08 alimentary system1

nullnullSplanchnology 内脏学Department of Anatomy Yunyang medical collegenulldown Up 目的和要求 1. 掌握内脏学的概念，胸部的重要标志线和腹部的分区，了解内脏的一般结构。 2．掌握消化系统的组成，了解其功能。 3．了解口腔的分部、境界、唇、颊、腭的形态结构。 4．掌握乳牙和恒牙的牙式，牙的形态结构。 5．掌握舌的形态结构和粘膜特征，掌握颏舌肌的位置和作用。 6．掌握唾液腺的位置和导管开口部位。 7．掌握咽的位置、分部、各部的形态结构和交通，了解咽壁肌。掌握各扁桃体的位置和功能。 8．掌握食管的起止、分段、位置及狭窄部位，了解食管壁的结构。 Chapter 4 The General Description Chapter 4 The General DescriptionDifinition:means the study of viscera(alimentary system,respiratory system,urinary system and genital system) Association: morphology location function origin Up downⅠ. The general structure of visceraⅠ. The general structure of visceraⅠ) The tubular organ 中空性器官 mucosa submucosa muscular coats serosa/adventitia Up downⅡ)The parenchymatous organ实质性器官 hilum/portaⅡ. The reference line and abdominal regionsⅡ. The reference line and abdominal regions Ⅰ) The common used reference lines of the thorax 胸部标志线 Anterior median line Sternal line Midclavicular line Parasternal line Anterior axillary line Posterior axillary line Midaxillary line Scapular line Posterior median line Up downnullⅡ) Abdominal regions 腹部分区 Quadrants Nine-area method Up downnullChapter 5 The Alimentary System 消化系统 Up downnullCompositionDigestive tube消化管 Mouth口腔 Pharynx咽 Esophagus食管 Stomach胃 Small intestine 小肠 Large intestine Duodenum Jejunum Ileum Superior digestive tube Inferior digestive tube Up downnullDigestive glands消化腺Major salivary glands大唾液腺 Liver肝 Pancreas胰Function: ingestion, digestion, absorption, egesting Up downSection 1 The Oral Cavity 口腔Section 1 The Oral Cavity 口腔Consists of two parts Oral vestibule口腔前庭: between cheeks and lip and teeth Oral cavity proper固有口腔: within arch of teeth Up downOral vestibule leads, by the space behind the molar teeth, into the oral cavity properⅠ. Oral lips 口唇Ⅰ. Oral lips 口唇Ⅱ. Cheek 颊 Papilla of parotid duct 腮腺管乳头 Up down Ⅲ. Palate 腭 Ⅲ. Palate 腭Two parts Hard palate: anterior 2/3, formed by the maxilla and palatine bone Soft palate: posterior 1/3 Velum palatinum 腭帆 Uvula 腭垂 Palatoglossal arch 腭舌弓 Palatopharyngeal arch 腭咽弓 tonsillar fossa 扁桃体窝 Up downnullIsthmus of fauces 咽峡 formed by uvula, posterior border of velum palatinum, both side of palatoglossal arches, and root of tongue.down Up Ⅳ. TeethⅣ. TeethⅠ) Classification and arrangement Two sets: Deciduous 乳牙 Permanent 恒牙 Classification: Incisors 切牙 Canine 尖牙 Premolars 前磨牙 Molars 磨牙 Up downnull牙的标示: Upper jaw Ⅰ Ⅱ Ⅲ Ⅳ Ⅴ Lower jaw in. in. can. mol. mol. Deciduous Upper jaw 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Lower jaw Permanent Ⅳ ? 4 ? Up downLeftRightnullⅡ) General feature Each tooth consists of 3 parts: Crown 牙冠 Neck 牙颈 Root 牙根 Dental cavity牙腔－contains dental pulp( connective tissue, blood vessels and nerves), and is continuous with the periodontal tissue through the root canal and apical foramen. Up downnullⅢ) Calcified tissues 牙组织 Dentine 牙质 Enamel 釉质 Cement 牙骨质 Dental pulp牙髓 Ⅳ) Periodontal tissue 牙周组织 Periodontal membrane 牙周膜 Alveolar bone 牙槽骨 Gum 牙龈 Up downⅤ. Tongue 舌Ⅴ. Tongue 舌Ⅰ) Morphology Divided two parts by v-shaped terminal sulcus 界沟 Body of tongue 舌体ant. 2/3 apex of tongue 舌尖 Root of tongue 舌根post. 