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部分翻译术语定义

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部分翻译术语定义SL (source language): the language in which the text being translated is written. TL (target language): the language which is being translated into. ST (source text): the text (written or spoken) which provides the point of departure for a translation. TT (tar...

部分翻译术语定义
SL (source language): the language in which the text being translated is written. TL (target language): the language which is being translated into. ST (source text): the text (written or spoken) which provides the point of departure for a translation. TT (target text): a text which has been produced by an act of translation. SL-oriented translation: a translation which puts its emphasis on the close transfer of the source text. TL-oriented translation: a translation which puts emphasis on the response of the receptor of the TT. Back translation: a process in which a text that has been translated into the target language is retranslated into the source language. Coherence: the way in which the content of connected speech or text hangs together, or is interpreted as hanging together, as distinct from that of random assemblages of sentences. Cohesion: the connection between successive sentences in texts, conversations, etc., in so far as it can be described in terms of specific syntactic units. Communicative translation: a term used to refer to any approach which views translation as a “communicative process which takes place within a social context”; it will be generally oriented towards the needs of the TL reader or recipient. Semantic translation: a translation in which the translator attempts, within the bare syntactic and semantic constraints of the TL, to reproduce the precise contextual meaning of the author; it tends to strive to reproduce the form of the original as closely as TL norms will allow. Correspondence: a term used to refer to the relationship which exists between elements of SL and TL that are in some way considered to be counterparts of each other. Equivalence: (see correspondence) Faithfulness: A faithful translation is one which bears a strong resemblance to its ST, usually in terms of either its literal adherence to source meaning or its successful communication of the “spirit” of the original. False friend: a term used to describe SL and TL items which have the same or very similar form but different meanings. Formal equivalence: a term used to refer to a TL item which represents the closest decontextualized counterpart to a word or phrase in SL. Functional equivalence: a term used to refer to the type of equivalence reflected in a TT which seeks to adapt the function of the original to suit the specific context in and for which it was produced. Literal translation: a translation in which the SL grammatical constructions are converted to their nearest TL equivalents, but the lexical words are translated singly, out of context. Free translation: a translation which reproduces the matter without the manner, or the content without the form of the original. Idiomatic translation: a translation which reproduces the “message” of the original but tends to distort nuances of meaning by preferring colloquialism and idioms where there do not exist in the original./ a translation strategy which aims for a TT which reads as naturally as possible. Overtranslation: According to Newmark, if the loss of meaning in translation entails an increase in detail, it is termed overtranslation. Undertranslation: According to Newmark, if the loss of meaning in translation entails an increase in generalization, it is termed undertranslation. Pragmatic translation: a term used to refer to translation which pays attention not only to denotative meaning but also to the way utterances are used in communicative situations and the way we interpret them in context. Sense-for-sense translation: a translation which emphasizes transfer of the meaning or “spirit” of an ST over accurate reproduction of the original wording. Word-for-word translation: a translation in which the SL word-order is preserved and the words are translated singly by their most common meanings, out of context. Simultaneous interpreting: one of the two basic modes of interpreting in which the interpreter listens to an SL speech and reformulates it in TL as it is delivered. Consecutive interpreting: one of the two basic modes of interpreting in which the interpreter listens to a section of a speech delivered in SL and renders it into TL when the speaker pauses. Translatability & untranslatability: terms used to discuss the extent to which it is possible to translate either individual words and phrases or entire texts from one language to another. Unit of translation: the linguistic level at which ST is recodified in TL./the minimal stretch of language that has to be translated together, as one unit.
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