PACS2003

00. GENERAL 01. Communication, education, history, and philosophy 01.10.Àm Announcements, news, and organizational activities 01.10.Cr Announcements, news, and awards 01.10.Fv Conferences, lectures, and institutes 01.10.Hx Physics organizational activities 01.20.¿x Communication forms and techniques „written, oral, electronic, etc.… 01.30.Ày Physics literature and publications 01.30.Bb Publications of lectures ~advanced institutes, summer schools, etc.! 01.30.Cc Conference proceedings 01.30.Ee Monographs and collections 01.30.Kj Handbooks, dictionaries, tables, and data compilations 01.30.Mm Textbooks for graduates and researchers 01.30.Pp Textbooks for undergraduates 01.30.Rr Surveys and tutorial papers; resource letters 01.30.Tt Bibliographies 01.30.Vv Book reviews 01.30.Xx Publications in electronic media (for the topic of electronic publishing, see 01.20.1x) 01.40.Àd Education 01.40.Di Course design and evaluation 01.40.Ej Science in elementary and secondary school 01.40.Fk Physics education research ~cognition, problem solving, etc.! 01.40.Gm Curricula; teaching methods, strategies, theory of testing and evaluation 01.40.Jp Teacher training 01.50.Ài Educational aids 01.50.Fr Audio and visual aids, films 01.50.Ht Instructional computer use 01.50.Kw Techniques of testing 01.50.Lc Laboratory computer use (see also 01.50.Pa) 01.50.My Demonstration experiments and apparatus 01.50.Pa Laboratory experiments and apparatus (see also 01.50.Lc) 01.50.Qb Laboratory course design, organization, and evaluation 01.50.Wg Physics of toys 01.52.¿r National and international laboratory facilities 01.55.¿b General physics 01.60.¿q Biographies, tributes, personal notes, and obituaries 01.65.¿g History of science 01.70.¿w Philosophy of science 01.75.¿m Science and society (for science and government, see 01.78.1p) 01.78.¿p Science and government „funding, politics, etc.… 01.80.¿b Physics of sports 01.90.¿g Other topics of general interest „restricted to new topics in section 01… 02. Mathematical methods in physics 02.10.Àv Logic, set theory, and algebra 02.10.Ab Logic and set theory 02.10.De Algebraic structures and number theory 02.10.Hh Rings and algebras 02.10.Kn Knot theory 02.10.Ox Combinatorics; graph theory 02.10.Ud Linear algebra 02.10.Xm Multilinear algebra 02.10.Yn Matrix theory 02.20.Àa Group theory (for algebraic methods in quantum mechanics, see 03.65.Fd; for symmetries in elementary particle physics, see 11.30.2j) 02.20.Bb General structures of groups 02.20.Hj Classical groups 02.20.Qs General properties, structure, and representation of Lie groups 02.20.Rt Discrete subgroups of Lie groups 02.20.Sv Lie algebras of Lie groups 02.20.Tw Infinite-dimensional Lie groups 02.20.Uw Quantum groups 02.30.Àf Function theory, analysis 02.30.Cj Measure and integration 02.30.Em Potential theory 02.30.Fn Several complex variables and analytic spaces 02.30.Gp Special functions 02.30.Hq Ordinary differential equations 02.30.Ik Integrable systems 02.30.Jr Partial differential equations 02.30.Ks Delay and functional equations 02.30.Lt Sequences, series, and summability 02.30.Mv Approximations and expansions 02.30.Nw Fourier analysis 02.30.Oz Bifurcation theory (see also 47.20.Ky in fluid dynamics) 02.30.Px Abstract harmonic analysis 02.30.Rz Integral equations 02.30.Sa Functional analysis 1 02.30.Tb Operator theory 02.30.Uu Integral transforms 02.30.Vv Operational calculus 02.30.Xx Calculus of variations 02.30.Yy Control theory 02.30.Zz Inverse problems 02.40.Àk Geometry, differential geometry, and topology (see also section 04 Relativity and gravitation) 02.40.Dr Euclidean and projective geometries 02.40.Ft Convex sets and geometric inequalities 02.40.Gh Noncommutative geometry 02.40.Hw Classical differential geometry 02.40.Ky Riemannian geometries 02.40.Ma Global differential geometry 02.40.Pc General topology 02.40.Re Algebraic topology 02.40.Sf Manifolds and cell complexes 02.40.Tt Complex manifolds 02.40.Vh Global analysis and analysis on manifolds 02.40.Xx Singularity theory (see also 05.45.2a in statistical physics, thermodynamics, and nonlinear dynamical systems) 02.40.Yy Geometric mechanics (see also 45.20.Jj in formalisms in classical mechanics) 02.50.