景泰蓝的英文介绍Cloisonné

nullCloisonné Cloisonné By Ji YaqinLOGOBackgroundBackgroundThe history of “inlaying” colorful materials onto a metal base, and securing their position with soldered wire dates back to 1800 BC, in Egypt. During the 13th century BC in ancient Greece, powdered glass was used to fill cavities (aka “cells”) made by filigree soldered wire, then fired to produce colorful decorative objects.nullThe art of Chinese fired-enamelware dates back as far as the Yuan Dynasty (1271 to 1368), but was popularized during the XuanDe period (1426 to 1435). The XuanDe period coincides with the reign of Ming Dynasty Emperor Zhu Qiyu, who was also known as the Jingtai Emperor (1449 to 1457). This is where Cloisonné pins are derived!HistoryHistory Cloisonné is a famous traditional enamel ware, known as the “Blue of Jingtai”in China, with a history of over 500 years. It was so called “blue" was the typical color used for enameling and “Jingtai” was the reign title of the 7th Ming Emperor.nullEnamel ware became very popular during the Emperor’s reign. There is a great variety of products, such as vase, jar, bowl, plate, box and ash-tray.  They are brilliant in colors and splendid in design.  Cloisonné is one of the famous arts and crafts of Beijing. LOGOCloisonné-MakingCloisonné-Making The making of cloisonné requires rather elaborate and complicated   processes; base-hammering, copper-strip inlay, soldering,  enamel-filling, enamel-firing, polishing and gilding. The products are featured by excellent quality.  nullThe skill and workmanship have been handed down from the Ming Dynasty. Quite a number of new varieties have been created. it enjoys a high reputation both at home and abroad. They are mostly for export.  ProcedureProcedure1. Base-hammering This is, in fact, the work of a coppersmith. As copper is easily hammered and stretched, it is employed to make the body of Cloisonné. null A sound judgment is required because this expertise determines the uniformity of thickness and weight. In contrast to the work of a coppersmith which is ended when the article is shaped, base-hammering is just the beginning of the process for making of Cloisonné.2. Filigree Soldering 2. Filigree Soldering The second step can be compared to embroidery, as both require great care and high creativity. The only difference is that instead of embroidering on silk, the Cloisonné craftsman adheres copper strips onto the copper body. null1/16 inch in diameter, these strips are shaped into what the artisan requires, usually a complicated but complete pattern. With a blueprint in mind, the craftsman exerts his experience and imagination in setting the copper strips on the body. 3. Enamel Filling 3. Enamel Filling Then comes enamel filling, which requires the application of such basic elements as boric acid, saltpetre and alkaline. Due to the different minerals added, Cloisonné appears different in colour..nullUsually one with an excess of iron will turn grey; with uranium, yellow; with chromium, green; with bronze, blue; with zinc, white; and with gold or iodine, red. After the ores have been ground into fine powder and contained in plates, workers apply them to the small compartments separated by filigrees4. Enamel Firing4. Enamel Firing As you put the article to the crucible - in a moment the copper body will turn red. When firing, re-fillings are repeatedly required as the enamel in the small compartments will sink slightly after firing.5. Polishing5. Polishing To make the filigree and the filled compartments even, the artisan must then polish the half finished products again and again. First emery is used. Then the whole piece re-fired again and then a whetstone is employed for polishing. In the end, a piece of hard carbon is rubbed on the surface areas in order that the article will obtain some lustre on the surface.6. Gilding6. Gilding  Lastly, the article is placed in a bath of gold or silver fluid to which is applied changing electric current so as to keep the Cloisonné free from rust. nullFinally another electroplating and a slight polish are demanded for the exposed parts of the filigree and the metal fringes of the article.   !!