载） Lumber/construction (repetitive throwing of heavy loads)木材/建筑工作（重复性地投掷重物） Letter carriers (prolonged load on shoulders) 邮递员（肩部持续负载） Lower Extremity 下肢Lower Extremity 下肢Heavy Physical Work繁重的体力劳动 Lifting and Forceful Movements 起重和用力地运动 Bending and Twisting (Awkward Postures) 弯曲和扭转（不舒适的姿势） Whole Body Vibration (WBV)全身震动 Static Work Postures静态工作姿势Risk Factors for Back Injuries 背部受伤的危险因素Risk Factors for Back Injuries 背部受伤的危险因素Examples举例 Lifting heavy or awkward shaped equipment 提举重物或形状不规则的设备 Carrying carpet搬运地毯 Moving furniture搬运家具 Twisting at the waist while lifting or holding a heavy load在提举或拿重物时腰部扭动 Reaching and lifting over your head, across a table, or out the back of a truck or car伸手拿取和提举物体时手超过头部，穿过桌子或伸手在货车或小车外 LIFTING起重LOWERING下降CARRYING搬运TWISTING扭转PULLING拉伸PUSHING推挤Risk Factors for Knee Injuries 膝盖受伤的危险因素 Risk Factors for Knee Injuries 膝盖受伤的危险因素 Examples例子 Repetitive kneeling重复地脆着 Contact trauma with the floor与地面的接触受伤 Contact trauma with the knee kicker 与knee kicker(应该是指坐着时桌子与膝盖接触的地方)的接触受伤 Lifting/lowering heavy or awkward shaped equipment举起/放下重的或形状不规则的设备 POSTURE姿势S/T/FCLIMBING STAIRS爬楼梯CONTACT TRAUMA接触性受伤LIFTING起重LOWERING下降Non-Occupational Risk Factors非职业性危害因素Non-Occupational Risk Factors非职业性危害因素Certain Medications/Therapies某些药物/治疗 Age年龄 Gender性别 Wrist Size/Wrist Structural Variations手腕尺寸/手腕结构变化 Worker Strength and Fitness工人的体质和健康 Hobbies嗜好 Alcohol Consumption酒精摄入 Smoking抽烟Psychosocial Factors社会心理因素Psychosocial Factors社会心理因素Job Demands工作要求 Job Content工作内容 Job Control工作控制（工作管理） Social Interactions社会交际 Job Future and Career Issues工作前途和事业问题 Technology Issues技术问题 Organizational and Management Issues组织和管理问题The Risk风险The Risk风险Risk is increased by industry and occupation因工业和职业风险增加 Risk is increased by length of time in the job 因工作时间长度风险增加 Risk may be increased by employee behavior 因雇员行为，风险可能增加Muscular Skeletal Disorders (MSD) Symptoms肌肉骨骼失调的症状Muscular Skeletal Disorders (MSD) Symptoms肌肉骨骼失调的症状Painful joints关节疼痛 Pain, tingling or numbness in hands or feet 手或脚疼痛， 刺痛或麻木 Shooting or stabbing pains in arms or legs 手臂或腿钝痛或刺痛 Swelling or inflammation肿胀或发炎 Burning sensation灼伤感 Pain in wrists, shoulders, forearms, knees 手腕，肩膀，前臂，膝盖疼痛 Fingers or toes turning white手指或脚指发白 Back or neck pain背部或颈部疼痛 Stiffness僵硬nullTrauma 创伤Healing Valve治疗之阀（不太理解）null CTDTrauma创伤Healing Valve治疗之阀Exertional Descriptors for Job Tasks工作任务的活动描述 Exertional Descriptors for Job Tasks工作任务的活动描述 Intensity of Exertion “Required strength, force, %MVC” 活动的强度 “所需强度，力量，MVC百分比” Duration of Exertion “% Duration of exertions” 活动的持久性 “运动持久性百分比” Frequency of Exertions “Efforts per minute” 活动的频率 “（按）每分钟的活动（来计算）” Hand/Wrist Posture “Position of hand/wrist” 手/手腕姿势 “手/手腕的位置” Speed of Work “How fast the worker is working” 工作速度 “工人工作有多快” Duration Per Day 每天的持续时间 “Duration of task per day”“每天工作 时间多长” Example范例Example范例null力量 (力度) 频率 姿势nullBody Parts Analyzed 身体部分分析 Hands and Wrists – right & left 手和手腕-左&右 Elbows – right & left 手肘—左&右 Shoulders – right & left 肩—左&右 Neck颈 Back背 Legs腿nullThe Hands and Wrists 手和手腕nullPinch Grips(拿)捏力nullnullFinger Press指压nullRadial Deviation 手桡侧倾 nullUlnar Deviation尺骨偏移nullWrist Flexion手腕弯曲nullWrist