Àr Probability theory, stochastic processes, and statistics (see also section 05 Statistical physics, thermodynamics, and nonlinear dynamical systems) 02.50.Cw Probability theory 02.50.Ey Stochastic processes 02.50.Fz Stochastic analysis 02.50.Ga Markov processes 02.50.Le Decision theory and game theory 02.50.Ng Distribution theory and Monte Carlo studies 02.50.Sk Multivariate analysis 02.50.Tt Inference methods 02.60.Àx Numerical approximation and analysis 02.60.Cb Numerical simulation; solution of equations 02.60.Dc Numerical linear algebra 02.60.Ed Interpolation; curve fitting 02.60.Gf Algorithms for functional approximation 02.60.Jh Numerical differentiation and integration 02.60.Lj Ordinary and partial differential equations; boundary value problems 02.60.Nm Integral and integrodifferential equations 02.60.Pn Numerical optimization 02.70.Àc Computational techniques (for quantum computation, see 03.67.Lx) 03.65.Vf Phases: geometric; dynamic or topological 04.20.Cv Fundamental problems and general formalism 02.70.Bf Finite-difference methods 02.70.Dh Finite-element and Galerkin methods 02.70.Hm Spectral methods 02.70.Jn Collocation methods 02.70.Ns Molecular dynamics and particle methods 02.70.Pt Boundary-integral methods 02.70.Rr General statistical methods 02.70.Ss Quantum Monte Carlo methods 02.70.Tt Justifications or modifications of Monte Carlo methods 02.70.Uu Applications of Monte Carlo methods (see also 02.50.Ng in probability theory, stochastic processes, and statistics, and 05.10.Ln in statistical physics) 02.70.Wz Symbolic computation ~computer algebra! 02.90.¿p Other topics in mathematical methods in physics „restricted to new topics in section 02… 03. Quantum mechanics, field theories, and special relativity (see also section 11 General theory of fields and particles) 03.30.¿p Special relativity 03.50.Àz Classical field theories 03.50.De Classical electromagnetism, Maxwell equations (for applied classical electromagnetism, see 41.20.2q) 03.50.Kk Other special classical field theories 03.65.Àw Quantum mechanics (see also 03.67.2a Quantum information; 05.30.2d Quantum statistical mechanics) 03.65.Ca Formalism 03.65.Db Functional analytical methods 03.65.Fd Algebraic methods (see also 02.20.2a Group theory) 03.65.Ge Solutions of wave equations: bound states 03.65.Nk Scattering theory 03.65.Pm Relativistic wave equations 03.65.Sq Semiclassical theories and applications 03.65.Ta Foundations of quantum mechanics; measurement theory (for optical tests of quantum theory, see 42.50.Xa) 03.65.Ud Entanglement and quantum nonlocality ~e.g. EPR paradox, Bell’s inequalities, GHZ states, etc.! (for entanglement production in quantum information, see 03.67.Mn; for entanglement in Bose-Einstein condensates, see 03.75.Gg) 03.65.Wj State reconstruction, quantum tomography 03.65.Xp Tunneling, traversal time, quantum Zeno dynamics 03.65.Yz Decoherence; open systems; quantum statistical methods (see also 03.67.Pp in quantum information; for decoherence in Bose-Einstein condensates, see 03.75.Gg) 03.67.Àa Quantum information 03.67.Dd Quantum cryptography 03.67.Hk Quantum communication 03.67.Lx Quantum computation 03.67.Mn Entanglement production, characterization and manipulation (see also 03.65.Ud Entanglement and quantum nonlocality; for entanglement in Bose-Einstein condensates, see 03.75.Gg) 03.67.Pp Quantum error correction and other methods for protection against decoherence (see also 03.65.Yz Decoherence; open systems; quantum statistical methods; for decoherence in Bose-Einstein condensates, see 03.75.Gg) 03.70.¿k Theory of quantized fields (see also 11.10.2z Field theory) 03.75.