1/3 Up downnullⅡ) Lingual mucous membrane Papillae of tongue 舌乳头 Filiform papillae fungiform papillae foliate papillae vallate papillae Lingual tonsil 舌扁桃体 －masses of submucosal lymphoid tissue on the root of tongue Up downcontain taste budsnullFrenulum of tongue舌系带－a midline fold of mucous membrane connecting tongue to floor of mouth Sublingual caruncle舌下阜－small elevation Sublingual fold舌下襞 Up downInferior surface of tongue null Ⅲ) Muscles of tongue舌肌 Intrinsic muscles of tongue Extrinsic muscles of tongue Involved in determining shape and position of tongue Genioglossus颏舌肌 Arises from mental spine of mandible and inserts into either side of midline of tongue Action: acting together draw tongue forward and downward; acting along making apex of tongue to opposite side Up downⅥ. Major salivary glandsⅥ. Major salivary glandsⅠ) Parotid gland 腮腺 Superficial part Deep part Parotid duct: opens into the mouth cavity, opposite the upper second molar tooth Up downnullⅡ) Submandibular gland下颌下腺 Position: lies in submandibular triangle Duct opens on to sublingual caruncle Up downnullⅢ) Sublingual gland 舌下腺 position: situated beneath the mucous membrane of the floor of mouth Ducts Major sublingual duct－opens onto the sublingual caruncle Minor sublingual ducts－open onto the sublingual fold Up downSection two The Pharynx 咽Section two The Pharynx 咽Ⅰ. Location and General features A fibromuscular tube, part of digestive and respiratory systems Extends from base of skull to the inferior border of cricoid cartilage (lower border of C6 level) Up downnullⅡ. Division Three segments Nasopharynx鼻咽:Extends from the base of skull to level of soft palate Oropharynx口咽: Lies below soft palate, extends to upper border of epiglottis Laryngopharynx喉咽: Extends from upper border of epiglottis to the level of lower border of C6 Up downnullFeatures of each segments Nasopharynx鼻咽 Pharyngeal opening of auditory tube咽鼓管咽口 Tubal torus咽鼓管圆枕 Pharyngeal recess咽隐窝 Tubal tonsil咽鼓管扁桃体 Pharyngeal tonsil咽扁桃体 Up downnull Up down Oropharynx口咽 Median glossoepiglottic fold舌会厌正中襞 Epiglottic vallecula会厌谷 Palatine tonsil腭扁桃体－lies within tonsillar fossaLymphatic ring咽淋巴环－consists of pharyngeal tonsil, tubal tonsil, Palatine tonsil, and lingual tonsil, forming a circular band of lymphoid tissue at oropharyngeal isthmusnullLaryngopharynx喉咽 Piriform recess 梨状隐窝－a deep depression on each side of aperture of larynx Up downSection 3 The Esophagus食管Section 3 The Esophagus食管Ⅰ. General features － a muscular tuber about 25cm long, connecting the pharynx at level of C6 vertebra, passes through the diaphragm at level of T10 vertebra and after 1~2 cm enters the stomach Division: Cervical part Thoracic part Abdominal part Up downnullⅡ. Three constrictions At its beginning, 15cm from incisors, lies at level of C6, is the narrowest part of the esophagus Where it is crossed by left main bronchus, 25cm from incisors, lies at level of intervertebral disc between T4 and T5. Where it passes through the esophageal hiatus of diaphragm, 40cm from incisors, at level of T10 Up down食管粘膜灰白色，皱缩。可见黄白色乳头状肿瘤向腔内突起。nullSummarynull