nullChapter Ⅱ PhoneticsChapter Ⅱ Phonetics外语系 张AndyChapter Ⅱ Phonetics Chapter Ⅱ Phonetics 1. Definition
2. Branches
3. Phonetic Description
4. Phonetic Transcription
5. Phonetic Classification 1. Definition 1. Definition Phonetics is the study of speech sounds as they are and methods for their description, transcription and classification.2. Branches2. BranchesThe study falls into three main areas: articulatory phonetics, acoustic phonetics and auditory phonetics.Figure 1 The process of speech transmission 3. Phonetic Description 3. Phonetic Description Lips, teeth, tongue (tip, blade, front, back, root) teeth ridge (alveolus), hard palate, soft palate, uvula, pharynx, larynx, vocal fold (cords), trachea (windpipe), lung. Figure 2 Speech organs4. Phonetic Transcription4. Phonetic TranscriptionSegment and divergence
International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)
Coarticulation4.1 Segment and divergence4.1 Segment and divergence
Segment: any linguistic unit in a sequence which may be isolated from the rest of the sequence, e.g. a sound in an utterance or a letter in a written text. (Feasibility)
Divergence: between sounds and symbols (necessity)4.2 International Phonetic
Alphabet (IPA)4.2 International Phonetic
Alphabet (IPA)History and development: 1886, 1888, 1897, 1920s, 1993, 1996.
Main principle: there should be a separate letter for each distinctive sound, and the same symbol should be used for that sound in any language in which it appears.
Table of IPA (on Page 38 of the textbook)4.3 Coarticulation4.3 CoarticulationCoarticulation: the influence on a sound by its neighbors
e.g. cap [kap] can [kan]
The vowel in the second word is nasalized, thus marked with “ ” above.
Broad and narrow transcriptions: without or with diacritics
e.g. can [kan] (broad) can [kan] (narrow)_
_ _
5. Phonetic Classification5. Phonetic ClassificationVowels and consonants
Classification of consonants
Classification of vowels5.2 Classification of consonants 5.2 Classification of consonants Table 1 A chart of English consonants5.3 Classification of vowels5.3 Classification of vowelsMonophthongs (pure vowels) and diphthongs (vowel glides)
Tongue rising: open (low), half-open (mid-low), half-close (mid-high), close
Raised part: front, central, back
Tenseness (length): tense (long), lax (short)
Lip rounding: rounded, unrounded5.3 Classification of vowels5.3 Classification of vowelsReferencesReferencesRoach, P. English Phonetics and Phonology. 2nd ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991.
Robins, R. H. General Linguistics. 4th ed. London: Longman, 1989.
Saussure. F. de. Course in General Linguistics. (tr. W. Baskin) Glasgow: Collins, 1989.
何善芬.《实用英语语音》.北京:北京师范大学出版,1992.
胡壮麟.《语言学
教程
人力资源管理pdf成真迷上我教程下载西门子数控教程protel99se入门教程fi6130z安装使用教程
》.(修订版).北京:北京大学出版社,2001.
胡壮麟.《语言学教程》.(第三版).北京:北京大学出版社,2006.The EndThe End外语系 张Andy
浙公网安备 33021202002483