Àb Matter waves (for atom interferometry techniques, see 39.20.1q—in atomic and molecular physics) 03.75.Be Atom and neutron optics 03.75.Dg Atom and neutron interferometry 03.75.Gg Entanglement and decoherence in Bose-Einstein condensates 03.75.Hh Static properties of condensates; thermodynamical, statistical and structural properties. 03.75.Kk Dynamic properties of condensates; collective and hydrodynamic excitations, superfluid flow 03.75.Lm Tunneling, Josephson effect, Bose- Einstein condensates in periodic potentials, solitons, vortices and topological excitations 03.75.Mn Multicomponent condensates; spinor condensates 03.75.Nt Other Bose-Einstein condensation phenomena 03.75.Pp Atom lasers 03.75.Ss Degenerate Fermi gases 04. General relativity and gravitation (see also 95.30.Sf in astronomy) • • • • Special relativity, see 03.30.1p 04.20.Àq Classical general relativity (see also 02.40.2k Geometry, differential geometry, and topology) 2 04.20.Dw Singularities and cosmic censorship 04.20.Ex Initial value problem, existence and uniqueness of solutions 04.20.Fy Canonical formalism, Lagrangians, and variational principles 04.20.Gz Spacetime topology, causal structure, spinor structure 04.20.Ha Asymptotic structure 04.20.Jb Exact solutions 04.25.Àg Approximation methods; equations of motion 04.25.Dm Numerical relativity 04.25.Nx Post-Newtonian approximation; perturbation theory; related approximations 04.30.Àw Gravitational waves: theory 04.30.Db Wave generation and sources 04.30.Nk Wave propagation and interactions 04.40.Àb Self-gravitating systems; continuous media and classical fields in curved spacetime 04.40.Dg Relativistic stars: structure, stability, and oscillations (see also 97.60.2s Late stages of stellar evolution) 04.40.Nr Einstein–Maxwell spacetimes, spacetimes with fluids, radiation or classical fields 04.50.¿h Gravity in more than four dimensions, Kaluza–Klein theory, unified field theories; alternative theories of gravity (see also 11.25.Mj Compactification and four- dimensional models) 04.60.Àm Quantum gravity 04.60.Ds Canonical quantization 04.60.Gw Covariant and sum-over-histories quantization 04.60.Kz Lower dimensional models; minisuperspace models 04.60.Nc Lattice and discrete methods 04.60.Pp Loop quantum gravity, quantum geometry, spin foams 04.62.¿v Quantum field theory in curved spacetime 04.65.¿e Supergravity (see also 12.60.Jv Supersymmetric models) 04.70.Às Physics of black holes (see also 97.60.Lf—in astronomy) 04.70.Bw Classical black holes 04.70.Dy Quantum aspects of black holes, evaporation, thermodynamics 04.80.Ày Experimental studies of gravity 04.80.Cc Experimental tests of gravitational theories 04.80.Nn Gravitational wave detectors and experiments (see also 95.55.Ym—in astronomy) 04.90.¿e Other topics in general relativity and gravitation „restricted to new 05.45.Mt Quantum chaos; semiclassical methods laboratory procedures (for laser applications in metrology, see topics in section 04… 05. Statistical physics, thermodynamics, and nonlinear dynamical systems (see also 02.50.2r Probability theory, stochastic processes, and statistics) 05.10.Àa Computational methods in statistical physics and nonlinear dynamics (see also 02.70.2c in mathematical methods in physics) 05.10.Cc Renormalization group methods 05.10.Gg Stochastic analysis methods ~Fokker–Planck, Langevin, etc.! 05.10.Ln Monte Carlo methods (see also 02.70.Tt, Uu in mathematical methods in physics; for Monte Carlo methods in plasma simulation, see 52.65.Pp) 05.20.Ày Classical statistical mechanics 05.20.Dd Kinetic theory (see also 51.10.1y Kinetic and transport theory of gases) 05.20.Gg Classical ensemble theory 05.20.Jj Statistical mechanics of classical fluids (see also 47.10.1g General theory in fluid dynamics) 05.30.Àd Quantum statistical mechanics 05.30.Ch Quantum ensemble theory 05.30.Fk Fermion systems and electron gas (see also 71.10.2w Theories and models of many-electron systems) 05.30.Jp Boson systems (for static and dynamic properties of Bose-Einstein condensates, see 03.75.Hh and 03.75.Kk) 05.30.Pr Fractional statistics systems ~anyons, etc.! 05.40.