nullNormal childhood nutrition
Prof MaLian
Normal childhood nutrition
Prof MaLian
Nutritional requirementsNutritional requirementsA satisfactory dietary intake should meet the normal requirements of the following
Energy
Lipids: linolenic acid ; linoleic acid; arachidonic acid ;DHA
carbohydrate: glucoprotein; glucolipide; proteoglycan
protein
Vitamin
Trace elements
water
meal fiberEnergy
Energy
The major determinants of energy expenditure:
Basic metabolism
Thermic effect of food
Physical activity
Excreta
Growth
Energy expenditure
Energy expenditure
Total energy needTotal energy need
<1y 100~120 (average 110) Kcal / kg / d
1~3y 100 Kcal / kg / d
15y 50~60 Kcal /kg / d
Distribution of Calories
Distribution of Calories
Infant feeding
Infant feeding
Incorrect, inadequate and/or overfeeding can all be harmful.
Forms of Feeding:
ⅰ. Breast Feeding
ⅱ. Bottle/Artificial Feeding
ⅲ. Addition of SolidsBreastfeedingBreastfeedingThis is the preferred method for most infants. In general, there is no doubt that breast is best.
Breastfeeding in early infancy may be life-saving in developing countries, and is subject to fashion and custom in developed countries.Advantages of breastfeedingAdvantages of breastfeedingQuality
Anti-infective properties
secretory IgA,
lysozyme,
phagocytic cells,
lactoferrin(irron-binding agent), promotes growth of non-pathogenic flora
Advantages of breastfeedingAdvantages of breastfeedingBetter nutritional qualities
Easily digested protein
Low renal solute load
A favourable calcium to phosphate ratio
Nutrition protein:
fat:
sugar
others:
growth regulation factorAdvantages of breastfeedingAdvantages of breastfeeding
Emotional --- if successful, promotes maternal-infant bonding
Reduction of the mortality rate
Reduction in the risk of maternal breast cancer
Economy, convenience, temperature proprietyDisadvantages of breastfeedingDisadvantages of breastfeedingVolume of intake uncertain
Transmission of drugs, e.g. laxatives, anticoagulants, antineoplastics
Nutrient deficiencies:
Insufficient vitamin K to prevent haemorrhagic disease of the newborn
Vitamin D deficiency (rickerts) may occur if there is prolonged breast-feeding and delayed weaning
Emotiona--- failure to establish breastfeeding may be a cause of emotional upsetFeeding MethodsFeeding MethodsStart feeding within 30 min after delivery
mother-baby in the same room, feed on demand, but not more frequent than 3 hourly
Feed on both breasts, to stimulate the milk production
Feeding MethodsFeeding Methodsput nipple and most of the mammary areola into baby’s mouth
After feeding, hold baby vertical, pat baby on the back, to encourage burping, and prevent milk regurgitation
Bottle/Artificial FeedingBottle/Artificial FeedingIf breast feeding is contraindicated, or inadequate breast milk
Can be exclusive bottle feeding , or mixed breast﹠bottle
Bottle/Artificial FeedingBottle/Artificial FeedingTypes of milk powder(formula) : cow milk-based, goat milk-based, soya-based, others
Select milk products appropriate for age & weight, avoid hypoconcentration or hyperconcentration.Bottle/Artificial FeedingBottle/Artificial FeedingNutrition protein:
fat:
sugar
others:
Quantity of milk/day:150ml/kg/day (30ml milk has 20- 22kcal,150ml has 110kcal), divided into 6-8 feeds/24 hours
Bottle/Artificial FeedingBottle/Artificial FeedingMilk:
Make up milk from milk powder - read instructions on the can e.g. milk powder:water-1:4 by volume,1:8 by weight
8% sugar milk:100kcal/100ml;
Energy:100-120kcal/kg;
Water :150ml/kg.Bottle/Artificial FeedingBottle/Artificial FeedingSterilize bottle, nipple etc properly
Feeding frequency and interval are like breast feeding.
During feeding, tilt milk bottle upwards to fill the nipple with milk to avoid sucking air.
Drop the milk on your hand before feeding to test the temperature.
WeaningWeaningWeaning, the introduction of solid food is usually initiated between the age of 3 and 6 months.
At this stage the infant can coordinate swallowing and has reasonable head control . After 6 months, breastfeeding alone becomes nutritional inadequate and continued breastfeeding without introduction of solids will lead to energy, vitamin andiron deficiency.Addition of solidsAddition of solids“solids” are food other than milk
-starts from 4-6 months
Rule:
-from less to more
-from thin to thick
-from fine to rough
-gradually from simple/one type, to
varied/many types
nullprocedureprocedure1-3m fruit juice greens water VitAD
4-6m rice brei, gruel, egg yolk,
peloid fish, bean curd, animal blood,
peloid vegatable, fruit
7-9m mash noodles, steamed bread,
biscuit, powder meat, peloid liver
10-12m thick gruel, soft rice, steamed
bread, bread, smash vegatable,
smash meat, oil, bean goods
nullThank you
本文档为【喂养】,请使用软件OFFICE或WPS软件打开。作品中的文字与图均可以修改和编辑,
图片更改请在作品中右键图片并更换,文字修改请直接点击文字进行修改,也可以新增和删除文档中的内容。
该文档来自用户分享,如有侵权行为请发邮件ishare@vip.sina.com联系网站客服,我们会及时删除。
[版权声明] 本站所有资料为用户分享产生,若发现您的权利被侵害,请联系客服邮件isharekefu@iask.cn,我们尽快处理。
本作品所展示的图片、画像、字体、音乐的版权可能需版权方额外授权,请谨慎使用。
网站提供的党政主题相关内容(国旗、国徽、党徽..)目的在于配合国家政策宣传,仅限个人学习分享使用,禁止用于任何广告和商用目的。