第一讲 文体的概念

语境即语言使用的环境，分为由语言因素构成的“上下文”，即言内语境(linguistic context)，和语言和社会环境关系构成的言外语境（extra-linguistic context），可分为显性的情景语境如言语行为发生的地点、场合等等和隐性的社会文化语境如社会文化、风俗习惯、行为准则和价值观念等等 第一讲 文体的概念 Style: The characteristic use of language in a text. When referring to the speaker, style is more or less the controlled choice of linguistic means, whereas in referring to texts, style is the specific form of language. For the reader or listener, style is the variation (or confirmation) of possible expectations, i.e. the observation and interpretation of linguistic specifics. a)​ style is based on individual linguistic elements; b)​ style is a feature of texts c)​ style is contingent upon historical, functional, and individual components. Stylistic Features: the characteristic property of the language of a text. The stylistic feature is based on the repetition of mixing of elements of style and, therefore, on the particulars of the grammatical form, e.g. nominal vs verbal, on the vocabulary (e.g. modern, vulgar, graphic), or on the structure of the text (e.g. argumentative, visual, boring). Other derived styles like telegraphic style, editorial style, or oral style are based on the correspondingly typical element of style of particular classes of text. P459, Hudumond, Routledge Dictionary of Language and Linguistics 狭义上的文体指文学文体，包括文学语言的艺术性特性（即有别于普通或使用语言的特征）、作品的语言特色或 表 关于同志近三年现实表现材料材料类招标技术评分表图表与交易pdf视力表打印pdf用图表说话 pdf 现风格、作者的语言习惯以及特定创作流派或文学发展阶段的语言风格等。 广义上的文体指一种语言中的各种语言变体，如：因不同的社会实践活动而形成的新闻语体、法律语体、宗教语体、广告语体、科技语体。 申丹《叙述学与小说文体学研究》 Such preparations shall be made as will completely obscure all Federal buildings and non-Federal buildings occupied by the Federal Government during an air raid for any period of time from visibility by reason of internal or external illumination. Such obscuration may be obtained either by blackout construction or by termination of the illumination. This will, of course, require that in building areas in which production must continue during the blackout, construction must be provided that internal illumination may continue. Other areas, whether or not occupied by personnel, may be obscured by terminating the illumination. Tell them that in buildings where they have to keep the work going, put something across the window. In buildings where they can afford to let the work stop for a while, turn out the lights. 比较一下下面几段文字，并尝试进行翻译： 1．​ To some scholars, instruction emanates from lecture or laboratory; to others it radiates from within. No scholar is so well taught as he who can teach himself. 学人中有受教于讲堂、实验室者，亦有教发之于内者。能自教自学，则学人中之最上乘矣。 2．​ Although learning is judged to require from teachers (and sometimes indeed it does), the real instructors may be found not so much in school or in great laboratories as in the student’s own powers of insight. 学识得之于导师是人所共见的，有时也确乎如此。但是，真正的“导师”大都不出自学校或实验室，而是学者本人的洞察力。 3．​ We think we learn from teachers, and we sometimes do. But the teachers are not always to be found in school or in great laboratories. Sometimes what we learn depends upon our own powers of insight. 大家都说我们是向老师求教，一般说来，情形的确如此。但是老师也并不只有在学校里或大实验室里才能找到。有时候，我们学到了东西，靠的是自己的心明眼亮。 4．​ You know, people are always saying they learn from teachers! OK, so they do, sometimes. But what I want to get across is this: you don’t always find your teachers in schools or in labs, either. No sir! Sometimes you find the teacher right in your own eyes and ears and brains. That’s where it’s at! 大家总是说教学教学，教师教，学生学。不错，有时候是那么回事。但是，依我看，老师也不是只有在学校里或者在实验室里才能找到，不是的！有时“教师”就在你自己的脑袋里，在你的耳朵里、眼睛里，就是这么回事！