Àa Fluctuation phenomena, random processes, noise, and Brownian motion (for fluctuations in superconductivity, see 74.40.1k; for statistical theory and fluctuations in nuclear reactions, see 24.60.2k; for fluctuations in plasma, see 52.25.Gj) 05.40.Ca Noise 05.40.Fb Random walks and Levy flights 05.40.Jc Brownian motion 05.45.Àa Nonlinear dynamics and nonlinear dynamical systems (see also section 45 Classical mechanics of discrete systems) 05.45.Ac Low-dimensional chaos 05.45.Df Fractals (see also 47.53.1n Fractals in fluid dynamics) 05.45.Gg Control of chaos, applications of chaos 05.45.Jn High-dimensional chaos 05.45.Pq Numerical simulations of chaotic systems 05.45.Ra Coupled map lattices 05.45.Tp Time series analysis 05.45.Vx Communication using chaos 05.45.Xt Synchronization; coupled oscillators 05.45.Yv Solitons (see 52.35.Sb for solitons in plasma; for solitons in acoustics, see 43.25.Rq—in acoustics appendix; see 42.50.Md, 42.65.Tg, 42.81.Dp for solitons in optics; see also 03.75.Lm Tunneling, Josephson effect, Bose-Einstein condensates in periodic potentials, solitons, vortices and topological excitations) 05.50.¿q Lattice theory and statistics „Ising, Potts, etc.… (see also 64.60.Cn Order–disorder transformations and statistical mechanics of model systems and 75.10.Hk Classical spin models) 05.60.Àk Transport processes 05.60.Cd Classical transport 05.60.Gg Quantum transport 05.65.¿b Self-organized systems (see also 45.70.2n in classical mechanics of discrete systems) 05.70.Àa Thermodynamics (see also section 64 Equations of state, phase equilibria, and phase transitions, and section 65 Thermal properties of condensed matter; for chemical thermodynamics, see 82.60.2s; for thermodynamics of plasmas, see 52.25.Kn) • • • • Thermodynamics of nanoparticles, see 82.60.Qr 05.70.Ce Thermodynamic functions and equations of state (see also 51.30.1i Thermodynamic properties, equations of state in physics of gases) 05.70.Fh Phase transitions: general studies 05.70.Jk Critical point phenomena 05.70.Ln Nonequilibrium and irreversible thermodynamics (see also 82.40.Bj Oscillations, chaos, and bifurcations in physical chemistry and chemical physics) 05.70.Np Interface and surface thermodynamics (see also 68.35.Md Surface thermodynamics, surface energies in surfaces and interfaces) 05.90.¿m Other topics in statistical physics, thermodynamics, and nonlinear dynamical systems „restricted to new topics in section 05… 06. Metrology, measurements, and 3 42.62.Eh) 06.20.Àf Metrology 06.20.Dk Measurement and error theory 06.20.Fn Units and standards 06.20.Jr Determination of fundamental constants 06.30.Àk Measurements common to several branches of physics and astronomy 06.30.Bp Spatial dimensions ~e.g., position, lengths, volume, angles, and displacements! 06.30.Dr Mass and density 06.30.Ft Time and frequency 06.30.Gv Velocity, acceleration, and rotation 06.60.Àc Laboratory procedures 06.60.Ei Sample preparation ~including design of sample holders! 06.60.Jn High-speed techniques ~microsecond to femtosecond! 06.60.Mr Testing and inspecting procedures 06.60.Sx Positioning and alignment; manipulating, remote handling 06.60.Vz Workshop procedures ~welding, machining, lubrication, bearings, etc.! 06.60.Wa Laboratory safety procedures • • • • National and international laboratory facilities, see 01.52.1r 06.90.¿v Other topics in metrology, measurements, and laboratory procedures „restricted to new topics in section 06… 07. Instruments, apparatus, and components common to several branches of physics and astronomy (see also each subdiscipline for specialized instrumentation and techniques) 07.05.