Extension手腕延伸nullnullnullnullnullPinch Grip 拿捏力When the measured force exertion is > 2 lb 当测量的力度大于或等于2 lbnullPower Grip握力Thumb overlapping or touching the forefinger while exerting > 10 lb 当施力时拇指重叠或食指接触的力量大于或等于10 lbnullDuration持久性> 10 sec – Any one risk posture sustained for longer than 10 seconds任何一个有风险的姿势持续时间大于或等于10秒nullFrequency频率> 30/min – A cumulative measure of any combination of risk postures occurring 30 times per minute任何有风险的动作姿势相加累计每分钟发生30次或更多nullnullnullnullnullThe Elbows手肘nullForearm Rotation前臂旋转nullFull Extension完全伸展nullnullnullnullnullForce力量(力度)> 10 lb – A force exertion of greater than 10 lb from picking up an object or applying an external force 当拾起一个物体或施加外力时的力度大于或等于10 lbnullDuration持续性There is no duration component for the elbow手肘没有持续性元素nullFrequency频率> 2/min – A cumulative measure of any combination of risk postures occurring 2 times per minute 任何有风险的动作姿势累计每分钟发生两次或更多 nullThe Shoulders肩膀nullShoulder Raiser > 45º肩膀举高>45度nullArm Behind the Body手臂放到身体后面nullnullnullnullnullForce力量> 10 lb – A force exertion of greater than 10 lb from picking up an object or applying an external force 当拾起一个物体或施加外力时的力度大于或等于10 lb nullDuration> 10 sec – Any one risk posture sustained for longer than 10 seconds 任何一个有风险的姿势持续时间超过10秒或更长nullFrequency频率> 2/min – A cumulative measure of any combination of risk postures occurring 2 times per minute 任何有风险的动作姿势累计每分钟发生两次或更多 nullAnalysis Techniques 分析技巧Focus on the postures of the large body parts first首先要集中于大的机体部分的姿势 Work your way to the smaller movements and postures of the hand以你的方式分析一些小的活动和手部的姿势 Review your list of risk postures and evaluate the force, frequency and duration components检查你的风险姿势清单和评估力量，频率和持续元素nullThe Neck颈部nullNeck Bent > 20º颈部弯曲大于20度nullNeck Bent Sideways 颈部侧向一边弯曲nullNeck Bent Backwards颈部向后弯曲nullNeck Twisted颈部扭转nullnullnullnullnull+ Weight重量Any significant weight added to the head such as a helmet or protective mask.任何关键的重量加上头上，如头盔或防护面罩nullnullDuration持续性> 10 sec – Any one risk posture sustained for longer than 10 seconds大于或等于10秒—任何有风险的姿势维持超过10秒或更久nullFrequency频率> 2/min – A cumulative measure of any combination of risk postures occurring 2 times per minute每分钟大于或等于2—任何风险动作姿势累计发生每分钟2次或更多nullThe Back背部Page 32nullnullForward Back Bending > 20º 背部向前弯曲大于20度nullnullBack Twisting背部扭转nullnullSideways Bending 侧面弯曲nullnullnullnullnullForce力量> 20 lb – A force exertion of greater than 20 lb from picking up an object大于或等于20lb—在拾取一个物体时的推拉力大于或等于20 lb nullDuration持续> 10 sec – Any one risk posture sustained for longer than 10 seconds大于或等于10秒—任何一种风险姿势持续超过10秒或更久Page 33nullFrequency频率> 2/min – A cumulative measure of any combination of risk postures occurring 2 times per minute每分钟大于或等于2—任何风险动作姿势累计每分钟发生两次或更多nullThe Legs腿nullSquatting蹲nullnullStand on 1 Leg 一只腿站立nullKneeling跪nullnullnullnullnullnullForce力量Foot > 10 lb – A force exerted by the ankle to activate a foot pedal 脚力量> 10 lb—从足裸踩到脚踏板所产生的力nullDuration持续> 30% of day – A force exertion or risk posture maintained for greater than 30% of the day大于或等于一天的30%—力度的运用或风险姿势持续大于或等于一天的30%nullFrequency频率> 2/min – A cumulative measure of any combination of risk postures occurring 2 times per minute每分钟大于或等于2—任何风险动作姿势累计每分钟发生两次或更多