Àt Computers in experimental physics • • • • Computers in physics education, see 01.50.Ht and 01.50.Lc • • • • Computational techniques, see 02.70.2c—in mathematical methods in physics • • • • Quantum computation, see 03.67.Lx in quantum mechanics 07.05.Bx Computer systems: hardware, operating systems, computer languages, and utilities 07.05.Dz Control systems 07.05.Fb Design of experiments 07.05.Hd Data acquisition: hardware and software 07.05.Kf Data analysis: algorithms and implementation; data management 07.05.Mh Neural networks, fuzzy logic, artificial intelligence 07.05.Pj Image processing (see also 07.50.Hp Electrical noise and shielding equipment 07.50.Ls Electrometers 07.68.¿m Photography, photographic instruments; xerography 07.75.¿h Mass spectrometers (see also 42.30.Va in optics; 87.57.2s Medical imaging: general in biological and medical physics) 07.05.Rm Data presentation and visualization: algorithms and implementation 07.05.Tp Computer modeling and simulation 07.05.Wr Computer interfaces 07.07.Àa General equipment 07.07.Df Sensors ~chemical, optical, electrical, movement, gas, etc.!; remote sensing 07.07.Hj Display and recording equipment, oscilloscopes, TV cameras, etc. 07.07.Mp Transducers 07.07.Tw Servo and control equipment; robots 07.07.Vx Hygrometers 07.10.Àh Mechanical instruments and equipment 07.10.Cm Micromechanical devices and systems (for micro- and nano- electromechanical systems (MEMS/ NEMS), see 85.85.1j in electronic and magnetic devices) 07.10.Fq Vibration isolation 07.10.Lw Balance systems, tensile machines, etc. 07.10.Pz Instruments for strain, force, and torque 07.20.Àn Thermal instruments and apparatus 07.20.Dt Thermometers 07.20.Fw Calorimeters (for calorimeters as radiation detectors, see 29.40.Vj) 07.20.Hy Furnaces; heaters 07.20.Ka High-temperature instrumentation; pyrometers 07.20.Mc Cryogenics; refrigerators, low- temperature equipment 07.20.Pe Heat engines; heat pumps; heat pipes 07.30.Àt Vacuum apparatus 07.30.Bx Degasification, residual gas 07.30.Cy Vacuum pumps 07.30.Dz Vacuum gauges 07.30.Hd Vacuum testing methods; leak detectors 07.30.Kf Vacuum chambers, auxiliary apparatus, and materials 07.35.¿k High-pressure apparatus; shock tubes; diamond anvil cells 07.50.Àe Electrical and electronic instruments and components 07.50.Ek Circuits and circuit components (see also 84.30.2r Electronic circuits and 84.32.2y Passive circuit components) 07.50.Qx Signal processing electronics (see also 84.40.Ua in radiowave and microwave technology) 07.55.Àw Magnetic instruments and components 07.55.Db Generation of magnetic fields; magnets (for superconducting magnets, see 84.71.Ba) 07.55.Ge Magnetometers for magnetic field measurements 07.55.Jg Magnetometers for susceptibility, magnetic moment, and magnetization measurements 07.55.Nk Magnetic shielding in instruments 07.57.Àc Infrared, submillimeter wave, microwave and radiowave instruments and equipment (for infrared and radio telescopes, see 95.55.Cs, 95.55.Fw, and 95.55.Jz in astronomy) 07.57.Hm Infrared, submillimeter wave, microwave, and radiowave sources 07.57.Kp Bolometers; infrared, submillimeter wave, microwave, and radiowave receivers and detectors (see also 85.60.Gz Photodetectors in electronic and magnetic devices, and 95.55.Rg Photoconductors and bolometers in astronomy) 07.57.Pt Submillimeter wave, microwave and radiowave spectrometers; magnetic resonance spectrometers, auxiliary equipment, and techniques 07.57.Ty Infrared spectrometers, auxiliary equipment, and techniques 07.60.Àj Optical instruments and equipment • • • • Optical sources, see 42.72.2g • • • • Optical elements, devices, and systems 42.79.2e • • • • Optoelectronic devices 85.60.2q • • • • Optical telescopes, see 95.55.Cs 07.60.Dq Photometers, radiometers, and colorimeters 07.60.Fs Polarimeters and ellipsometers 07.60.Hv Refractometers and reflectometers 07.60.Ly Interferometers 07.60.Pb Conventional optical microscopes (for near-field scanning optical microscopes, see 07.79.Fc; for x- ray microscopes, see 07.85.Tt) 07.60.Rd Visible and ultraviolet spectrometers 07.60.Vg Fiber-optic instruments (se